Detailed paleoseismological research on the flank of the Lake Imandra depression (Kola region): New approaches and results

We present results of detailed paleoseismological research at the key site on the flank of the Lake Imandra depression (Kola region, northeast of the Fennoscandian Shield). Study of various groups of paleoseismic deformations in the fault zone and application of new methods and approaches made it possible to recognize a segment of a large seismotectonic zone where violent earthquakes occurred repeatedly at the end of the Late Glacial and in the Holocene. The dates of earthquakes and the location of their foci are determined.     

滇西北程海断裂带主要古地震滑坡及其分布特征的构造解释

位于红河断裂带西北端,滇西北断陷带东侧的程海断裂带第四纪活动显著,沿断裂盆山地貌与高山峡谷地貌发育,地质灾害频发.综合利用目视解译与野外调查,对程海断裂带沿线滑坡调查发现,沿程海断裂带共发育各类滑坡940余个,含巨型滑坡61个、大型滑坡125个、中型滑坡316个、小型滑坡438个.这其中有32个巨型滑坡、61个大型滑坡...     

Seismites in Late Pleistocene and Holocene deposits of the northwestern Kola region (northern Baltic Shield)

New data on soft-sediment deformation in Late Pleistocene and Holocene deposits of the northwestern Kola Peninsula (Pechenga River valley) are reported and analyzed in terms of paleoseismicity implications. Soft-sediment deformation is assigned to paleoseismic triggers on the basis of special criteria. One sedimentary section in the Pechenga valley bears signature of several seismic events at the Late Pleistocene–Holocene boundary, constrained by radiocarbon dates. According to the morphology, sizes, and types of seismites, the earthquakes had an MSK-64 intensity at least VI–VII. The observed earthquake-induced deformation may be associated with tectonic subsidence of the Pechenga valley block.     

基于LiDAR的海原断裂松山段断错地貌分析与古地震探槽选址实例

基于高精度机载Li DAR数据在GIS平台的地貌因子渲染分析,对海原断裂老虎山段松山地区古地震研究点进行高精度大比例尺(1∶1000)地貌填图,勾勒出研究点微地貌空间展布和断裂高精度几何形态。通过对松山古地震研究点2个新探槽的开挖,结合细致的探槽解译、地震事件识别与分期、年代学样品测试,得出5次37380±880BP以内的不连续古地震序列。通过对比此处已经开挖的各自相距不足150m、分布于断裂同一段落的4个古地震探槽的微地貌位置、沉积特征和地震事件信号强弱,发现即使相距不远,不同微地貌位置古地震探槽揭示的古地震现象也会有显著差别。这种差别凸显了古地震研究结果,如揭示的事件证据和个数等与探槽点位置的选取有较强的依赖性。综合对比分析表明,较低的地势、低能静水环境、高沉积速率、细粒的沉积物源区及连续的沉积环境是走滑断裂上开展古地震研究的优选地貌位置。实例表明,基于高精度地形数据对研究点开展精细地貌填图揭示微地貌时空演化,从而在探槽开挖前对古地震研究点的构造地貌优劣进行充分评价是提高古地震研究质量的必要程序,同时也显示出高精度机载Li DAR数据在活动构造研究中的重要新应用。     

Paleoseismological evidence for non-characteristic behavior of surface rupture associated with the 2004 Mid-Niigata Prefecture earthquake, central Japan

The 2004 Mid-Niigata Prefecture earthquake sequence (mainshock magnitude, M_JMA 6.8), which occurred in an active fold-and-thrust belt in northern central Japan, generated a small thrust surface rupture (< 20 cm of vertical displacement) along a previously unmapped northern extension of the active Muikamachi–Bonchi–Seien fault zone, on the eastern margin of the epicentral region. To better understand past seismic behavior of the rupture, we conducted a paleoseismic trenching study across the 10-cm-high west-side-up surface rupture at the foot of a pre-existing 1.8-m-high east-facing scarp, which probably resulted from past earthquake(s). A well-defined west-dipping thrust fault zone accompanied by drag folding and displacing the upper Pliocene to lower Pleistocene strata and the unconformably overlying upper Pleistocene (?) to Holocene strata was exposed. The principal fault zone is connected directly to the 2004 surface rupture. From the deformational characteristics of the strata and radiocarbon dating, we inferred that two large paleoseismic events occurred during the past 9000 years prior to the 2004 event. These two pre-2004 events have a nearly identical fault slip (at minimum, 1.5 m), which is ≥ 15 times that of the 2004 event (∼ 10 cm). These paleoseismic data, coupled with the geological and geomorphological features, suggest that the 2004 event represented non-characteristic behavior of the fault, which can potentially generate a more destructive earthquake accompanied by meter-scale surface displacement. This study provides insight into the interpretation of past faulting events and increases our understanding of rupture behavior.     

Tectonic position and geological manifestations of the 2006 olyutor earthquake in Koryakia

The results of seismotectonic study of the epicentral zone of the major earthquake in northern Kamchatka oblast are presented. Primary and secondary surface seismic dislocations were revealed. The exposed seismic source as a complex system of seismic faults up to 140 km in total length was found and mapped in detail. The system consists of three en echelon arranged NE-oriented segments about 16, 45, and 75 km long. The general strike of the fault system coincides with the orientation of the ridges in the Koryak Highland. The kinematics of the longest northeastern segment is reverse faulting of the southeastern wall combined with right-lateral strike-slip faulting. The maximum vertical and horizontal separations are 3 and 1.5 m, respectively. Vibration fractures, griffons, landslides, and rockfalls were revealed and documented as secondary seismic dislocations. The indications of paleoseismic dislocations were studied and documented as well. The age of paleoseismic events was determined with radiocarbon method from soil samples. The seismic source is confined to the boundary of the North American and Bering Sea lithospheric plates and exhibits its internal structure for a long distance. Seismic events testify to recent geological activity of the zone of interaction between the lithospheric plates. The collected data provide insights into the structure of the seismic source and its tectonic setting at the active continental margin of Asia.     

Tectonic Taphrogenesis and Paleoseismic Records from the Yishu Fault Zone in the Initial Stage of the Caledonian Movement

The Yishu fault zone (mid-segment of the Tanlu fault zone) was formed in the Presinian. Periodic tectonic activities and strong seismic events have occurred along the fault zone. During the initial stage of the Caledonian Movement, with the proceeding of the marine transgression from the Yishu paleo-channel to the western Shandong, uneven thick sediments, composed mainly of sand, mud and carbonates of littoral, lagoon, and neritic facies, were deposited in the Yishu fault zone and western Shandong, and constructed the bottom part of the Lower Cambrian consisting of the Liguan and Zhushadong formations. Through field observations and the lab-examinations, various paleoseismic records have been discovered in the Liguan Formation and the Zhushadong Formations of the Yishu fault zone and its vicinity, including some layers with syn-sedimentary deformation structures that were triggered by strong earthquakes (i.e. seismite, seismo-olistostrome, and seismo-turbidite). Paleoseismic records developed in the Zhushadong Formation are mainly seismites with soft-sediment deformation structures, such as liquefied diapir, small liquefied-carbonate lime-mud volcano, liquefied vein, liquefied breccia, convolute deformation (seismic fold), graded fault, soft siliceous vein, and deformation stromatolite, as well as seismites with brittle deformation structures of semiconsolidated sediments. Paleoseismic records preserved in the Liguan Formation are not only seismo-olistostrome with a slump fold, load structure, and ball-and-pillows, but also seismo-turbidite with convolution bedding, graded bedding and wavy-bedding. However, in the western Shandong area, the closer to the Yishu fault zone, the greater the thickness of the Liguan Formation and the Zhushadong Formation, the greater the number and type of layers with paleoseismic records, and the higher the earthquake intensity reflected by associations of seismic records. This evidence indicates that tectonic taphrogenesis accompanied by strong earthquake events occurred in the Yishu fault zone during the initial stage of the Caledonian Movement, which embodied the break-up of the Sino-Korean Plate along the Paleo-Tanlu fault zone at that time.     

Structural setting and geochemistry of Devonian dikes in the Kola Peninsula

The structural setting and geochemistry of the Devonian dikes in the Kola Peninsula are considered. The alkaline dikes are controlled by rift- and drift-related structural elements. The first type of structures is exemplified by the Khibiny-Kontozero Fault Zone, which is regarded as a propagation zone of the East Barents Rift. The second type comprises Early Precambrian structural elements reactivated during Devonian drift of the East European Plate. Alkaline dikes occur in the ring structures at the ends of rifts and in the accommodation zones where the polarity of the main fault plane changes. These are the sites of accumulation and abrupt relaxation of tectonic stresses. Despite the significant differences in the petrography and chemistry of alkaline dikes, all of them are enriched in REE, apparently due to the elevated concentrations of these elements in the fluids. The dolerite dikes at the Murmansk Coast are located in the outer zone of the vast, concentrically zoned plateau basalt province with the East Barents Trough as its center. According to geophysical data, basaltic flows are suggested within this trough. The dolerite dikes increase in number in the inland propagation zone of the East Barents Trough extending in the Baltic Shield. The alkaline igneous rocks of the Kola Peninsula were formed under local compression at the periphery of the plateau basalt province.     

Occurrence of Palladium Mineralization at the Deep Horizons of the Kola Superdeep Borehole

Doklady Earth Sciences - Palladium mineralization was registered in the Kola superdeep borehole (SG-3) for the first time in samples from deep horizons (in the fault zone at ~10 km). A proper...     

探槽古地震事件识别标志及其定量化——以活动走滑断裂为例

探槽古地震事件的识别取决于对沉积地层中封存的构造变形和沉积响应的解译。基于国内外88篇走滑断裂古地震研究论文,系统总结分析了古地震事件的多种识别标志,主要包括地层的垂向错断、断层向上逐渐尖灭、生长地层、裂缝充填、角度不整合、砂土液化、崩积楔、褶皱等。这些识别标志的质量和数量是判别古地震事件的关键。综合分析认为,地震成因识别标志与非构造成因及蠕滑产生的变形不同,而不同识别标志对地震层位的限定有证据强弱之分。在充分考虑地域和人为因素的影响下,根据识别标志的强弱,对探槽揭露事件的地层证据进行半定量化分析,这在实际工作中不仅可以最大限度地降低误判地震事件的可能性,排除非地震成因变形的影响,也能更客观地反映地震事件的可信度。     

Ion microprobe UPb zircon geochronology and isotopic evidence for a trans-crustal suture in the Lapland–Kola Orogen,northern Fennoscandian Shield

The Lapland–Kola Orogen (LKO; former Kola craton) in the northern Fennoscandian Shield comprises a collage of partially reworked late Archaean terranes with intervening belts of Palaeoproterozoic juvenile crust including the classic Lapland Granulite Terrane. Rifting of Archaean crust began at c 2.5–2.4 Ga as attested by layered mafic and anorthositic intrusions developed throughout the northernmost Fennoscandian Shield at this time. Oceanic separation was centred on the Lapland Granulite, Umba Granulite (UGT) and Tersk terranes within the core zone of the orogen. Importantly, SmNd data show that Palaeoproterozoic metasedimentary and metaigneous rocks within these terranes contain an important, generally dominant, juvenile component over a strike length of at least 600 km. Evidently, adjacent Archaean terranes, with negative ε_Nd signatures, contributed relatively little detritus, suggesting a basin of considerable extent. Subduction of the resulting Lapland–Kola ocean led to arc magmatism dated by the NORDSIM ion probe at c 1.96 Ga in the Tersk Terrane in the southern Kola Peninsula. Accretion of the Tersk arc took place before c 1.91 Ga as shown by ion probe UPb zircon dating of post-D1, pre-D2 pegmatites cutting the Tersk arc rocks, juvenile metasediments as well as Archaean gneisses in the footwall of the orogen. Deep burial during collision under high-pressure granulite-facies conditions was followed by exhumation and cooling between 1.90 and 1.87 Ga based on SmNd, UPb and ArAr data. Lateral variations in deep crustal velocity and Vp/Vs ratio, together with reflections traversing the entire crust observed in reprocessed seismic data from the Polar Profile, may be interpreted to image a trans-crustal structure — possibly a fossilised subduction zone — supporting an arc origin for the protoliths of the Lapland Granulite, UGT and Tersk terranes and the location of a major lithospheric suture — the Lapland–Kola suture.     

Discrete Element Modeling of a Subduction Zone with a Seafloor Irregularity and its Impact on the Seismic Cycle

Seafloor irregularities influence rupture behavior along the subducting slab and in the overriding plate, thus affecting earthquake cycles. Whether seafloor irregularities increase the likelihood of large earthquakes in a subduction zone remains contested, partially due to focus put either on fault development or on rupture pattern. Here, we simulate a subducting slab with a seafloor irregularity and the resulting deformation pattern of the overriding plate using the discrete element method. Our simulations illustrate the rupture along three major fault systems: megathrust, splay and backthrust faults. Our results show different rupture dimensions of earthquake events varying from tens to ca. 140 km. Our results suggest that the recurrence interval of megathrust events with rupture length of ca. 100 km is ca. 140 years, which is overall comparable to the paleoseismic records at the Mentawai area of the Sumatran zone. We further propose the coseismic slip amounts decrease and interseismic slip amounts increase from the surface downwards gradually.     

科拉超深钻：期望与结果

科拉超深钻的钻进和探测首次提供了以前无法达到的深度的有关古老大陆地壳成分和构造的直接资料。岩石密度和它们弹性的各向异性已成为当今地表地质正式描述形式和参考剖面的主要参数。所给出的完整模型的证据是基于科拉超深钻的探测及辅助的地表地质研究。模型认为贝辰加矿区是一个幔源火山岩－侵入岩中心式成矿系统的水平部分。本文还对铜－镍硫化物矿床产出条件给予了新的解释，并有助于理解贝辰加矿区在贝辰加—依曼德—瓦尔朱格缝合带中的位置     

湖泊沉积对地震动的响应特征与古地震序列重建

湖泊沉积因其对地震动的敏感而被认为是“天然地震仪”,湖泊沉积古地震研究有机会重建长时间尺度的地震(动)序列,对认识区域发震孕震环境和地震复发规律具有潜在优势,是当前古地震学研究的重要方向之一.本文旨在总结现今湖泊沉积古地震研究的主要进展、存在的问题和未来展望.首先通过与传统古地震研究关注的记录对比,扼要介绍了湖泊沉积地...     

Electromagnetic sounding of the Kola Peninsula with a powerful extremely low frequency source

Experiment on electromagnetic sounding of the Kola Peninsula using unique mobile measuring complex of the low-frequency sounding was conducted, allowing to investigate a geoelectric section with a depth of several kilometers on distances up to 100 km from the stationary transmitting aerial. Excess on the order of amplitudes of the vertical component above the horizontal at all frequencies of sounding was registered in a number of points of measurements. This feature managed to be explained quantitatively by circulation of current on regional faults with the closure of current through the sea—before unknown galvanic coastal effect. Interpretation of the results of modeling and neural network solving of inverse problem essentially specifies the fault tectonics of the central part of the Kola Peninsula. Anomaly remote from the observation profile was found out—local pinch of a crustal conductive layer consisting of graphitized rocks and associated with the zone of overthrust.     

东南极哈姆峰地区假玄武玻璃的显微构造、年代学及其地质意义

发育在东南极普里兹湾西南部哈姆峰地区麻粒岩相花岗质片麻岩中的假玄武玻璃沿着近东西向断裂带分布。显微构造特征表明,该地假玄武玻璃基质中普遍发育球粒结构及树枝状、放射状-针状等不同形状及组合的矿物微晶体,说明这些假玄武玻璃是地震断层快速滑移过程中摩擦熔融作用的产物。假玄武玻璃中的微晶体矿物组合大体分为两种,它们分布在构造带不同地段:一种是以"紫苏辉石+斜长石"组合为主,分布于构造带东北部地段;一种是以"黑云母+斜长石+钾长石+石英"的组合为主,分布于构造带西南部地段,说明沿构造带不同部位构造环境及应力分布的不均匀性。同时,微晶体中富铝紫苏辉石的存在,表明假玄武玻璃形成过程及其后期的结晶过程可能处于高温(麻粒岩相)的构造环境下。假玄武玻璃的基质全岩K-Ar年龄为878.1±16.8 Ma,全岩40Ar/39Ar年龄谱系中所记录的年龄值主要集中在925~626 Ma。结合区域对比看,假玄武玻璃应该形成于格林维尔期构造事件。      

阿尔金活断层的古地震与分段

活断层的破裂过程往往是通过多个独立破裂段落的组合而进行的。活断层的分段就是对断层上各个稳定的独立破裂单元的识别。这是深入认识断层的活动习性特征和进行潜在地震危险性评估的重要途径。古地震资料是识别破裂单元最直接的依据。本文在根据障碍构造对阿尔金活断层进行几何结构分段的基础上，结合古地震资料的分析进行了破裂分段的识别，划分了１１个破裂段。在约２００００年来各个段落活动时段、强度、古地震复发间隔都有所不同。总趋势是由西向东逐渐减弱。在约４５００—２０００ａＢ．Ｐ．存在一个各个段落都比较活跃的阶段。这与沿青藏高原边缘的一些活动带上揭露出的情况很相似，看来这是与整个高原的构造活动在这个时段曾有所加强有关。     

The Manyas fault zone (southern Marmara region,NW Turkey): active tectonics and paleoseismology

The Manyas fault zone (MFZ) is a splay fault of the Yenice Gönen Fault, which is located on the southern branch of the North Anatolian Fault System. The MFZ is a 38 km long, WNW–ESE-trending and normal fault zone comprised of three en-echelon segments. On 6 October 1964, an earthquake (Ms = 6.9) occurred on the Salur segment. In this study, paleoseismic trench studies were performed along the Salur segment. Based on these paleoseismic trench studies, at least three earthquakes resulting in a surface rupture within the last 4000 years, including the 1964 earthquake have been identified and dated. The penultimate event can be correlated with the AD 1323 earthquake. There is no archaeological and/or historical record that can be associated with the oldest earthquake dated between BP 3800 ± 600 and BP 2300 ± 200 years. Additionally, the trench study performed to the north of the Salur segment demonstrates paleoliquefaction structures crossing each other. The surface deformation that occurred during the 1964 earthquake is determined primarily to be the consequence of liquefaction. According to the fault plane slip data, the MFZ is a purely normal fault demonstrating a listric geometry with a dip of 64°–74° to the NNE.     

Isotopic age and heterogeneous sources of gabbro‒anorthosites from the Patchemvarek massif,Kola Peninsula

New U?Pb (SHRIMP II) data on the age (2661.8 ± 7.1 Ma) and isotopic (Sm?Nd) composition of the Patchemvarek gabbro?anorthosite massif located in the junction zone between the Neoarchean Kolmozero-Voron’ya greenstone belt and Keivy paragneiss structure are discussed. The established age and geological?tectonic position of gabbro?anorthosites allow the prognostic metallogenic estimate of Ti?V?Fe mineralization to be extended to the entire Kolmozero-Voron’ya?Keivy infrastructural zone of the Kola?Norwegian province of the Fennoscandian shield.     

Isotope composition of neodymium in neo-Archean banded iron formations of Karelia and Kola Peninsula

Studies of three deposits of neo-Archean banded iron formations from the West Karelian domain (the Kostomuksha deposit) and from the Central Kola block (the Olenegorsk and Kirovogorsk deposits) showed a pronounced difference in the isotope compositions of Nd from quartz and magnetite–hematite interlayers. The less radiogenic Nd of iron-containing layers compared to that of the quartz component may be considered as an indication of the formation mechanism of the treated banded iron formations. Thus, silicon-containing layers are related to submarine volcanism and iron was supplied to the sedimentation zone from other sources.