关于黄河形成时代的一些认识

以黄河中游河套盆地-晋陕峡谷-三门峡盆地-三门峡峡谷-郑州邙山段黄河形成时代为主要研究内容,辅以黄河上游兴海盆地-共和盆地段黄河出现的时代来探讨统一黄河形成的时代.黄河上游兴海盆地共发育9级黄河阶地,ESR和OSL年代结果表明,最高三级阶地分别形成于200ka,100ka和80ka;中游河套盆地普遍发育一套湖相沉积,其中盆地东南端托克托台地郝家窑剖面湖相沉积的亮度和烧失量数据呈现一致的由下向上波动上升变化趋势,反映沉积物碳酸盐含量在不断增高,湖水盐度在增大,可能指示了湖泊处于封闭的环境,OSL结果显示湖相沉积结束的年代在100ka前后;三门峡盆地东端发育的最高黄河阶地年代为150ka,而指示古三门湖湖水外泄的河湖相白砂层结束时间是200ka.文章总结对比前人的研究成果,认为共和运动才是形成统一黄河的主因,尽管如此,上游兴海-共和河段及中游三门峡河段黄河(分别形成于200ka和200～ 150ka)出现要早于河套地区(100ka),而晋陕峡谷最晚贯通.也就是说,现今统一的黄河形成于100ka前后.     

关于黄河贯通三门峡的时代

黄河的发育是晚新生代东亚构造地貌演化和环境变迁的重大事件.从整体上看,黄河只有贯通晋豫间的三门峡,东流入海,才称得上黄河干流的最终形成.三门峡是研究和探讨黄河形成、演化的关键部位之一.根据古三门湖消亡与邙山晚更新世黄土沉积速率突然增大揭示的重大环境突变事件,黄河大约于150 kaB.P.前后贯通三门峡东流入海,现代黄河水系最终形成.      

TIME-SLICE OF THE FLUVIAL EVOLUTION IN THE NORTHERN JINSHAAN GORGE DURING LATE CENOZOIC

晋陕峡谷黄河形成的时代是地学界十分关注的科学问题,长期存在比较大的意见分歧,至今没有得到比较好的解决.山西保德地区发育—套晚中新世-早上新世的河湖相沉积,年代为＞8.3 ～3.7Ma,地貌与地层分析表明,它们是唐县期夷平面的相关沉积.河湖相地层所含砾石层的组构和岩性统计揭示,当时汇入古湖的河流是发源于周围抬升区的短小河流,形成一个局地规模的湖泊水系.晋陕峡谷北段唐县期夷平面之上分布两期红粘土覆盖的河流砾石层,形成年代分别在4.9Ma前和3.7Ma前;砾石组构和岩性统计揭示,它们所指示的河流流向向北,与黄河流向相反,是一个不同于现代黄河的古河流,它将保德古湖水系与河套盆地联系起来.3.7Ma前,强烈的地面上升导致河湖相沉积结束和唐县期夷平面抬升,风成红粘土堆积其上,地形起伏增大,河流溯源侵蚀加剧,水系进入重新组织阶段;1.2Ma前,黄土高原南部的河流将原北流水系袭夺,黄河形成;最近1.2Ma的强烈地面上升,导致黄河不断下切并发育多级阶地,逐渐形成现代壮观的深切峡谷地貌.     

三门组的内涵及其意义

黄河三门峡水库北岸的山西省平陆县黄底沟剖面 ,较完整地保存着古三门湖湖相沉积记录。经磁性地层研究结果表明 ,古三门湖沉积起始于吉尔伯特负极性时中期 ,大约在 5MaB .P .;结束于布容正极性时晚期 ,结合热释光年龄 ,大约在 1 5 0kaB .P .。鉴于这套地层均属古三门湖沉积地层 ,按照岩石地层学的命名原则 ,依然称之为三门组 ,并根据岩性特征自上而下划分为三段 :上段以砂层为主 ;中段以粘土层为主 ;下段为底砾石层。黄底沟剖面是已知的记录古三门湖发育起始时间最早、结束年代最晚的地层剖面     

中国北方晚更新世河湖相地层与风积黄土

中国北方的晚更新统,以黄河中游地区最典型,主要是两套堆积——风成马兰黄土和河湖相粘土与砂砾石堆积。根据年代学、孢粉学和沉积相的分析,晚更新世河湖相堆积分属不同发育阶段,萨拉乌苏动物群所在层位似乎应与δ~(18)O地层的第6阶段对比,其他地点含晚更新世动物化石的堆积可与韦克塞尔冰期对比。马兰黄土底界或第1古土壤层的发育是穿时的。风积黄土与河湖相地层是发育在不同地貌单元的同时异相堆积。     

三门峡盆地三门组的特征与时代北大核心CSCD

汾渭盆地在上新世至早更新世发育巨型内流湖泊——三门古湖。三门组是三门古湖内沉积的一套河湖相地层,同时是中国北方重要的新生代陆相地层单位。三门组沉积结束是指示黄河贯通的重要标志之一,但对三门组命名地三门峡盆地黄底沟剖面的研究显示,其岩性特征及地层时代与汾渭盆地内其他次级盆地的三门组明显不同,这不利于三门组的划分和对比,也导致了学术界对黄河贯通三门峡时代的争议。最近,我们对三门峡盆地东部平陆县张村镇后沟村出露的三门组做了详细的沉积特征和磁性地层研究,结果表明:(1)三门峡盆地三门组的地层特征和时代(2.7—1.6 Ma)与汾渭盆地内其他次级盆地基本一致,指示黄河袭夺三门古湖的时间大约为1.6 Ma,与其他证据揭示的黄河贯通三门峡的时间一致;(2)之前作为三门组命名剖面的黄底沟剖面可能因黄河的侵蚀而缺失了三门组,修订后的磁性地层年代框架指示该剖面可能保存了上新统游河组和上中新统灞河组。三门组在三门峡盆地多个剖面均有出露,本文建议将地层连续、界线清晰、出露最佳、有详细古地磁定年且交通便利的后沟剖面作为三门组的标准剖面。     

三门峡地区三门群地层时代研究

黄河三门峡水库北岸的山西省平陆县黄底沟剖面,较完整地保存着古三门湖湖相沉积记录。经磁性地层研究结果表明,古三门湖沉积起始于吉尔伯特负极性时中期,大约在５ＭａＢＰ;结束于布容正极性时晚期,结合热释光年龄,大约在１５０ｋａＢＰ。鉴于古三门湖沉和只地层从晚第三纪上新世早期延续至第四纪中更新世晚期。     

黑龙江省依兰盆地古近系达连河组油页岩沉积特征

达连河油页岩含矿区位于黑龙江省依兰地区,该区是一个半地堑式断陷盆地。古近系达连河组为一个完整的三级层序,油页岩形成于水进体系域和高水位体系域发育时期。油页岩沉积相类型为半深湖相沉积,与泥炭沼泽相煤层伴生,为煤层的顶板,含油率为3.75%~8.37%,有较高的开采价值。煤层顶部发育的巨厚湖相劣质油页岩,分布广,层位稳定,含油率<3.5%。研究区油页岩成因类型为混合型和腐殖型。根据油页岩工业划分标准,达连河油页岩属于中灰分、低含油率的油页岩。     

云南迪庆小中甸古湖的形成演化及其与石鼓古湖和金沙江河谷发育的关系

在云南迪庆高原上的中甸和小中甸盆地中,可以见到3套第四纪湖相沉积物。第一套湖相与三角洲相沉积物分布于中甸盆地的东南部,因其含有丰富的哺乳动物化石而可确定其时代为早更新世。第二套厚逾百米的湖相沉积物分布于小中甸盆地,往往构成小中甸河5级河流阶地的基座。本文用光释光(OSL)和U系法测定了采自盆地东部的小中甸林业局东北侧和盆地中部的单高地两剖面6个湖相沉积物样品的年龄。测试结果表明,该套湖相沉积物的中部到顶部的年龄为147.2±13.9~67.57±5.30ka BP,属于中更新世晚期至晚更新世早中期。第三套湖相沉积为以纳帕海为代表的现代湖沼沉积。两剖面各层位湖相沉积样品的介形类以Li mnocythere-Leucocythere-Candona-Eucypris为特征,应是中、晚更新世以来所沉积的。本文认为,早在上新世早中期,金沙江已经在其现今的位置上存在。上新世晚期至早更新世广泛发育的断陷活动并不影响金沙江的流动。中更新世时期,金沙江河谷不同地段可因冰川、冰水、崩塌、滑坡或泥石流等堆积物的堰塞而形成湖泊,邻近的石鼓古湖8万多年前被金沙江再次贯通而消失。作为金沙江支流的小中甸河在6万多年前将小中甸古湖泄空,在小中甸盆地中发育了以第二套湖相沉积为基座的5级河流阶地。     

四川攀枝花昔格达组及其下伏河流砾石的地球化学特征以及对物源的制约

位于扬子地块西缘的攀枝花地区昔格达组湖相沉积及其下伏河流相砾石比较发育。湖相沉积具有较高的SiO2含量和Al2O3/SiO2比值,显示其载体沉积物具有较高成熟度,表明经历了长距离的搬运。主元素、稀土(REE)和微量元素分析结果揭示昔格达组湖相沉积物源形成于典型的大陆岛弧构造背景,主要来自松潘-甘孜造山带义敦岛弧花岗岩区。Eu/La?Yb/La判别图与Zr/Y比值进一步证实昔格达组湖相沉积分别来自于金沙江上游及雅砻江上游,说明昔格达古湖形成时金沙江上游已被袭夺。昔格达组下伏河流相砾石REE、微量元素分析结果显示其形成于被动大陆边缘构造背景,说明其是由雅砻江经扬子板块边缘花岗岩区携载而来。昔格达组湖相沉积与其下伏河流相砾石的不同物源特征表明伴随着昔格达古湖的形成,金沙江河流经历了演化史上的巨变。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Global repeating events in the history of the Earth and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy

Chronological analyses of correlations between certain global repeating events (mass extinctions of marine organisms, meteorite impacts, and flashes in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals) during the Phanerozoic Eon and the motion of the solar system in the Galaxy are presented for five rotationally symmetrical models for the regular Galactic gravitational field. Thirteen of sixteen mass-extinction events can be described by a repetition interval of 183±3 million years. This is in agreement with the anomalistic period (interval between two subsequent passages of the Sun through the apocenter of its Galactic orbit) in the model of Allen and Martos. The positions of the minima and maxima in Gaussian functions approximating the frequency distribution for geomagnetic reversals also agree with the times of passage of the Sun through the apocenter and pericenter, respectively, of its Galactic orbit in this model. The maximum in the distribution of the deviations of the dates of mass extinctions from the nearest dates of impacts of large, crater-forming bodies is close to zero, providing evidence that many such events are correlated. As a rule, extinctions follow impact events. The impacts of large bodies have occurred most often when the solar system passes through the Galactic plane, while mass extinctions occur more often at some distance from the Galactic plane (about 40 pc). As a rule, intervals of increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals coincide with dates of impacts of large bodies. At the same time, these intervals do not show a clear correlation with the dates of mass extinctions. The intensity of mass extinctions, like the energy released by impacts, is consistently higher in periods when the Sun is moving from the apocenter toward the pericenter of its orbit, than when it is moving from the pericenter toward the apocenter. Thus, there is evidence for a variety of relationships between repeating global events in the Phanerozoic and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy. Long-period variations in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with the orbital motion of the Sun, and increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with impacts. Mass extinctions are correlated with the impacts of large bodies, whose motions may have been perturbed by clouds of interstellar material concentrated toward the Galactic plane and by the shock front associated with the Perseus spiral arm, through which the solar system passes. The velocity of the Sun relative to the spiral pattern is estimated.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

Paleomagnetic implications on the evolution of the tethys belt from the atlantic ocean to the pamirs since the triassic

We first re-examined the apparent polar wander curves for stable Eurasia and Africa since the Triassic. These curves were then combined together with curves of North and South America according to the kinematics of the Atlantic ocean and a synthetic polar wander curve was given. Then, most of the paleomagnetic results from the Tethys mobile belt, from the Atlantic to the Pamirs, were analysed.Several groups of plates, microplates and blocks can be seen. First, relatively stable regions like Maghreb and Sicily, which have not moved much. Then we have a group formed by Iberia, Sardinia, Italy and, to a lesser extent, Corsica and the Western and Central Alps. For these blocks, movements are anticlockwise rotations chiefly driven by the anticlockwise rotation of Africa, but they are sometimes stronger.To the east, a major change takes place. The north of the Aegean Sea and the Ionian zone are clockwise rotated and these rotations are recent: Oligocene-Miocene for the first part, Pliocene to the present for the second part.A major problem arises in Turkey, Caucasus and Iran. Paleomagnetic results indicate a position far to the south of Eurasia, and, at the same time, geological evidence is in favour of a position close to Eurasia. We discuss these discrepancies.     

On the consistency of proposed models for the Pyrenees with the structure of the eastern parts of the belt

The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time.