Feasibility,emission and fuel requirement analysis of hybrid car versus solar electric car: a comparative study

The problem regarding environment has been considered as contemporary issue, and to cater this, various technologies have been revolutionized in vehicle transport field. Efforts have been made to make vehicle engine efficient and introducing hybridized vehicles with the aim of reducing emissions and less fuel dependency. In essence of this, trends of solar electric cars in different countries have been reviewed. Feasibility analysis is done by doing fuel cost analysis of two cases, i.e., simple hybrid vehicle and hybrid vehicle equipped with solar module and increased battery energy storage capacity for a specific round trip distance between two cities, i.e., Rawalpindi and Islamabad in comparison with feasibility of third case, i.e., proposed solar electric car model. The solar module selection along with desired number of batteries with charging and discharging time and motor power required to carry five persons weight (70 kg each) is calculated for third case. Moreover, total carbon dioxide emission analysis has been carried out from car material production to its assembly, manufacturing solar module and nickel metal hydride battery for each case. The annual carbon dioxide emitted from fuel in first two cases relative to electric outlet in third case for specific distance has been analyzed. On large scale, emission analyses for hundred cars of each case have been done at 100 km distance. From calculations, it is revealed that overall emissions in third case on large scale and from its material production, assembly, solar module and batteries manufacturing perspective are comparatively less than other cases.     

The externality fields of football grounds: a case study of the Dell, Southampton

Football grounds generate a negative externality — or nuisance— effect which, according to previous work, displays a distance decay pattern. However, on the basis of an exploratory investigation of the negative externality field produced by Southampton Football Club's ground it was found that the various elements which together comprise the general nuisance field varied both in intensity and in spatial extent. The noise nuisance, not surprisingly, is the most localized whilst the parked cars and traffic nuisances are the most extensive. In addition, whereas the specific nuisances of noise, pedestrians and ‘hooliganism’ each exhibit a distance decay pattern the incidence of the parked cars nuisance and, to a lesser extent, the traffic nuisance are less in the immediate vicinity of the ground than further away. Finally, despite the impression conveyed by the media, ‘hooliganism’ was perceived by local residents as much less of a football-generated nuisance than traffic congestion and parked cars.     

Real-world emissions of gasoline passenger cars in Macao and their correlation with driving conditions

Using a portable emissions measurement system, 16 gasoline passenger cars were tested on a fixed route consisting of different types of roads in Macao and the data were normalized with the vehicle-specific power bin method. The normalized HC, CO and NO _X emission levels of the seven passenger car samples with model year older than 2000 were 3.19 ± 5.04, 14.59 ± 22.88, 2.57 ± 2.12 g/km, respectively. The HC, CO and NO _X emission levels of other newer samples were 0.02 ± 0.02, 0.23 ± 0.29 and 0.10 ± 0.13 g/km, respectively. The scrappage of old passenger cars in Macao should be a high priority to control the total emissions of motor vehicles. Based on relative emission levels, a clear and similar pattern for gaseous pollutants and fuel consumption with driving conditions was identified. The emissions of HC, CO and NO _X are best fitted to average speed with inverse functions. Fuel consumption is best fitted to average speed with a power function. Compared to the average driving conditions, the emission factors of HC, CO and NO _X and fuel consumption of gasoline passenger cars during the rush hours on the Macau Peninsula will be increased by 61, 55, 45 and 90 %, respectively. This situation will deteriorate by 2015 if no further transportation management strategies are implemented in Macao. To save energy and mitigate the air pollutant emissions in the urban area, improved traffic planning and travel demand management are also necessary.     

电提取法基础理论研究

本文从电解质溶液的基本电化学性质出发,根据传导类电法的电场分布理论,以均匀各向同性介质为例,对点源电流场中离子迁移一定距离所需时间和电极(液态、固态元素接收器)提取的物质质量与哪些因素有关的问题,作了较详细的讨论。并在此基础上,结合时量曲线的模拟实验结果给出了离子淌度、迁移距离和迁移浓度的计算方法。     

Dynamic behavior modeling of cigarette smoke particles inside the car cabin with different ventilation scenarios

Dynamic behavior of cigarette smoke particles inside the cabin of cars is investigated and the respirable suspended particles concentration during and after smoking cigarette is predicted in this study. This model is based on mass balance equations. Mechanisms of deposition on the surfaces and the exchange of air in the cabin are considered as sinks for emitted particles. The coagulation is accounted as a sink for smaller particles and as a source for larger particles. The various scenarios of smoking in the cars available in the literature are simulated in this study. Good agreement between the results of the present model and the experimental data, as well as the predictions of other available models, is achieved. The mean respirable suspended particle concentration in different scenarios is estimated and compared with Environmental Protection Agency’s health-based standards in order to specify the situations with respirable suspended particles concentrations exceeding the allowable limits. The results show that the concentration of particles due to the smoke of a single cigarette in a stationary medium sized car with the air conditioner off is 33.6 μg/m³ and nearly reaches the limits appointed by the Environmental Protection Agency for a 24 h incremental exposure (35 μg/m³). Corresponding values for moving cars have also been calculated and compared with the standards.     

Gaseous emission comparison of a compression–ignition engine fueled with different biodiesels

In this study, it was performed a comparison of the performance and emissions of two methyl ester fuels: one obtained from animal fat and the other from crude canola oil, in a compression-ignition engine against diesel fuel. The experimental results compared with diesel fuel showed that significant reductions could be obtained by biodiesel derived from animal fat in carbon monoxide and oxides of nitrogen emissions. Carbon dioxide emissions showed a trend of decreasing with the biodiesel fuels. An increase in brake specific fuel consumption was observed for different biodiesel fuels when compared with diesel fuel. It was concluded that animal tallow methyl ester performed better than canola oil methyl ester, whereas slightly higher brake torque is observed with canola oil methyl ester.     

Car owner attitudes to mass transit use: A Nigerian pilot study

The problem of traffic congestion is growing in intensity in Nigeria's urban centres. The remedy that has so often been prescribed is the introduction of mass transit modes of transportation in the cities. This suggestion presumes that when provided, private car owners will use the mass transit modes. This pilot study explores the likelihood of car owners using mass transit if provided. It finds that over half of the car owners would still stick to the use of their cars even when the best conditions of transit exist. It is contended, however, that the proportion of car owners willing to use mass transit would increase when good and well-organized mass transit modes are established. This would be more so as the inconveniences and hardships of traffic congestion become increasingly felt by the private car driver. Public policy priority in this regard should therefore be directed in the first instance towards the provision of a decent and efficiently operated municipal transit services.     

高温高压下CO2在水中溶解度实验及理论模型

利用自行研制的高温高压反应釜,在不同温度、压力和矿化度条件下测试CO₂在地层水中的溶解度。实验结果表明:温度一定的条件下,CO₂在水中的溶解度随压力的增加而增加;压力一定的条件下,CO₂在水中溶解度的主要变化趋势为随温度的增加而降低,当温度大于100℃、压力在22 MPa左右时,CO₂在地层水中的溶解度将发生异常,出现低压(小于22 MPa)时随温度的增加而降低,高压(大于22 MPa)时随温度的增加而略微升高;在温度压力都一定的条件下,CO₂在水中的溶解度随矿化度的增加而降低。并且,在新测得的实验数据和已有的实验数据的基础上,通过修正PR-HV状态方程中的参数,建立了一个能够精确计算CO₂在水中溶解度的模型;并将该模型与其他模型对比。对比结果表明,该模型计算精度最高,平均相对误差仅为2.69%。     

采矿爆破振动波在岩溶区的传播影响因素分析

为研究不同情况下爆破振动强度衰变规律和振动对岩溶塌陷的影响,为当地矿山合理开采及减少地面塌陷灾害的发生提供可靠依据,对湖南水口山铅锌矿区进行现场爆破振动测试,并利用古丹铅锌矿实测数据作对比分析;试验矿区共布设4条测线,接收8组爆破振动数据。采用萨道夫斯基修正公式对采集的数据进行计算,以爆破产生的振动波频率及振动速度作为测试指标,对实测数据进行提取、处理,确定爆破振动波的频率及其在介质中的传播速度及地震波引发的质点振动峰值振速。试验结果表明:采矿活动是岩溶地面塌陷的主要影响因素;爆破振动波的频率衰减强度与其在岩土体中的传播距离和断层有关,振动波的传播速度受到岩土体性质、岩层结构特征、岩层走向等因素的影响。      

Analytical solution for one-dimensional consolidation of clayey soils with a threshold gradient

General approximate analytical solutions are developed for one-dimensional consolidation with consideration of the threshold gradient under a time-dependent loading. A comparison is made between the present solution and some available numerical solutions for a particular case, and the results show that the approach employed in this article is reasonable. The influence of the threshold gradient and the loading period on consolidation behaviour is investigated, and the results show that the moving boundary of seepage moves downward gradually. The greater the threshold gradient is, the slower the boundary moves. The excess pore pressure will not be completely dissipated at the end of consolidation, and the larger the threshold gradient is, the greater the residual excess pore pressure is. The average degree of consolidation considering the threshold gradient defined by settlement is different from that defined by pore pressure. Moreover, the greater the threshold gradient is, the larger the average degree of consolidation in terms of strain, whereas the smaller the average degree of consolidation in terms of stress. It is also shown that the longer the loading period is, the longer the time moving boundary takes to reach the bottom of the layer, and the greater the average degree of consolidation is.     

基于GIS和层次分析法的沙溪流域滑坡地质灾害易发性评价

滑坡是沙溪流域主要地质灾害类型之一,开展滑坡灾害易发性评价可为区域地质灾害防治提供数据基础和决策依据。通过沙溪流域生态地质调查,分析了滑坡灾害分布规律和影响因素之间的关系,选取岩性建造、地貌、坡度、坡向、降雨量、距河流距离和距断层距离7项指标,利用层次分析法及地理信息系统空间分析技术,开展沙溪流域滑坡地质灾害易发性评价。结果显示：沙溪流域滑坡易发性影响因子依次为岩性建造、多年年均降水量、地形地貌、坡度、距河流距离、距断层距离和坡向;沙溪流域滑坡灾害易发性与坡度、岩性建造、年均降水量表现出明显正相关,即坡度越大、岩性建造性质越软弱、越易风化,年均降水量越多,越易引发滑坡灾害;滑坡灾害易发性与断裂构造、河流距离与滑坡灾害易发性呈负相关,即距离越近越容易诱发地质灾害;流域整体以低易发区和极低易发区为主,高易发区主要分布在沙溪流域中南部、东部及东北部地区。这为沙溪流域地质灾害防治提供了基础数据和决策依据。     

可控电脉冲波增透技术在低透气性煤层中的应用

可控电脉冲波增透技术作为低透气性煤层增透改造的理想措施之一，施工方案优化问题亟待解决。选择山西保德煤矿低透气性煤层，采用可控电脉冲波增透技术开展钻孔增透施工方案优化。试验结果表明，在钻孔内平均增透作业范围为131 m、冲击密度为0.5次/m条件下，增透钻孔组日均瓦斯抽采量较常规孔提高4.7倍，可控电脉冲波增透效果最佳。增透钻孔组日均瓦斯抽采量由高到低依次是5 m观测孔、15 m观测孔、30 m观测孔和增透孔，表明增透效果随着距离的增加逐渐衰减，影响半径确定为大于30 m。结合对比验证试验综合分析认为，可控电脉冲波能够显著提高煤层瓦斯抽采量，而冲击密度和钻孔内增透作业范围是增透效果的重要影响因素。在较硬煤层中以钻孔内平均增透范围100 m、0.5次/m冲击密度作业增透效果最佳。研究成果为可控电脉冲波增透技术在我国低透气性煤层的增透施工方案设计中提供参考。      

福建上杭紫金山铜金矿床中黄铁矿的矿物学特征研究

紫金山铜金矿床中黄铁矿质量分数达（5．3～7．0）W（B）／10^-2,主要有2种晶体形态即结晶完好与致密块状。二者含量比例为37：63;其形成世代,结晶形态、所含其他元素的种类、含量及与其他矿物的共生关系差异显著。采用矿物鉴定仪器,化学分析、电子探针、光栅光谱、红外光谱等分析,对该黄铁矿进行矿物学方面研究,结晶完好黄铁矿的化学成分、电子探针面线扫描分析,表明其属于硫化矿床中常见黄铁矿类型;致密块状黄铁矿属于较特殊类型．其化学成分中Cu、As含量是结晶完好者的15倍～18倍,W、Zn、Ni等含量变化大。通过光片、砂光片、红外光谱分析、化学式计算、电子探针等系统分析,说明这些元素与主元素Fe、S不呈类质同象替代关系,并证实其中包裹有微细的蓝辉铜矿、硫砷铜矿或似黄锡矿等矿物,导致成分中Cu、As、W、Zn等元素偏高和波动。实测显微密度（5．031～4．987）g／cm^3,显微硬度Hv10=（90．02～94．1）Mpa,（Hm=6．55～6．35）,测得反射率（R）54．10～53．50（白）。     

三维坑道直流聚焦法超前探测技术

对坑道超前探测方法中的三维坑道直流聚焦法的电极组合作了研究.计算、分析了2个同性点电源的电流分布规律,指出由于电流的相互排斥作用,电流密度在这两个点电源的中垂线下一定深度处产生最大值,这个深度与这两个点源之间的距离成正比.基于上述理由,设计出3种电极组合:四点电源、五点电源和九点电源布极方式.用三维有限单元数值模拟的方法计算了上述3种电极系的空间电位分布,发现九点电源方式对电流聚束效果较好,而且当主电极电流小于屏蔽电极电流时效果最好.     

煤巷多点电流源双频激电法超前扫描探测技术

在掘进工作面上设计多点电流源双频激电法探测电极布置方式,根据稳定电流场性质,建立多点电流源电场线微分方程,基于变步长四阶五级Runge-Kutta-Felhberg算法,对微分方程组进行求解。定义探测电场空间立体角和电场线边界角概念,分析探测电场平均电流密度随主屏流比系数及距掘进断面距离变化规律,确定聚焦效应探测时主屏流比系的取值范围。同时改变约束屏流比系数和主屏流比系数,分析探测电场偏转角的变化规律及对其影响的主要因素,确定偏转效应探测时约束屏流比系数的取值范围。工业性试验表明:利用该方法进行超前扫描探测,根据视幅频率和视电阻率异常激电效应参量变化规律,能够有效识别工作面前方围岩地质构造特征及低阻含水异常体的方向,但含水异常体距工作面的准确距离和含水量的大小尚需进一步研究。      

中国不同气候区河川径流对气候变化的敏感性

利用一个简单的月水量平衡模型,模拟了位于中国不同气候区的21个典型流域的径流量过程,采用假定的气候情景,分析了河川径流量对不同气候变化的敏感性。结果表明,所采用的月水量平衡模型能够较好地模拟不同气候区的月流量过程,21个典型流域的Nash-Sutcliffe模型效率系数大多超过65%,水量平衡误差也均控制在1%以内。黄河以北干旱半干旱地区的典型流域径流量对气温和降水变化的响应敏感,其次为华中、华南半湿润区和湿润区,西部高寒山区径流对气候变化的响应最弱。因此,中国适应气候变化的重点应集中在干旱半干旱地区。     

地质雷达属性分析在浙江良渚莫角山红烧土层探测中的应用

应用地质雷达划分地层的主要依据是地层介质的电性差异,介质间的电性差异越大,地层界面越容易分辨。但在实际雷达探测中,某些介质虽然具有不同的电性参数,但会产生相同或相似的异常信号,这为地层划分工作带来困难。根据钻孔土芯测量出不同地层的电性参数,获取地质雷达探测的前提条件,对良渚遗址群莫角山红烧土遗址进行雷达数据采集,经预处理后分别进行常规数据处理和纹理属性提取分析,对比发现属性分析在地层划分上比常规处理方法更有优势。     

The effect of opium poppy oil diesel fuel mixture on engine performance and emissions

Recently, decreasing of fossil fuel reserves and their negative effect on environment have increased the interest in alternative energy sources. One of the alternative energy sources is vegetable oils. In this study, blends of 50 % opium poppy oil — 50 % diesel fuel mixture are tested as alternative fuel on a single cylinder, 4-stroke, air cooled, pre-combustion chamber diesel engine at different speeds and its effects on engine performance and emissions are investigated. When compared to the diesel fuel as average, engine torque and power decrease at 4 % and 5.73 %, respectively. Specific fuel consumption increases by using of 50% opium poppy oil — 50 % diesel fuel mixture. When compared to the diesel fuel as average, carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides emissions of 50 % opium poppy oil — 50 % diesel fuel mixture decrease to 15.5 % and 5.9 %, respectively. Diesel fuel-opium poppy oil mixture has been found notably successful and environment friendly as an alternative fuel for diesel engines.     

破碎围岩重载铁路隧道基底结构动力特性现场试验研究

通过张家口至唐山付营子隧道现场大型激振试验,模拟研究了V级围岩条件下轴重为250、270、300 kN重载列车作用时隧道基底结构压力响应,并提出了各测点动压力在轴重下降时的衰减规律。根据现场实测的压力-时程图,分析了各结构面动压力的横向和竖向传递规律。结果表明：双线隧道重载线路因直接受重载列车荷载作用而使半幅测点动压力均大于客车线路,重载线路轨道下方相应测点在不同轴重作用下的动压力均大于其他测点,对比IV级围岩表面的试验结果得出破碎围岩条件下重载位置的结构和围岩容易出现压力集中,从而引发结构开裂或围岩空洞。列车荷载在基底结构竖向传递过程中先受到道床结构和仰拱填充的缓冲作用,衰减较大,在仰拱结构中衰减较少,以目前的基底结构设计厚度难以满足轴重提升的需求。     

苏通GIL综合管廊工程泥水盾构穿越致密复合砂层磨蚀性预测分析

高磨蚀性致密砂层中盾构刀具磨损严重制约施工效率。为准确预测大直径泥水盾构刮刀的磨损量与削掘距离寿命,本文采用隧道断面面积统计分析法和分段体积统计分析法对苏通GIL综合管廊工程DK0+~DK1+780段隧道所穿越的密实复合砂层进行统计分析。结合典型断面各地层面积权重,分段各地层体积权重及单一地层磨耗系数K得到了隧道穿越密实复合砂层各典型截面和分段上加权平均磨耗系数K'及其变化规律。根据加权平均磨耗系数K'及相应刀具磨损模型,对大直径泥水盾构在密实复合砂层中刀具磨损量及削掘距离寿命进行预测。并将预测结果与类似工程地质条件下南京长江隧道大直径泥水盾构实际施工过程中刀具磨损量及削掘距离寿命进行比较。研究结果表明:加权平均磨耗系数K'随掘进里程增加整体呈逐渐增大趋势,在1778m处取得最大值K'_max=18.36×10-3mm·km-1;刀具最严重磨损发生在安装直径D=12.07m处。取限定磨损量δ=5mm,对应的削掘距离寿命分别为L₁=1063m和L₂=453m,因此需要进行两次刀具更换。与南京长江隧道泥水盾构刀具实际磨损情况的对比表明预测结果具有较高的可靠性。该研究成果为苏通GIL综合管廊工程及类似地层条件下越江隧道盾构刀具磨损预测及更换提供了一定的理论依据。