西太平洋副热带高压的年代际变化 及其气候影响

西北太平洋副热带高压是影响我国夏季气候的一个非常重要的环流系统，本文主要分析了其年代际尺度的变化。发现在１９７９／１９８０年前后，其强度和范围发生了一次明显的年代际尺度的变化。１９８０年代以来，副高明显偏强，范围向西向南显著扩展。副高的年代际变化也对我国东部地区的气候产生了显著的影响。主要表现在近２０多年来长江中下游地区夏季降水显著增加，华南地区夏季气温显著偏高，以及西太平洋２０°Ｎ以南台风活动相对偏弱而２０°Ｎ以北洋面台风活动相对增强。副高的年代际变化与冬、春季赤道太平洋海表温度及同期热带印度洋海温有密切联系。     

冬春季北极海冰的变化特征及其与西北太平洋热带气旋活动的关系探讨

采用Hadley中心1953—2012年海冰密集度资料、NCEP/NCAR逐月再分析资料和1977—2011年日本气象厅台风资料,对冬春季北极海冰变化的主要特征进行了分析,并对冬春季北极海冰变化与西北太平洋台风活动之间的关系进行了初步探讨。结果表明,冬春季北极海冰表现为明显的年代际变化,且在1965—2004年间具有3—4 a的低频振荡周期。在20世纪60年代后期和70年代初期,海冰变化最为显著。冬春季海冰变化与西北太平洋热带气旋生成频次、强度频次的相关性在9月份明显高于其他月份,且为正相关,而与热带气旋强度等级有较显著的负相关性。冬春季北极海冰变化与夏季西太平洋副高强度、副高面积均有很好的负相关关系。冬春季海冰面积偏多(少)时,夏季北美东部、冰岛附近地区、北太平洋以及中低纬度大部地区500 h Pa高度场为负(正)距平分布。冬春季北极海冰面积异常对北半球大气环流的持续性影响,在随后到来的台风盛期有较明显的体现。     

Interdecadal fluctuation of dry and wet climate boundaries in China in the past 50 years

Based on the mean yearly precipitation and the total yearly evaporation data of 295 meteorological stations in China in 1951–1999, the aridity index is calculated in this paper. According to the aridity index, the climatic regions in China are classified into three types, namely, arid region, semi-arid region and humid region. Dry and wet climate boundaries in China fluctuate markedly and differentiate greatly in each region in the past 50 years. The fluctuation amplitudes are 20–400 km in Northeast China, 40–400 km in North China, 30–350 km in the eastern part of Northwest China and 40–370 km in Southwest China. Before the 1980s (including 1980), the climate tended to be dry in Northeast China and North China, to be wet in the eastern part of Northwest China and very wet in Southwest China. Since the 1990s there have been dry signs in Southwest China, the eastern part of Northwest China and North China. The climate becomes wetter in Northeast China. Semi-arid region is the transitional zone between humid and arid regions, the monsoon edge belt in China, and the susceptible region of environmental evolution. At the end of the 1960s dry and wet climate in China witnessed abrupt changes, changing wetness into dryness. Dry and wet climate boundaries show the fluctuation characteristics of the whole shifts and the opposite fluctuations of eastward, westward, southward and northward directions. The fluctuations of climatic boundaries and the dry and wet variations of climate have distinctive interdecadal features.     

中国东北夏季温度年代际变化特征

东北地区夏季温度变化主要有4个独立模态,其中EOF1呈全区一致型为第一模态,占总方差贡献的72%左右,其时间系数呈现多年代际尺度变化;其他3个模态仅分别占总方差贡献的10%、4%和3%,表现出受海洋、地形及纬度差异的影响,呈南北向、东西向和山脉与平原地区的反向异常分布型;突变和小波分析进一步揭示EOF1模态的多年代际尺度变化具有突变性质,2007~2010年受20 a左右周期影响,东北地区温度变化全区一致的模态时间系数处于负值为主的阶段,值得关注。东北地区夏季温度变EOF1模态与北半球500 hPa高度场和对流层中上层纬向风场(西风急流)在30oN~40oN呈环球尺度带状显著正相关分布,在东北亚地区纬度较高,可达60oN附近,而且该区500 hPa高度场与东北夏季温度EOF1模态多年代际变化近于同步。EOF1模态与靠近亚洲大陆沿岸和西太平洋暖池(包括印度洋的中部和北部)、南太平洋环澳大利亚、靠近北美大陆及北大西洋北部的漂流区和北赤道漂流区的海表温度存在显著的同步正相关,而与太平洋海表温度的年代际振荡模态亦有较显著的正相关;表明东北地区夏季温度的EOF1模态与北半球海-气系统多年代际变化联系密切,同时也受到全球变暖的影响。     

The cooling fluctuation events during Holocene in the tropical zone of China

Forty-eight samples are chosen to discuss the distribution in space and time of the cooling fluctuation events during Holocene in the tropical zone of China in this paper. The authors consider that the Neoglaciations II and III (or Cooling Event) have a widespread impact on the drop in temperature of 1–2 °C or less than 2 °C. The YD Event was dated at 11,300-10,200 a BP in the tropical mainland and its dating is 11,400-10,500 a BP in the sea area with a drop in temperature of 4–6 °C. The distribution of Event B and Neoglaciation I is taking a position of north, with a drop in temperature of 2.5–3.0 °C. The Cooling Event shows the temporality in time. The Cooling Event shows the limitation of regional distribution with a drop in temperature of less than 1.5°C. The more recent the cooling event is, the smaller the drop amplitude in temperature will be. In the eastern part of tropical zone seven events are complete in all varieties but the cooling fluctuation is weaker in the western part. In Hainan Island and South China Sea the appearance of cooling fluctuations is synchronous with each other.     

An Alpine Lacustrine Record of Early Holocene North American Monsoon Dynamics from Dry Lake, Southern California (USA)

Dry Lake (2763 m), located in the San Bernardino Mountains of southern California, USA, provides a high-resolution climate record from the coastal southwest depicting early Holocene terrestrial climate. 27 AMS ¹⁴C dates and multi-proxy analyses, including magnetic susceptibility, total organic mater, microfossil counts, and grain size, suggest the early Holocene was significantly wetter then present, due to an enhanced North American Monsoon (NAM). Elevated insolation at 9000 cal year B.P., raised summer sea surface temperatures in the Gulf of California and the eastern tropical Pacific, as well as land surface temperatures, extending the NAM into southern California. The data also provide evidence of the 8.2 ka event, which registers as a 300-year cool period characterized by reduced monsoonal precipitation, depressed basin productivity, and increased erosion. We suggest this event is the most likely period for the early to middle Holocene (9000–5000 cal year B.P.) glacial advance in the San Bernardino Mountains proposed by Owen et al. (2003, Geology 31: 729–732).     

1979-2012年北极海冰范围年际和年代际变化分析

利用美国冰雪中心发布的海冰密集度数据,对1979—2012年北极海冰范围进行年际和年代际变化分析。结果表明:(1)海冰在秋季融化速度最快,其次为夏季、冬季、春季。2000年后春季下降速率变缓,而其他季节融化速度加快;(2)由于多年冰的融化,太平洋扇区在夏秋季节融化速度要高于其他海区。而大西洋扇区在冬季和春季海冰的融化速度要快于夏秋季节,主要是因为大西洋海温升高;(3)东半球在夏秋季节海冰融化的范围要大于西半球,因此东北航道比西北航道提前开通应用。而整个北极区域近几年春季融化速度变缓,则主要是西半球的作用;(4)从空间分布年代际变化来看,1989—1998年最接近气候态,1979—1988年密集度偏大区域主要在巴伦支海和东西伯利亚海,2009—2012年海冰密集度较常年显著偏小,东半球密集度减小幅度比西半球更大,尤其是冬春季在巴伦支海,夏秋季在楚科奇海。春季时由于风的作用,白令海附近海冰密集度异常偏大;(5)北极区域海冰范围在冬春季比夏秋季突变明显,基本在2003年前后,海冰范围变化周期为6年。     

背景气候和城市化对中国东南部增温的联合效应(英文)

Based on China homogenized land surface air temperature and the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/Department of Energy (NCEP/DOE) Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP)-Ⅱ Reanalysis data (R-2), the main contributors to surface air temperature increase in Southeast China were investigated by comparing trends of urban and rural temperature series, as well as observed and R-2 data, covering two periods of 1954-2005 and 1979-2005. Results from urban-rural comparison indicate that urban heat island (UHI) effects on regional annual and autumn minimum temperature increases account for 10.5% and 12.0% since 1954, but with smaller warming attribution of 6.2% and 10.6% since 1979. The results by comparing observations with R-2 surface temperature data suggest that land use change accounts for 32.9% and 28.8% in regional annual and autumn minimum temperature increases since 1979. Accordingly, the influence of land use change on regional temperature increase in Southeast China is much more noticeable during the last 30 years. However, it indicates that UHI effect, overwhelmed by the warming change of background climate, does not play a significant role in regional warming over Southeast China during the last 50 years.     

华北降水变化研究进展

由于近60 年来华北降水量呈现减少趋势, 使该地区本已紧张的水资源形势更加严峻, 给工农业生产、居民生活、城市运行造成严重威胁, 已引起政府和科学界的高度关注, 例如为缓解华北用水紧张形势, 国家实施了南水北调工程。华北降水发生变化的机理是什么, 搞清这个问题对认识华北降水未来变化趋势及转型很有借鉴意义。本文重点从华北降水年代际变化特征出发, 回顾了海温、东亚夏季风、副热带高压、积雪和海冰变化影响华北夏季降水的机制。在归纳总结的基础上, 指出了未来研究方向, 主要包括华北降水什么时间发生转型, ENSO影响华北降水的机制以及ENSO长期变化趋势对华北降水年代际变化的影响, 印度洋海温异常影响华北夏季降水的机制, 如何更好地定量描述东亚夏季风季节内、年际、年代际变化及其影响华北夏季降水的机制, 副热带高压季节内变化、长期变化对华北夏季降水的影响。     

新疆塔城地区极端气温变化特征及其影响因子分析

利用塔城地区7个国家气象观测站1961—2018年逐日气温资料,选用国际通用的10个极端气温指数,分析塔城地区极端气温的时空变化特征及其影响因子.结果表明:(1)塔城地区极端气温指数暖化趋势明显,最低气温极低值以0.97℃·(10a)-1的倾向率显著升高,最高气温极高值以0.09℃·(10a)-1的倾向率不显著升高;冷...     

贵州一次连续暴雨的低值系统及湿位涡分析

利用自动站资料以及NCEP再分析资料,对2017年6月末贵州区域连续暴雨过程进行分析。结果表明:连续暴雨期间,西太平洋副热带高压位置较常年偏强,副高西伸脊点偏西,副高西北侧的西南风为持续性暴雨提供水汽输送;东亚中纬度地区维持“西高东低”形势,有利于引导冷空气南下影响贵州,与西南暖湿气流在贵州交汇,这种大尺度系统的稳定维持有利于连续暴雨的发生;贵州西部地区的低值系统是造成贵州区域连续暴雨的重要中尺度系统;MPV1低层负值区,高层正值区的配置为贵州暴雨的有利形势;低层辐合高层辐散的形势使得贵州区域呈现强烈的上升运动,为连续性暴雨提供有利的动力条件,同时低层水汽丰富并伴有强的水汽辐合,为连续性暴雨提供有利的水汽条件。     

东亚夏季风的年际变化及其对环流和降水的影响

Using NCEP/NCAR reanalysis geopotential height (GHT) and wind at 850 hPa, GHT at 500 hPa, precipitation rate, sea level pressure (SLP) and precipitation observations from more than 600 stations nationwide in June–August from 1951 to 2006, and focusing on the East Asia-West Pacific region (10°–80°N, 70°–180°E), interannual variation of East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) and its correlations with general circulation and precipitation patterns are studied by using statistical diagnostic methods such as 9-point high pass filtering, empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis, composite analysis and other statistical diagnosis, etc. It is concluded as follows: (1) EOF analysis of SLP in the East Asia-West Pacific region shows the existence of the zonal dipole oscillation mode (APD) between the Mongolia depression and the West Pacific high, and APD index can be used as an intensity index of EASM. (2) EOF analysis of GHT anomalies at 500 hPa in the East Asia-West Pacific region shows that the first EOF mode is characterized with an obvious meridional East Asian pattern (EAP), and EAP index can also be used as an EASM intensity index. (3) The composite analysis of high/low APD index years reveals the close correlation of APD index with EAP at 500 hPa (or 850 hPa). The study shows an obvious opposite correlation exists between APD index and EAP index with a correlation coefficient of −0.23, which passes the confidence test at 0.10 level. (4) Both APD and EAP indexes are closely correlated with precipitation during flood-prone season in China and precipitation rate over the East Asia-West Pacific region. The significant correlation area at 5% confidence level is mainly located from the southern area of the Yangtze River valley to the ocean around southern Japan, and the former is a positive correlation and the latter is a negative one. Foundation: Cooperative Project funded by the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China, No.2007DFB20210; National Natural Science Foundation of China, No.90502003; JICA China-Japan Technical Cooperative Project “China-Japanese Cooperative Research Center on Meteorological Disasters”. Author: Yu Shuqiu, Associate Professor, specialized in climate and climate change.     

Characteristics of change in the Antarctic sea ice area and its relation to SST in the tropical Pacific

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Study on time-spatial changes and sudden characteristic of Winter Mongolia High

Based on the 155 years global monthly mean sea surface pressure data （Jan. 1850-Dec. 2004） from Hadley Centre, the time spatial change and sudden characteristics of the Winter Mongolia High are studied. First, the winter SLP distribution in Asia and the North Pacific are analyzed by the EOF method. Second, main cycle sequences of the Winter Mongolia High are reconstructed by the Singular Spectrum Analysis method, with special emphasis on the interdecadal periodic changes. Finally, the abrupt climate change is examined by the Mann-Kendall method. Results show that the Winter Mongolia High has quasi-biennial oscillation and a 3-4-year cycle of interannual change, also has a decadal variation for the 13-14-year cycle and interdecadal cycles for 20-21 years and 35-36 years. The 20-21-year cycle of WMHI is of the opposite phase to Aleutian Low, while the 35-36-year cycle is of the same phase. Otherwise, a significant abrupt climate change point in 1927 has been detected.     

Climatic characteristics of summer high temperature and assessment methods in the large cities of North China

Based on the high temperature data of June to August in 1961-2000 in North China, the high temperature weather processes are investigated, and a more complete data set for severe high temperature processes is created. The climatic characteristics of adverse high temperature weather in Beijing, Tianjin, Shijiazhuang, Jinan and Taiyuan are analyzed respectively. The major features of the East-Asia Subtropical High and Transformed Continental High are discussed. The outcomes indicate that the influence of both East Asia Subtropical High and Transformed Continental High on these weather events varies, by a larger margin, from one city to another over North China and they are also closely related to the relative humidity. It is found that the behaviours of East-Asia Subtropical High and Transformed Continental High are the major important systems that give rise to the summer high temperature weather over the region. Based on these findings, the 5-day, 10-day and monthly assessment models for such high impact events have been developed. The assessment outcomes prove to be useful in assessing severe high-temperature events in major cities of North China.     

华北主要城市夏季高温气候特征及评估方法

1 Introduction The major cities of North China are located in the warm extra-tropical belt and the semi-humid continental monsoon climate zone. Geographically, the Taihang Mountain to the northwest is a shield against invasion of cold air, although it is …     

中国区域水汽输送异常与长江流域旱涝的关系

The characteristics of water vapor transport (WVT) over China and its relationship with precipitation anomalies in the Yangtze River Basin (YRB) are analyzed by using the upper-air station data in China and ECMWF reanalysis data in summer from 1981 to 2002. The results indicate that the first mode of the vertically integrated WVT is significant whose spatial distribution presents water vapor convergence or divergence in the YRB. When the Western Pacific Subtropical High (WPSH) is strong and shifts southward and westward, the Indian Monsoon Low Pressure (IMLP) is weak, and the northern part of China stands behind the middle and high latitude trough, a large amount of water vapor from the Bay of Bengal (BOB), the South China Sea (SCS) and the western Pacific forms a strong and steady southwest WVT band and meets the strong cold water vapor from northern China in the YRB, thus it is likely to cause flood in the YRB. When WPSH is weak and shifts northward and eastward, IMLP is strong, and there is nearly straight west wind over the middle and high latitude, it is unfavorable for oceanic vapor extending to China and no steady and strong southwest WVT exists in the region south of the YRB. Meanwhile, the cold air from northern China is weak and can hardly be transported to the YRB. This brings on no obvious water vapor convergence, and then less precipitation in the YRB. Foundation: International Technology Cooperation Project of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China, No. 2007DFB20210; Application Technology Research and Development Project of Sichuan Province, No. 2008NG0009; Basic Research Foundation of Institute of Chengdu Plateau, China Meteorological Administration, No.BROP2000802 Author: Jiang Xingwen (1983–), specialized in the study of climate diagnosis.     

Impacts of snow cover and frozen soil in the Tibetan Plateau on summer precipitation in China

This paper presents an analysis of the mechanisms and impacts of snow cover and frozen soil in the Tibetan Plateau on the summer precipitation in China, using RegCM3 version 3.1 model simulations. Comparisons of simulations vs. observations show that RegCM3 well captures these impacts. Results indicate that in a more-snow year with deep frozen soil there will be more precipitation in the Yangtze River Basin and central Northwest China, western Inner Mongolia, and Xinjiang, but less precipitation in Northeast China, North China, South China, and most of Southwest China. In a less-snow year with deep frozen soil, however, there will be more precipitation in Northeast China, North China, and southern South China, but less precipitation in the Yangtze River Basin and in northern South China. Such differences may be attributed to different combination patterns of melting snow and thawing frozen soil on the Plateau, which may change soil moisture as well as cause differences in energy absorption in the phase change processes of snow cover and frozen soil. These factors may produce more surface sensible heat in more-snow years when the frozen soil is deep than when the frozen soil is shallow. The higher surface sensible heat may lead to a stronger updraft over the Plateau, eventually contributing to a stronger South Asia High and West Pacific Subtropical High. Due to different values of the wind fields at 850 hPa, a convergence zone will form over the Yangtze River Basin, which may produce more summer precipitation in the basin area but less precipitation in North China and South China. However, because soil moisture depends on ice content, in less-snow years with deep frozen soil, the soil moisture will be higher. The combination of higher frozen soil moisture with latent heat absorption in the phase change process may generate less surface sensible heat and consequently a weaker updraft motion over the Plateau. As a result, both the South Asia High and the West Pacific Subtropical High will be weaker, hence causing more summer precipitation in northern China but less in southern China.     

近159年东亚夏季风年代际变化与中国东部旱涝分布(英文)

Based on the drought/flood grades of 90 meterological stations over eastern China and summer average sea-level pressure (SLP) during 1850–2008 and BPCCA statistical methods, the coupling relationship between the drought/flood grades and the East Asian summer SLP is analyzed. The East Asian summer monsoon index which is closely related with interdecadal variation of drought/flood distribution over eastern China is defined by using the key areas of SLP. The impact of the interdecadal variation of the East Asian summer monsoon on the distribution of drought/flood over eastern China in the last 159 years is researched. The results show that there are four typical drought and flood spatial distribution patterns in eastern China, i.e. the distribution of drought/flood in southern China is contrary to the other regions, the distribution of drought/flood along the Huanghe River–Huaihe River Valley is contrary to the Yangtze River Valley and regions south of it, the distribution of drought/flood along the Yangtze River Valley and Huaihe River Valley is contrary to the other regions, the distribution of drought/flood in eastern China is contrary to the western. The main distribution pattern of SLP in summer is that the strength of SLP is opposite in Asian continent and West Pacific. It has close relationship between the interdecadal variation of drought/flood distribution patterns over eastern China and the interdecadal variation of the East Asian summer monsoon which was defined in this paper, but the correlation is not stable and it has a significant difference in changes of interdecadal phase. When the East Asian summer monsoon was stronger (weaker), regions north of the Yangtze River Valley was more susceptible to drought (flood), the Yangtze River Valley and regions south of it were more susceptible to flood (drought) before the 1920s; when the East Asian summer monsoon was stronger (weaker), the regions north of the Yangtze River Valley was prone to flood (drought), the Yangtze River Valley and regions south of it were prone to drought (flood) after the 1920s. It is indicated that by using the data of the longer period could get much richer results than by using the data of the last 50–60 years. The differences in the interdecadal phase between the East Asian summer monsoon and the drought/flood distributions in eastern China may be associated with the nonlinear feedback, which is the East Asian summer monsoon for the extrinsic forcing of solar activity.     

Progress in China’s climate change study in the 20th century

Studies on the 20th century climate change in China have revealed that under the background of global warming over the past century, climate in China has also experienced significant change with mean annual temperature increased by about 0.5 °C. More reliable results for the latter part of the 20th century indicate that the largest warming occurred in Northwest China, North China and Northeast China, and the warming in winter is most significant. Although no obvious increase or decrease trends were detected for mean precipitation over China in the past half century, regional differences are very distinct. In the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, precipitation increased, while that in the Yellow River Basin markedly decreased. Studies suggest that climate change in China seems to be related not only with the internal factors such as ENSO, PDO, and the others, but also with the anthropogenic effects such as greenhouse gas emissions, and land use. The future climate change studies in China seem to be important in narrowing understanding the nature of China’s climate change and its main causes, since it is significant for projection and for impact assessment of climate change in the future.