莺-琼盆地海相烃源岩特征及高温高压环境有机质热演化

莺歌海盆地与琼东南盆地存在渐新统海岸平原-半封闭浅海相和中新统浅海相两套海相烃源岩。其中,渐新统烃源岩发育于琼东南盆地早第三纪半地堑,存在海岸平原和半封闭浅海两类烃源岩组合。海岸平原含煤烃源岩有机质丰度高,富含陆源有机质,具有很好的生气潜力;半封闭浅海相烃源岩TOC含量总体低于1.0%,但其规模大且存在TOC1.5%的较高丰度段,故亦具有较大的生气能力。中新统海相烃源岩主要分布于莺歌海盆地裂后热沉降形成的中央坳陷,其有机质丰度横向变化比较大,位于中央坳陷带的烃源岩有机质丰度较高,TOC大多在0.40%～2.97%之间,有机质以气型干酪根为主。盆地的高地温为有机质向天然气转化提供了有利的条件,尤其是热流体活动使浅层有机质超前熟化,但地层超压对有机质热演化也有一定的抑制作用。盆地模拟结果显示,莺-琼盆地主要凹陷烃源岩大量生气时间较晚,与圈闭形成期的时空配置好,有利于成藏。     

琼东南盆地深水区中央坳陷带异常压力分布特征

异常地层压力是现今琼东南盆地深水区油气勘探面临的一个重要地质问题。运用最新构建的基于孔隙性岩石静力平衡方程的地层压力预测模型,确定了中央坳陷带异常地层压力分布特征,并分析了不同凹陷超压发育特征存在差异的原因。研究表明:(1)中央坳陷带单井压力剖面存在常压型、单段超压型、超压囊型和旋回超压型4种类型;(2)超压顶界面埋深从陆架向深海、从西向东逐渐增大;(3)纵向上,从浅水区到深水区、由西向东超压跨越层位逐渐增多,从浅层到深层超压强度逐渐增大,但乐东、宝岛和北礁凹陷具有"双层式"超压结构;平面上,以乐东、陵水、松南和宝岛4个凹陷为强超压中心,超压强度向南北两侧(低)凸起逐渐降低。总体上中央坳陷带超压分布具有一定规律性,但是不同凹陷间超压分布特征又具有差异性。这种差异主要受到晚期快速沉降速率、泥岩发育特征、烃源岩成熟度和断裂发育特征等因素的影响。     

莺歌海盆地与琼东南盆地成藏条件的比较及天然气勘探方向

莺歌海盆地和琼东南盆地常被合称为莺琼盆地，但二者的天然气成藏条件明显不同，莺歌海盆地第三－第四系巨厚，老第三纪崖城组和陵水组强烈过成熟，有效源岩为新第三纪三亚组和梅山组，而琼东南盆地的主要源岩为崖城组和陵水组，上第三系的生烃强度较低；尽管莺歌海盆地和琼东南盆地均为超压盆地，但莺歌海盆地强超压和右旋张扭应力场的共同作用导致超压囊顶部破裂并发育底辟，实现了超压流体包括天然气的垂向集中排放，而琼东南盆地总体上仍为侧向分散流体系统。莺歌海盆地的重要勘探领域是与底辟有关的圈闭，而琼东南盆地的主要勘探领域应为与下第三系源岩具有良好输导通道的上第三系岩性－构造复合圈闭或下第三系构造圈闭。     

琼东南盆地深水区泥-流体底辟发育特征与天然气成藏

琼东南盆地深水区发育泥-流体底辟构造,为油气垂向运移提供通道。文章基于琼东南区域构造与沉积演化认识,利用高精度三维地震资料,对深水区底辟构造进行了系统研究,识别出了底辟的分布范围,并分析了其发育机制以及对天然气成藏的控制作用。琼东南盆地深水区底辟主要发育在乐东—陵水凹陷结合部的陵南斜坡带及凸起之上,向凹陷中心规模逐渐减小。新近纪时期盆地快速沉降和生烃作用共同导致了深部异常高压的存在,其为底辟发育提供了原始的驱动力;陵南斜坡带古近纪发育的断裂为区域内的构造薄弱带,且在新近系发生活化为异常高压释放提供突破口,进而导致了底辟的形成,即底辟形成时间为新构造运动时期。底辟构造可沟通崖城组烃源岩及黄流组、莺歌海组储集体,是深水西区油气垂向运移的主要通道,控制了天然气藏的分布。根据底辟构造与烃源、储层的配置关系,提出了陵南斜坡带和松南低凸起区是深水区下步勘探的重点区带。     

莺歌海盆地地层压力演化特征及其与天然气运聚成藏的关系

钻井资料显示莺歌海盆地现今存在超压,纵向上由浅至深可划分为常压带、过渡带和超压带。利用测井声波时差和地震速度资料,按等效深度法计算了莺歌海盆地大量排气期(1.9 Ma)和现今超压值,并恢复了单井超压的演化。结果表明,地层超压平面上是以乐东区为中心向北向东递减的,临高隆起带和莺东斜坡带大部分为常压,单井上超压演化是逐渐增大的。这一结果与不同地区地质历史上沉降中心和沉积环境密切相关。莺歌海盆地超压的存在使天然气在剩余压力的作用下垂向运移。天然气藏均分布在乐东和东方地区黄流组顶底压差大、莺歌海组盖层超压封闭能力强的地区。靠近底辟区、且同时满足上述2个条件的储层更有利于天然气成藏。     

莺-琼盆地中新统高温超压储层特征及形成机制

中新统黄流-梅山组重力流、高温超压储层是南海北部莺-琼盆地中央坳陷带主力勘探层系,发育粉、细、中、粗砂岩与中、低、特低渗物性特征.通过研究高温超压储层特征,确定有利储层形成机制,为重点领域评价提供地质依据.结果表明,由东方到乐东区到乐东-陵水凹陷、由凹陷斜坡区到凹陷中心,由于地温梯度与异常超压形成时间、强度的变化,进入各成岩期深度加深,储层孔隙度纵向减小幅度不大,明显不同于斜坡区常压储层.沉积环境控制的储集岩粒度、泥质杂基与高温超压、热流体控制的成岩作用共同控制有利储层,以往凹陷方向发育早期超压保护的海底扇区为有利,凹陷斜坡区热流体作用形成大量次生孔隙,发育中渗“甜点”储层.      

莺歌海盆地天然气底辟优势聚集规律及勘探意义

莺歌海盆地的高温高压环境、构造断裂不发育、泥-流体底辟发育及热流体活动强烈等独特的地质条件,决定了伸展-转换盆地的油气聚集规律与断陷盆地复式油气聚集具有明显的差异性。在分析天然气成藏主控因素的基础上,以天然气藏形成到天然气分布为主线,提出莺歌海盆地的天然气底辟优势聚集规律:即宏观上天然气聚集在盆地内成藏条件配置好的中央凹陷带底辟区,微观上天然气则聚集在底辟成藏条件配置好的顶部、两侧及周缘的构造和岩性圈闭中。天然气底辟优势聚集规律突破了以往紧邻凹陷带的斜坡带是油气聚集最有利区带的传统观点,使人们认识到只有符合优势聚集规律的构造带和圈闭才可能聚集天然气,这对于调整伸展-转换型盆地的油气勘探思路,针对性地解决莺歌海盆地勘探中存在的问题,进一步指明有利勘探方向具有重要的指导作用。     

琼东南盆地超压系统泄压带: 可能的天然气聚集场所

泄压带是超压系统内部流体向外运移的通道和有利的油气聚集场所, 对水溶相天然气析离成藏更有着重要意义.本文综合应用速度谱、测井、钻井和地层测试等资料预测了琼东南盆地超压系统的分布, 将其划分为3种结构类型; 结合粘土分析等资料识别出了4种类型的泄压带, 并讨论了泄压带的分布与可能的天然气聚集区带.琼东南盆地中央坳陷带整体发育一个超压系统, 其分布格局主要受陆坡带的形成和莺歌海盆地超压传递的影响, 陆坡区的超压明显强于非陆坡区, 西部的超压整体强于东部并在浅部呈现自西向东传递的趋势.泄压带内的天然气成藏主要取决于压力、温度和溶解气量, 需满足溶解气量足够多和溶解度变化量足够大, 相对而言, Ⅱ型泄压带成藏条件最优, 既有断裂沟通深部水溶气和浅部储层, 又有温压条件的显著变化, 因而流体运移最活跃.Ⅲ型泄压带次之, 但分布最广, 该类型最有利部位分布在陵水低凸起和宝岛凹陷北坡.      

珠江口盆地白云凹陷中央底辟带的发现及识别

白云凹陷属珠江口盆地的一个次级构造单元.通过对二维地震剖面上模糊带的分析, 凹陷中心发育北西西向展布、面积约1000km2的底辟带, 底辟幅度最大可达8km.高精度磁力资料显示底辟带为一个低磁异常区.底辟构造包括龟背上拱、弱刺穿、气烟囱、底辟断层(或裂缝)、海底麻坑等类型, 主要发源于断陷期深湖相的文昌组(始新统) —恩平组(上始新统-下渐新统), 其次为坳陷期浅海-深海相沉积的珠江组(下中新统) —韩江组(中中新统) 的两套巨厚富泥沉积层.白云凹陷具有快速沉降、细粒充填为主、以及新生代的右旋张扭性应力场, 共同造就了凹陷中央底辟带的发育.底辟构造的存在反映了白云凹陷中心曾经蕴育着高温、超压系统, 与之密切伴生的大量亮点指示着沿底辟构造的天然气垂向输导, 构成了古近系油气运移到新近系—第四系的成藏动力系统.      

莺歌海盆地泥-流体底辟树型输导系统及运移模式

莺歌海盆地发育多期泥.流体底辟.底辟活动的多期性造成底辟区断裂和裂隙不断开启,输导天然气从深部向浅部垂向运移,充注底辟两侧及周缘的砂体,在剖面上构成树形样式,称之为底辟树型输导系统.底辟树型输导系统连通了浅层和中一深层的构造和岩性圈闭,是莺歌海盆地中央凹陷带构造及岩性天然气藏成藏的主要输导通道和样式,其相应运移方式分为能量保持型和能量释放型两种.本文提出了莺歌海盆地中央凹陷带发育底辟树型输导系统及其运移的地质模型,泥-流体底辟活动控制下的底辟树型输导系统及其运移模型是对伸展-转换盆地油气成藏理论的发展和补充.     

莺歌海盆地东方区天然气成藏模式及优质天然气勘探策略

莺歌海盆地东方区天然气勘探取得重大突破,本文对该区不同气田、不同层段的72个天然气样品,开展了化学组分及其稳定碳同位素分析。研究表明该区天然气存在迥然不同的分布差异：西南区块（XY1-1S/XY13-2构造）,浅层天然气中CO2含量高,天然气成熟度总体也较高,而中深层天然气中CO2含量很低,天然气成熟度也相对较低;东北区块（XY1-1/XY13-1构造）,浅层天然气中CO2含量总体较低,天然气成熟度也较低,但是中深层天然气中CO2含量总体较高,天然气成熟度也相对较高。根据天然气系列地化特征,结合底辟活动的分析,提出东方区受底辟影响的低能量区和高能量区具有截然不同的天然气充注成藏模式：①西南区块（XY1-1S/XY13-2构造）远离底辟核心区,属低能量活动的底辟波及区,受底辟活动影响程度相对较小,早期低CO2含量、低成熟天然气沿小断裂或裂隙输导体系运移到中深层的黄流组、梅山组聚集成藏。由于底辟能量较低,中深层早期形成的气藏得以完整保存。后期,烃源岩生成的高CO2含量、高成熟天然气沿着底辟活动产生的断层向上运移至莺歌海组浅层聚集成藏。浅层和中深层天然气输导体系可能存在一定差异;②东北区块（XY1-1/XY13-1构造）处于底辟核心区,属高能量活动区,多期强烈的底辟活动形成深大断裂,为天然气的快速运移提供通道,使得早期在黄流组、梅山组中深层聚集的低CO2含量、低成熟天然气遭受破坏,向上发生再次运移至浅层莺歌海组聚集成藏。后期高CO2含量、高成熟天然气主要充注中深层。该模式可以很好地解释莺歌海盆地东方区天然气复杂的分布特征,为莺歌海盆地不同领域,尤其是中深层高温超压领域低CO2的优质天然气勘探提供策略指导。     

The formation mechanism of mud diapirs and gas chimneys and their relationship with natural gas hydrates: insights from the deep-water area of Qiongdongnan Basin,northern South China Sea

ABSTRACT

Mud diapirs and gas chimneys are widely developed in continental slope areas, which can provide sufficient gas for hydrate formation, and they are important for finding natural gas hydrates. Based on the interpretation and analysis of high-resolution 2D and 3D seismic data covering the deep-water area in the Qiongdongnan Basin (QDNB), northern South China Sea, we studied the formation mechanism of mud diapirs and gas chimneys and their relationship with natural gas hydrates. Mud diapirs and gas chimneys are columnar and domelike in shape and the internal regions of these bodies have abnormal reflections characterized by fuzzy, chaotic, and blanking zones. The reflection events terminate at the rims of mud diapirs and gas chimneys with pull-up reflections and pull-down reflections, respectively. In addition, ‘bright spots’ and diapiric-associated faults occur adjacent to mud diapirs and gas chimneys. The rapidly deposited and deeply buried fine sediments filling in the Tertiary in deep-water areas of the QDNB and overpressure potential derived from undercompacted mudstones, as well as from the pressurization of organic matter and hydrocarbon generation, provide abundant materials and intensive driving forces for the formation of mud diapirs and gas chimneys. Bottom simulating reflectors (BSRs) with strong amplitude and high or poor continuity were recognized atop the mud diapirs and gas chimneys and in the structural highs within the same region, indicating that they have a close relationship with each other. The mud diapirs and gas chimneys and associated high-angle faults provide favourable vertical pathways for the hydrocarbons migrating from deep strata to shallow natural gas hydrate stability zones where natural gas hydrates accumulate; however, some BSRs are characterized by weak amplitude and poor continuity, which can be affected by high temperature and overpressure in the process of the mud diapir and gas chimney activities. This mutually restricting relationship must be taken into consideration in the process of gas hydrate exploration in QDNB.     

Characteristics of overpressure distribution and its implication for hydrocarbon exploration in the Qiongdongnan Basin

The Qiongdongnan Basin is a strongly overpressured basin with the maximum pressure coefficient over 2.2. Two types of vertical overpressure configuration can be identified by electronic logs and mud pressure, based on the calibration with the test pressure. The first is a double overpressure configuration, in which the middle low overpressure zone divides the entire overpressure zone into two zones. The double overpressure configuration lies primarily in the western part of the basin. The second is a single overpressure configuration, in which overpressure increases with depth. The single overpressure configuration lies primarily in the eastern part of the basin. Distribution maps of the overpressure top and overpressure horizons show three important characteristics: (1) The distribution of the pressure coefficient is not uniform. There are many low overpressure zones against a background of high overpressure. (2) The pressure coefficient in the western area is greater than in the eastern area. The maximum pressure coefficient in the western area is greater than 2.2. (3) There is a low overpressure interval between the high overpressure zones in the western area. Based on the overpressure distribution, some important implications for hydrocarbon exploration can be drawn. In the Qiongdongnan Basin, it has been shown that normal pressure zones are favorable for hydrocarbon accumulation, and strongly overpressured zones (pressure coefficient greater than 1.8) are unfavorable for hydrocarbon accumulation. Accordingly, the NW low overpressure belt around wells R, Q and S should be beneficial for hydrocarbon accumulations, and should be considered as the next exploration play in the Qiongdongnan Basin. Theoretical hydrofracture calculation and interpretation of the sand injectites indicate the presence of widespread hydrofractures in the basin. Comparison between the sealing capacities of the double overpressure and single overpressure configurations shows that the former is superior for hydrocarbon accumulation and preservation. Because of the strong sealing capacity provided by the displacement pressure and pore pressure difference between the seal rock and reservoir in the double overpressure configuration zone, hydrocarbons barely penetrate the seal rock in the middle low overpressure zone. Therefore, the exploration interval should be within and below the middle low overpressure zone in the western basin.     

Characteristics and Origin of Yacheng Gas Field in Qiongdongnan Basin, South China Sea

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莺歌海盆地高温高压盖层封盖能力定量评价

莺歌海盆地是我国南海重要的新生代含油气盆地,随着浅层常压层系天然气开发程度的逐渐提高,中深层高温高压层系成为天然气勘探的主要目标,超压背景下盖层封闭的有效性受到广泛关注.近年来,不同学者针对莺歌海盆地盖层进行了大量的研究,但是对高温高压的气藏盖层的封闭机理、破坏条件及其定量评价仍存在一定的问题.通过对莺歌海盆地中深层高温高压层系盖层进行系统的分析,明确盖层的封闭机理为毛细管封闭和水力封闭.利用泥岩盖层排替压力、声波时差及孔隙度之间的关系,对莺歌海盆地区域性盖层的毛细管封闭能力进行预测.莺歌海盆地中深层盖层普遍具有较强的毛细管封闭能力.因此,超压诱发的水力破裂是油气多层位聚集的根本原因,进而提出了盖层水力破裂压力系数定量评价盖层水力破裂风险性.评价结果显示,盖层发生水力破裂与底辟构造活动具有明显的相关性,盖层水力破裂风险由底辟中心向外围逐渐减弱.位于莺歌海盆地斜坡近凹带,且紧邻乐东三大底辟的LD-B区块是油气富集的有利区域.      

Pressure Prediction for High-Temperature and High-Pressure Formation and Its Application to Drilling in the Northern South China Sea

There are plentiful potential hydrocarbon resources in the Yinggehai and Qiongdongnan basins in the northern South China Sea. However, the special petrol-geological condition with high formation temperature and pressure greatly blocked hydrocarbon exploration. The conventional means of drills, including methods in the prediction and monitoring of underground strata pressure, can no longer meet the requirements in this area. The China National Offshore Oil Corporation has allocated one well with a designed depth of 3200 m and pressure