Particulate organic matter in the coastal and estuarine waters of Goa and its relationship with phytoplankton production

In the coastal and estuarine waters of Goa, particulate organic carbon (POC) varied from 0.52 to 2.51 mg l^?1 and from 0.28 to 5.24 mg l^?1 and particulate phosphorus (PP) varied from 0.71 to 5.18 μg l^?1 and from 0.78 to 20.34 μg l^?1, respectively. The mean values of chlorophyll and primary productivity were 1.94 mg m^?3 and 938.1 mg C m^?2 day^?1 in the coastal waters and 4.3 mg m^?3 and 636.5 mg C m^?1 day^?1 in the estuarine waters, respectively.$\text{POC}\text{chl}$ ratios were low in June and October even when POC values were quite high. The POC in surface waters was linearly correlated with the chlorophyll content. Also PP increased when chlorophyll and primary productivity remained high. The results suggest that the phytoplankton was sharply increasing and contributed to POC and PP content. The percentage of detritus calculated from the intercept values of chlorophyll on POC varied from 46 to 76% depending on season. Results indicate that the major portion of POC and PP during postmonsoon (October–January) is derived from phytoplankton production while the allochthonous matter predominate during monsoon (June–September).     

Dissolved chromium in the St. Lawrence estuary

A study of dissolved chromium in the St. Lawrence estuary and Gulf of St. Lawrence has been carried out. A chromium concentration of 0·7 μg l^?1 was found in the St. Lawrence River. In the turbidity maximum of the upper estuary, chromium is removed from solution onto fine-grained resuspended sediments and internally produced organic-rich floccules. A simple flux calculation shows that these processes remove ～50% of the total dissolved chromium input of the river. At salinities greater than 5‰ dissolved chromium mixes conservatively.     

Suspended particulate matter in the St. Lawrence estuary and Gulf surface layer and development of a remote sensing algorithm

Remote sensing of chlorophyll concentration is potentially affected by the presence of inorganic matter in the water column. Seasonal variability of total suspended particulate matter (SPM) concentration and its partition into organic and inorganic fractions was thus measured in the estuary and Gulf of St. Lawrence during five cruises. These measures were made in the surface layer down to the depth of the 0.1% light level. Results indicate that vertical variability was small for the entire study area. Data analysis lead to the definition of two main regions having different SPM characteristics: 1) the estuary zone characterized by a strong spatial variability, intermediate SPM concentrations and a clear spring phytoplankton bloom that is combined to an increased inorganic matter load; 2) the gulf region characterized by a relatively low SPM concentration and phytoplankton blooms in the spring and fall periods. Combined with in situ measurements of remote sensing reflectances, the database was used to validate existing inorganic matter retrieval algorithms and develop a new one better adapted to the low concentrations encountered in the St. Lawrence estuary and Gulf.     

Particulate suspended matter concentrations in the Bahía Blanca Estuary,Argentina: Implication for the development of phytoplankton blooms

The inner zone of the Bahía Blanca Estuary is shallow, nutrient-rich and turbid. Tidal energy and water turbulence strongly affect the water column resulting in a well-mixed structure and high concentrations of suspended sediment. The phytoplankton community is mostly dominated by diatoms and the annual pattern has been characterized by a recurrent winter-early spring bloom. Here, we investigated to what extent the temporal variations of suspended particulate matter (SPM) regulate the phytoplankton blooms in the head of the estuary by light-limitation. Sampling was done on a fortnightly basis (weekly during the blooming season) at a fixed station in the inner zone of the estuary from January 2007 to February 2008. SPM concentrations and light extinction coefficients (k) in the water column were significantly correlated and showed relatively lower values during the phytoplankton maximal biomass levels. During winter, SPM and k reached values of 23.6 mg l⁻¹ and 0.17 m⁻¹ which were significantly lower than the annual means of 77.6 mg l⁻¹ and 2.94 m⁻¹, respectively. The particulate organic matter (POM) concentration was significantly correlated with the calculated phytoplankton biomass although the contribution of the latter to the total POM was rather low. Both, POM and biomass, had maximal values during winter (21.8 mg l⁻¹ and 393.5 μg C l⁻¹) and mid summer (24.3 mg l⁻¹ and 407.0 μg C l⁻¹), with cell densities up to 8 × 10⁶ cells l⁻¹ and chlorophyll a up to 24.6 μg l⁻¹. Our results suggest that the decrease of SPM concentrations in the water column with a concomitant increase in the penetration of solar radiation seems to be one of the main causes for the development of the phytoplankton winter bloom in the Bahía Blanca Estuary.     

Fluxes of organic carbon in a fjord on the west coast of Ireland

The supply of particulate organic carbon (POC) via freshwater influx, and its exchange with the open sea, were estimated for a fjord-like coastal inlet (Killary Harbour, Ireland) during 1981. Biological production and destruction of organic matter within the inlet were also studied. POC levels in rivers feeding the system were correlated with rainfall. C : N ratios suggested an increased proportion of POC of terrestrial origin at stations influenced by freshwater inflow, and throughout the fjord in the non-productive season.A tentative annual carbon budget is presented.     

Dissolved Aluminum in the Upper St. Lawrence Estuary

The concentrations of dissolved aluminum (Al) in the upper St. Lawrence Estuary were determined during periods of high and intermediate river-discharge. Laboratory experiments simulating estuarine processes were also conducted in order to examine possible mechanisms controlling the Al distribution. During the high river-discharge, the Al concentration at river end-member was 1.63 µM and decreased exponentially with increasing salinity. An almost complete removal of dissolved Al was observed in the low salinity area up to 10 with an intensive removal in the turbidity maximum zone. Principal mechanisms responsible for the Al removal inferred from the laboratory experiments were flocculation and adsorption onto suspended particulate matter (SPM). During the intermediate river-discharge, the Al concentration was 0.72 µM at the river end-member and again decreased with increasing salinity. However, the removal was less pronounced, being only about 25%. Good fits with model predictions and laboratory experiments suggest that principal removal mechanisms were authigenic aluminosilicate formation and adsorption onto SPM. In the upper St. Lawrence Estuary, Al distribution is controlled by a combination of three removal mechanisms: flocculation, authigenic aluminosilicate formation, and adsorption. Each mechanism can become a dominant factor depending on the concentration level and speciation of dissolved Al in the river water.     

Temporal variations in the concentration and settling flux of carbon and phytoplankton pigments in a deep fjordlike estuary

The weekly mass flux of C and phytoplankton pigments at five depths in the main basin of Puget Sound, a deep (200 m) fjordlike estuary, was sampled for a year with moored sequentially-sampling sediment traps. Flux measurements were compared with weekly samples of suspended pigments in the euphotic zone and bi-monthly samples of total suspended matter and particulate C throughout the water column at the mooring site.Seasonal changes in the total mass flux at all depths were small; instead, physical (river runoff, bottom resuspension) and biological (phytoplankton blooms) events caused occasional sharp increases on a weekly scale. The dry weight concentration of pigments in the trap samples mirrored the concentration of pigments in the euphotic zone suspended matter, increasing from 0·01% in winter to a maximum of 0·65% in late summer. Bloom-induced changes in the pigment concentration were observed almost simultaneously in the euphotic zone and in the traps to a depth of 160 m, indicating a rapid vertical transfer of surface-originating particles by organic aggregates. In contrast to the strong seasonal signal in the pigment concentration, C concentration varied by only a factor of three during the year.The seasonal trend of C/pigment ratios in the C flux arises from at least two sources: (1) a balance between terrestrial sources of C during the high-runoff winter season and in-situ primary production in spring and summer, and (2) cycling of C through the zooplankton population. Budget calculations suggest that the loss of primary-produced C and pigment from the euphotic zone by settling is 5% regardless of season. On an annual basis, this C flux (16 g m⁻²) is sufficient to support previously measured values of benthic aerobic respiration at the mooring site. To account for other C sinks such as burial, predation and chemical oxidation, however, terrestrial C sources and alternate transport pathways, such as vertical advection and sediment movement down the steep basin walls, are necessary.     

Some features of the dynamic structure of a deep estuary

A boundary layer formulation for the dynamic structure of a deep estuary is developed. Cross-stream averages are used, but the boundary layer structure is shown to depend on the cross-stream geostrophic constraint. A similarity transformation and a weighted residual method are used to derive an approximate solution for the velocity and salinity structure of the upper layer. This solution indicates that, in the central regime of the estuary, outflow extends through the entire halocline. Inflow takes place in a much less stratified lower layer, and mass exchange between the layers is by upwelling. This structure is modified in the outer regime of the estuary, where mixing between the layers develops, and in the inner regime, where a sharp halocline develops and where the dynamics are dominated by river runoff. The implications of the dynamics for the flushing process and for pollutant movement and dispersion are discussed.     

Bacterial contribution to manganese oxidation in a deep coastal sediment

The characteristics of Mn(II) removal from sediment porewater and the potential role of manganese-oxidizing bacteria in this process were examined in sediments from a 335-m deep station in the Laurentian Trough of the St. Lawrence estuary. Manganese-oxidizing bacteria were most abundant in the thin layer of oxidized surface sediment, where Mn(II) removal rates were also fastest. The first-order rate constants for Mn(II) removal decreased from 1·2 × 10³ day⁻¹ to 6·6 day⁻¹ over the first 30-mm depth. In experimental slurries, sediments removed Mn(II) from reduced zone porewater by a two-step process: a rapid saturation of Mn(II) binding sites was followed by a slower O₂-enhanced removal rate which paralleled the apparent rate of Mn(II) oxidation. Sodium azide and mercuric chloride were tested specifically for their usefulness as bacterial poisons in sediment slurry systems. Sodium azide interfered with Mn(II) removal at low concentrations and was not an effective poison. Mercuric chloride inhibited bacterial activity at concentrations far lower than those at which significant interference of Mn(II) removal occurred. The response of sediment slurries treated with mercuric chloride indicated that the initial oxidation of sorbed Mn(II) was not bacterially-mediated under the experimental conditions tested.     

Columbia Bay, Alaska: an ‘upside down’ estuary

Circulation and water properties within Columbia Bay, Alaska, are dominated by the effects of Columbia Glacier at the head of the Bay. The basin between the glacier terminus and the terminal moraine (sill depth of about 22 m) responds as an ‘upside down’ estuary with the subglacial discharge of freshwater entering at the bottom of the basin. The intense vertical mixing caused by the bouyant plume of freshwater creates a homogeneous water mass that exchanges with the far-field water through either a two- or a three-layer flow. In general, the glacier acts as a large heat sink and creates a water mass which is cooler than that in fjords without tidewater glaciers. The predicted retreat of Columbia Glacier would create a 40 km long fjord that has characteristics in common with other fjords in Prince William Sound.     

2009年春季九龙江口水体沉降颗粒物组分的类型与分布

对2009年3月28 ～ 29日利用沉积物捕获器在九龙江河口区分层收集的沉降颗粒物分别进行了激光粒度、X射线衍射、扫描电镜和能谱分析,分析了沉降颗粒物的粒度特征和粘土矿物组成特征,并探讨了九龙江河口水体沉降颗粒物类型及其絮凝沉积作用.结果表明:各站各层沉降颗粒物有不同的粒度组成和粘土矿物组成特征,单颗粒沉降颗粒物类型主要有3种类型(生物、矿物和其他颗粒);沉降颗粒物絮凝体类型则有5种主要类型,包括被囊类、硅藻等生物形成的絮凝体,粪球、矿物碎屑等形成的絮凝体以及由生物和有机质等形成的混杂絮凝体.研究区沉降颗粒物的类型受到地形、径流、潮流的影响,影响研究区沉积颗粒物分布的主要原因包括陆源碎屑物质的输入和人类活动的影响.颗粒物絮凝还受到河口区水体的盐度、有机物的吸附等诸多因素的影响.     

基于Landsat 8影像的黄河口悬浮物质量浓度遥感反演

悬浮物质量浓度是黄河口海域重要的水质和水环境监测参数之一,直接影响着水面以下光场的分布,进而影响水体的初级生产力和水域生态环境。本文基于2011年6—7月和11—12月共计89组现场实测悬浮物质量浓度和光谱数据,分析了黄河口及其附近海域不同悬浮物质量浓度的水体光谱特征,尝试利用多种波段组合建立悬浮物质量浓度遥感反演算法。结果表明865 nm波段与波段比655 nm/560 nm组合形式算法反演结果最优,算法相关系数R²为0.95,平均相对误差为25.65%。将算法应用于2014—2016年共7景Landsat 8 OLI遥感影像,分析了不同年份黄河口悬浮物质量浓度的时空分布特征,黄河口海域悬浮物质量浓度分布总体呈现近岸高,离岸低的特点,不同时期悬浮物质量浓度量值上有显著变化。     

The grain-size distribution of the suspended particulate matter in the Huanghe Estuary and its adjacent sea area in winter

The grain-size of suspended particulate matter (SPM) in the Huanghe Estuary and its adjacent sea area was investigated with an in situ laser particle size analyzer (LISST-100) in November 2006.The spatial distribution of the grain-size parameters was very complicated.The results show that (1) the mean particle size of SPM ranged from 3.00Φ to 6.41Φ,with an average value of 4.66Φ;(2) the frequency distribution patterns of the SPM grain-size showed three different types,which were mono-mode,dual-mode and tri-...     

冬季黄河口及邻近海域悬浮体粒级组成和分布研究

利用LISST—100激光粒度仪于2006年11月在黄河口及附近海域进行现场粒度调查,揭示了冬季低流量下悬浮体粒度组成和空间分布特征,分析了其制约因素和沉积动力学意义。研究表明,黄河口悬浮体平均粒径为3.00Φ—6.41Φ,平均值为4.66Φ;粒度分布为非正态分布,在表层、中层悬浮体的粒度分布呈双峰和三峰两种模式,在底层则为单峰模式和双峰模式;在表层、中层悬浮体的搬运方式以递变悬浮为主,在中层有少量为跳跃搬运,而底层的悬浮体主要以跳跃搬运为主。黄河口悬浮体粒度组成受底质类型、冲淤状态、黄河径流、海洋动力以及絮凝和生物作用等多种因素的共同影响。     

伶仃洋河口横向环流

横向环流存在于大多数河口中,在河口的动量平衡和物质输运过程中起着重要的作用,其形成的机制众多。本文利用三维水动力模型EFDC(Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code),结合1989年和2002年的实测数据对伶仃洋河口进行研究,得到了伶仃洋河口在洪季和枯季时期不同的水动力和盐度分布结构。在文中选取了具有代表性的两个断面,针对洪枯季、大小潮以及涨落潮等不同时期的横向流结构和盐度剖面分布特点进行比较和分析。结果显示,受局地的径、潮流条件和地形约束影响,横向环流结构并不能充分形成,在不同的区域表现出截然不同的结构特点。伶仃洋河口横向环流主要是在径、潮流与地形三者之间的相互作用下形成的,不同的区域的形成机制存在差异。综合分析后,本文认为伶仃洋河口的横向环流在该区域的动力过程中相对较为次要。     

草鱼、鲢鱼和鲤鱼混养池塘中浮游生物和悬浮颗粒物组成变化的研究

为评估鲢鱼的滤食作用对淡水鱼混养池塘中浮游生物和悬浮颗粒物组成的影响,2009年在山东省淡水养殖研究所采用围隔将淡水养殖池塘进行分隔,对不同放养比例的草鱼、鲢鱼和鲤鱼混养围隔内的浮游生物和悬浮颗粒物的组成进行研究。结果显示,草-鲢和草-鲢-鲤混养组中隐藻门的隐藻与硅藻门的小环藻、冠盘藻或针杆藻等交替演变,浮游植物的粒级趋于小型化,<5、5～20和>20μm的浮游植物分别占浮游植物生物量的69%、24%和7%;同时浮游动物也趋于小型化,个体较小的原生动物和轮虫生物量占有相对优势,导致浮游动物生物量降低;草-鲤混养组发生了蓝藻水华,色球藻和螺旋藻大量发生,<5、5～20和>20μm的各粒级对浮游植物生物量的贡献率分别在30%左右。实验中悬浮颗粒物(SPM)范围为18.89～116.27mg/L,平均值为52.49mg/L,颗粒有机物(POM)与SPM含量之比的平均值为50.08%,POM与SPM呈显著正相关(R2=0.188,P<0.01)。     

Temporal occurrence of ichthyoplankton in relation to hydrographic and biological variables at a fixed station in the St Lawrence Estuary

Spring to autumn temporal distributions of ichthyoplankton and other oceanographic variables were measured at three nearshore stations in the lower St Lawrence Estuary in 1977 and 1978. The seasonal occurrence of various species of fish eggs and larvae was similar from one year to the next. Inshore-offshore gradients in abundance of eggs and larvae of different species appeared to be primarily related to the spawning location of each species. The semidiurnal variability was considerably less than the week-to-week variability in all physical and biological variables measured. The weekly variability is predominantly a function of spatiotemporal interactions, due to the geographic displacement of different water masses and their associated plankton in relation to the neap-spring tidal cycle. The timing and duration of spawning for each common species, inferred from ichthyoplankton distributions, suggest a unique combination of spawning and hatching times, ensuring a succession in the occurrence of larvae through time. Results of the temporal and spatial distributions of the different species of ichthyoplankton are discussed in terms of reduced competitive interactions. The relationship between ichthyoplankton distributions and the plankton production cycle in the St Lawrence Estuary is discussed in comparison with other areas.