Adaptive separation of mixed broadband sound sources with delays bya beamforming Herault-Jutten network

The Herault-Jutten network has been used to separate independent sound sources that have been linearly mixed. The problem of separating a mixture of several independent signals in free-field conditions or a signal and echoes in confined spaces is compounded by propagation time delays between the source(s) and the microphones because the conventional Herault-Jutten network cannot tolerate time delays. In this paper, we combine a symmetrically balanced beamforming array with the conventional Herault-Jutten network. The resulting system can adaptively separate signals that include delays introduced by the propagation medium. The proposed algorithm has been simulated in digital communication multipath channels where intersymbol interference exists. The simulation results show two clear advantages of the proposed method over the conventional adaptive equalization: (1) there is no penalty for very long impulse responses caused by long delays, and (2) no training signals are needed for equalization. The design of a multibeamformer to handle the source separation of multiple broad-band signals is also presented     

Sound sources and levels in the ocean

The standard definitions found in the American National Standards on Acoustics are applied to common sound sources used in both underwater acoustics research and naval sonar system operation. Recommended metrics are quantified for both continuous and transient sources of sound. Standard definitions are reviewed with theoretical sound source models. Requisite metrics are derived and applied to examples of energy sources of sound, such as transients from a small omnidirectional explosive, an air gun, a light bulb, and a dolphin click. A generic quantitative model of surface ship sonar system emissions is developed. Active sonar transmissions are analyzed with the requisite quantitative metrics required to characterize these emissions. These results should be useful in environmental assessments, biological experiments, and the sonar system design.     

深海海面目标单水听器被动测距方法与验证

基于射线理论分析了在深海情况下海面声源产生声场的频率-距离干涉结构,给出了影区内声场频率-距离干涉结构的近似理论表达式,分析得到影区内声场频域干涉周期随收发距离的增加而增大、随着接收水听器深度的增加而减小。因此由单水听器记录的声场干涉结构即可实现被动声源距离估计。在南海深海实验中观测到海面宽带噪声源在声场影区形成的声场干涉结构,对实验获得声场干涉结构的处理结果验证了深海声场影区干涉结构用于被动声源距离估计的有效性。与传统的匹配场被动定位方法相比,该方法不需要已知海底声学参数和大规模的拷贝场计算。     

基于小型三维阵列的瞬态声源快速被动定位方法

重物在落水和着底过程中都会产生瞬态声信号,这类信号可被运用于浅水区域水下目标定位。 针对浅水区域目标定位的问题,提出了一种基于小型立体五元基阵的瞬态声源快速被动定位算法。 在分析重物落水信号特征的基础上,选取合适的广义互相关加权函数求得传声器之间的声程差,运用快速最小二乘搜索算法进行声源定位。 结果表明:运用 5 传声器阵列可以同时兼顾定位精度和鲁棒性,且满足实时性要求,该方法可运用于浅水区域瞬态声源定位等领域。     

Frequency-selective attenuation of sound propagation and reverberation in shallow water

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浅海声传播和混响的选频衰减

在强负跃层浅海的爆炸声实验中,发现当声源和接收器都位于跃层之上时,平均混响强度和某一航向的声传播损失在频率1000-2000Hz之间出现强烈的异常衰减现象,而且很有意思的是发射和接收均无指向性的平均混响强度的异常衰减与该航向声传播损失的异常衰减具有中心频率相同、带宽一致、附加衰减值相近的窄带共振或选频衰减特权.显然,这一异常衰减现象无法用各向异性的机理(内波、海面或海底的有规律起伏等)来解释.根据本文实验所得的传播损失和混响强度的深度结构以及一些间接的证据,我们认为这一选频附加衰减是由分散活动干跃居上部的有鳔鱼(极可能是鱼)所引起的.     

具有随机起伏表面的正声速梯度浅海中的平均声强

近年来很多的实验指出,正声速梯度浅海中声强的平均衰减规律与海面的不平整度,声波的频率,相对声速梯度的大小,发射深度与接收深度等因素有着密切的联系.本文的目的在于寻找这种联系的数学表式.我们采用文献[1]所发展的平均法来求其平均声强.     

海上风电打桩水下噪声测量及其对大黄鱼的影响

海上风电场建设期风机打桩会产生高强度的水下噪声,研究水下冲击打桩噪声的监测方法、特性分析及对海洋生物的影响是非常重要的.采用自容式水下声音记录仪,多点同步测量了福建省兴化湾海上风电场二期工程建设期单次完整的水下冲击打桩噪声,从时频域特性进行了分析,并利用最小二乘法拟合得到了打桩声源级和声暴露级.结果表明:水下冲击打桩噪...     

The influence of underwater data transmission sounds on the displacement behaviour of captive harbour seals (Phoca vitulina)

To prevent grounding of ships and collisions between ships in shallow coastal waters, an underwater data collection and communication network (ACME) using underwater sounds to encode and transmit data is currently under development. Marine mammals might be affected by ACME sounds since they may use sound of a similar frequency (around 12 kHz) for communication, orientation, and prey location. If marine mammals tend to avoid the vicinity of the acoustic transmitters, they may be kept away from ecologically important areas by ACME sounds. One marine mammal species that may be affected in the North Sea is the harbour seal (Phoca vitulina). No information is available on the effects of ACME-like sounds on harbour seals, so this study was carried out as part of an environmental impact assessment program. Nine captive harbour seals were subjected to four sound types, three of which may be used in the underwater acoustic data communication network. The effect of each sound was judged by comparing the animals' location in a pool during test periods to that during baseline periods, during which no sound was produced. Each of the four sounds could be made into a deterrent by increasing its amplitude. The seals reacted by swimming away from the sound source. The sound pressure level (SPL) at the acoustic discomfort threshold was established for each of the four sounds. The acoustic discomfort threshold is defined as the boundary between the areas that the animals generally occupied during the transmission of the sounds and the areas that they generally did not enter during transmission. The SPLs at the acoustic discomfort thresholds were similar for each of the sounds (107 dB re 1 microPa). Based on this discomfort threshold SPL, discomfort zones at sea for several source levels (130-180 dB re 1 microPa) of the sounds were calculated, using a guideline sound propagation model for shallow water. The discomfort zone is defined as the area around a sound source that harbour seals are expected to avoid. The definition of the discomfort zone is based on behavioural discomfort, and does not necessarily coincide with the physical discomfort zone. Based on these results, source levels can be selected that have an acceptable effect on harbour seals in particular areas. The discomfort zone of a communication sound depends on the sound, the source level, and the propagation characteristics of the area in which the sound system is operational. The source level of the communication system should be adapted to each area (taking into account the width of a sea arm, the local sound propagation, and the importance of an area to the affected species). The discomfort zone should not coincide with ecologically important areas (for instance resting, breeding, suckling, and feeding areas), or routes between these areas.     

浅海有限面积源的噪声场空间相关特性研究

本文对有限面积噪声源产生的噪声场的空间相关特性作了讨论。分别研究了接收器处于源区域里面和外面的情形。对一浅海典型声速剖面和 Baltic海区的噪声场相关特性及噪声场强度进行了计算 ,并与无限大噪声源平面的噪声场特性作了比较。同时 ,为把连续谱考虑在内 ,引入一虚假深海底 ,用复模式和来近似计算分支割线的贡献。但当接收器远离源区域时 ,连续谱经过在下介质中的长程传播 ,衰减迅速 ,故其对噪声场的贡献可以忽略 ,而仅考虑离散简正波场的贡献。结果发现 ,有限面积源的噪声场结构无论是水平结构 ,还是垂直结构均是不均匀的 ,都依赖于接收场点的绝对位置。这与无限大噪声源平面所形成的噪声场的特性是不一样的     

The influence of acoustic emissions for underwater data transmission on the behaviour of harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) in a floating pen

To prevent grounding of ships and collisions between ships in shallow coastal waters, an underwater data collection and communication network is currently under development: Acoustic Communication network for Monitoring of underwater Environment in coastal areas (ACME). Marine mammals might be affected by ACME sounds since they use sounds of similar frequencies (around 12 kHz) for communication, orientation, and prey location. If marine mammals tend to avoid the vicinity of the transmitters, they may be kept away from ecologically important areas by ACME sounds. One marine mammal species that may be affected in the North Sea is the harbour porpoise. Therefore, as part of an environmental impact assessment program, two captive harbour porpoises were subjected to four sounds, three of which may be used in the underwater acoustic data communication network. The effect of each sound was judged by comparing the animals' positions and respiration rates during a test period with those during a baseline period. Each of the four sounds could be made a deterrent by increasing the amplitude of the sound. The porpoises reacted by swimming away from the sounds and by slightly, but significantly, increasing their respiration rate. From the sound pressure level distribution in the pen, and the distribution of the animals during test sessions, discomfort sound level thresholds were determined for each sound. In combination with information on sound propagation in the areas where the communication system may be deployed, the extent of the 'discomfort zone' can be estimated for several source levels (SLs). The discomfort zone is defined as the area around a sound source that harbour porpoises are expected to avoid. Based on these results, SLs can be selected that have an acceptable effect on harbour porpoises in particular areas. The discomfort zone of a communication sound depends on the selected sound, the selected SL, and the propagation characteristics of the area in which the sound system is operational. In shallow, winding coastal water courses, with sandbanks, etc., the type of habitat in which the ACME sounds will be produced, propagation loss cannot be accurately estimated by using a simple propagation model, but should be measured on site. The SL of the communication system should be adapted to each area (taking into account bounding conditions created by narrow channels, sound propagation variability due to environmental factors, and the importance of an area to the affected species). The discomfort zone should not prevent harbour porpoises from spending sufficient time in ecologically important areas (for instance feeding areas), or routes towards these areas.     

两种基于贝叶斯点估计理论的多声源定位方法研究

海洋环境参数失配是制约匹配场定位性能的主要因素之一。为了克服环境失配,本文基于贝叶斯理论,将环境参数与声源的距离和深度一起作为未知量进行反演。然而在进行多声源定位时,反演参数的维数几何增长,极大地增加了反演问题的复杂性和计算量。为此本文将声源强度和噪声方差表示成其极大似然估计值,从而将这些参数进行隐式采样,大大降低了反演的维数和难度。文章比较了两种贝叶斯点估计方法,最大后验概率密度方法和最大边缘后验概率密度方法。最大后验概率密度方法的解是令后验概率密度取得最大值的参数组合,可以利用优化算法快速获得。最大边缘后验概率密度法将其他参数积分,得到目标参数的一维边缘概率分布,分布的最大值为反演结果。该方法得到最优估计值的同时可以获取参数估计的不确定信息。在环境参数和声源参数都未知的情况下,利用蒙特卡洛法在不同信噪比情况下对两种声源定位方法进行分析,实验结果表明：(1)对于敏感参数,如声源距离、水深和海水声速,最大边缘后验概率密度法比最大边缘后验概率密度方法的性能好。(2)对于较不敏感的参数,如海底声速、海底密度和海底声衰减,当信噪比较低时,最大边缘后验概率密度方法能较好地平滑噪声,从而比最大边缘后验概率密度法具有更好的性能。由于声源距离和深度是敏感参数,研究表明最大边缘后验概率密度法提供了一种在不确知环境下更可靠的多声源定位方法。     

Estimation of Geoacoustic Properties of Marine Sediment Using a Hybrid Differential Evolution Inversion Method

This paper reports the inversion of midfrequency (1500–4500 Hz) chirps from a short-range transmission experiment conducted on the New Jersey Continental Shelf during the 2006 Shallow Water Experiment (SW06). The source was held at different depths and the sound signals were recorded at a vertical line array to investigate the interactions with the sea bottom at various grazing angles. Strong reflections from the sediment layer were seen in the data for all of the sources. Due to the presence of complex microstructures in the thermocline of the oceanic sound-speed profile, fluctuations both in amplitude and arrival time of the direct path arrivals were observed. Time variation of the water-column environment was also evident during the source transmissions. To mitigate the effects of the ocean environment on the seabed property estimation, a multistage optimization inversion was employed. The sound speed and the experimental geometry were inverted first using only the travel times of the water-column arrivals. The bottom sound speed and the sediment layer thickness were then inverted by matching the travel times of the bottom and sub-bottom reflections. The average of the estimated values for the sediment sound speed is 1598 m/s, consistent with in situ measurements from other experiments in the vicinity.      

An implosive seismoacoustic source for seismic experiments on the ocean floor

Bottom shots have been used for a number of years in seismic studies on the ocean floor. Most experiments utilized explosives as the energy source, though researchers have recognized the usefulness of collapsing water voids to produce seismoacoustic signals. Implosive sources, however, suffered generally from a lack of control of source depth. We present a new experimental tool, called SEEBOSEIS, to carry out seismic experiments on the seafloor utilizing hollow glass spheres as controlled implosive sources. The source is a 10-inch BENTHOS float with penetrator. Inside the sphere we place a small explosive charge (two detonators) to destabilize the glass wall. The time of detonation is controlled by an external shooting device. Test measurements on the Ninetyeast Ridge, Indian Ocean, show that the implosive sources can be used in seismic refraction experiments to image the subbottom P-wave velocity structure in detail beyond that possible with traditional marine seismic techniques. Additionally, the implosions permit the efficient generation of dispersed Scholte waves, revealing upper crustal S-wave velocities. The frequency band of seismic energy ranges from less than 1 Hz for Scholte modes up to 1000 Hz for diving P-waves. Therefore, broadband recording units with sampling rates >2000 Hz are recommended to sample the entire wave field radiated by implosive sources.     

Matched-field processing for broad-band source localization

In the Hudson Canyon experiment, a sound source moved at a constant depth in 73 m of water while transmitting four tonals. The signal was received on a vertical array of hydrophones that spanned the water column. The data set from this experiment has become a standard test case for studying source tracking using matched field processing. As part of that process it was important to first determine a suitable environment model and demonstrate the feasibility of matched-field processing. In this paper, we provide the background on the original data processing that was done to accomplish this. Several interesting results emerged from that study. Frequency averaging was demonstrated to be extremely beneficial when used with the Bartlett processor. However, the popular Minimum Variance processor performed poorly. Finally we discuss a very simple approach to combining the energy coherently that provided significantly improved results.     

Ray Theory Application in Long Baseline System

The long baseline (LBL) system is widely used to locate and track autonomous underwater vehicles (AUV) through acoustic communication.Three important issues are presented here in LBL system application with AUV.Those issues which regard the normal acoustic communication between LBL system and AUV are the depth of towed array,the length of beacon cable,and the effective area of the AUV.The first issue is the key of the LBL system,which ensures the normal communication between towed array and beacons.The second issue which impacts the normal communication from the AUV to beacons in available range should be considered after the first one has been settled.Then the last issue determines the safe work area of the AUV.The ordinary differential equations (ODE) algorithm of ray is deduced from Snell′s law.The ODE algorithm is applied to obtain sound rays from sound source to receiver.These problems are solved by the judgment that whether rays pinging from a sound source arrives at a receiver.The sea trial shows that these methods have much validity and practicality.     

A modeling study of acoustic propagation through movingshallow-water solitary wave packets

Propagation of 400-Hz sound through continental-shelf internal solitary wave packets is shown by numerical simulation to be strongly influenced by coupling of normal modes. Coupling in a packet is controlled by the mode coefficients at the point where sound enters the packet, the dimensions of the waves and packet, and the ambient depth structures of temperature and salinity. In the case of a moving packet, changes of phases of the incident modes with respect to each other dominate over the other factors, altering the coupling over time and thus inducing signal fluctuations. The phasing within a moving packet varies with time scales of minutes, causing coupling and signal fluctuations with comparable time scales. The directionality of energy flux between high-order acoustic modes and (less attenuated) low-order modes determines a gain factor for long-range propagation. A significant finding is that energy flux toward low-order modes through the effect of a packet near a source favoring high-order modes will give net amplification at distant ranges. Conversely, a packet far from a source sends energy into otherwise quiet higher modes. The intermittency of the coupling and of high-mode attenuation via bottom interaction means that signal energy fluctuations and modal diversity fluctuations at a distant receiver are complementary, with energy fluctuations suggesting a source-region packet and mode fluctuations suggesting a receiver-region packet. Simulations entailing 33-km propagation are used in the analyses, imitating the SWARM experiment geometry, allowing comparison with observations     

Infrasound scattering from atmospheric anisotropic inhomogeneities

A model of anisotropic fluctuations forming in wind velocity and air temperature in a stably stratified atmosphere is described. The formation mechanism of these fluctuations is associated with the cascade transport of energy from sources of atmospheric gravity waves to wave disturbances with shorter vertical scales (than the scales of the initial disturbances generated by the sources) and, at the same time, with longer horizontal scales. This model is used to take into account the effects of infrasonic-wave scattering from anisotropic inhomogeneities of the effective sound speed in the atmosphere. Experimental data on the stratospheric, mesospheric, and thermospheric arrivals of signals (generated by explosion sources such as surface explosions and volcanoes) in the zones of acoustic shadow are interpreted on the basis of the results of calculations of the scattered infrasonic field in the context of the parabolic equation. The signals calculated with consideration for the fine structure of wind velocity and air temperature are compared with the signals observed in a shadow zone. The possibility to acoustically sound this structure at heights of both the middle and upper atmospheres is discussed.     

淤泥质海底航道边坡失稳滑塌声纹特征分析

边坡稳定是淤泥质海底航道安全运营的关键问题之一。海底航道边坡失稳滑塌过程的不同阶段浅地层剖面图像声纹特征不同。采用灰度共生矩阵和小波多尺度分解方法分析了航道边坡失稳滑塌过程浅地层剖面图像纹理特征。结果表明,对比度、能量、相关度和逆差距在边坡失稳滑塌过程中具有明显的差异,分别从不同方面刻画了浅地层剖面图像声纹的清晰度、纹理粗细、主要方向和规则性,以定量的形式显示其内在异质性。能量、相关度和逆差距的水平和垂直方向变化大于对角方向,水平方向波动最明显。浅地层剖面声强时间序列和垂向空间变化序列小波多尺度分解突出了声强变化的局部细节及其在各尺度上变化的强弱分布和突变点位置,克服了常规人工识读的困难,这些声纹特征是边坡失稳滑塌预测预警的重要依据,有助于对海底航道边坡稳定性的探测。     

Low-frequency bottom loss

The shallow refracted path through sea floor sediments plays a significant role in the transmission of acoustic energy at low frequencies. For bottom grazing angles of 90/spl deg/ to 25/spl deg/, low-frequency acoustic energy was observed to come from reflected paths. For bottom grazing angles of 25/spl deg/ to 10/spl deg/ the dominant source of low-frequency acoustic energy is from shallow refracted paths through the sediments. At angles less than 10/spl deg/, low-frequency acoustic energy is received from both the refracted and the reflected paths. The refracted path is possible because of the positive gradient within the sediment. The sudden emergence of the refracted arrival is related to the overall sound path length in the sediment and sediment absorption of sound. Since sediment absorption is directly proportional to frequency, only low-frequency energy is transmitted via this path. The refracted path may well exist where unconsolidated sediments of at least a few hundred feet are present.