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1.
Almost annually, natural hazards such as floods and landslides cause a great deal of financial loss and human suffering in
Taiwan. In order to gain a better understanding of disaster preparedness, this paper examines several factors in relation
to hazard mitigation behavior: social economic status (education, income), psychological vulnerability (sense of powerless
and helpless), risk perception (perceived impact and control) and social trust. The statistical analysis reported here is
based on the “2004 National Risk Perception Survey of Floods and Landslides in Taiwan”. The main findings include: (1) in
comparison with general public, victims are less willing to adopt risk mitigation measures than the public, even though they
perceive larger impacts, worry more about the hazard, and pay more attention to hazard information; (2) trust, risk perception
and social economic status are positive predictors for mitigation intentions, whereas psychological vulnerability is a negative
predictor; and (3) psychological variables are stronger predictors for mitigation intentions than that of socio-economic variables.
In light of these findings, the policy implications and intervention strategy are also discussed.
相似文献
Shuyeu LinEmail: |
2.
Social vulnerability and seismic risk perception. Case study: the historic center of the Bucharest Municipality/Romania 总被引:3,自引:2,他引:1
Iuliana Armaş 《Natural Hazards》2008,47(3):397-410
Social vulnerability is as much a part of risk as building damage, hazard magnitude, and economic loss. Social vulnerability refers to the capacity of a human community exposed during the impact of a natural hazard event (in this case, an earthquake)
to resist, cope with, and recover from that impact. In the perspective of the 3rd millennium, we come to understand that the
most efficient and accessible way to reduce the pressure of natural risks is to reduce the vulnerability level of the human
communities exposed to that certain hazard. This study aims to test, in an exposed and vulnerable area, the relationship between
social vulnerability and the perception of the seismic risk. The research focuses only on the first level of social vulnerability,
defined as the ability of an individual within a household to recover from a natural hazard impact (Dwyer et al. 2004). A prevailing assumption was that social vulnerability influences the level of perception of the seismic risk, in an exposed, vulnerable area. To this end, two samples were used, different under the aspect of social vulnerability, in the context of the same residential
area. Social vulnerability was computed as a normalized composed index that includes the poverty ratio and the demographic
vulnerability ratio (depending on the age, gender, and education level indicators). The statistical processing has indicated
a significant difference in the high perception level for the two samples that were compared, in the sense that in the context
of an increased level of social vulnerability, people generally better acknowledge the seismic risk.
相似文献
Iuliana ArmaşEmail: |
3.
This article explores the impacts of floods on the economy, environment, and society and tries to clarify the rural community’s
coping mechanism to flood disasters in Central Viet Nam. It focuses on the social aspects of flood risk perception that shapes
the responses to floods. The research findings revealed that flooding is an essential element for a coastal population, whose
livelihood depend on productive functions of cyclical floods. The findings also revealed that floods, causing losses and damages,
often inhibited economic development. The surveyed communities appeared to have evolved coping mechanisms to reduce the negative
impacts of the floods, yet these coping mechanisms are under pressure due to environmental degradation. Integrated flood risk
management is considered as a suitable paradigm for coping with flood disasters.
相似文献
Phong TranEmail: |
4.
Dorian Speakman 《Natural Hazards》2008,44(1):111-127
A vulnerability index for the Fire Service in the UK has been designed to identify vulnerable locations during episodes of
severe floods. Taking recent case studies with the UK Fire Service, the patterns of vulnerability, in terms of demand on time
and resources, can be explained by investigating the environmental causes and their interaction with the adaptive capacity
of the response agencies.
相似文献
Dorian SpeakmanEmail: |
5.
A multicriteria approach for flood risk mapping exemplified at the Mulde river,Germany 总被引:6,自引:4,他引:2
In this paper we develop a GIS-based multicriteria flood risk assessment and mapping approach. This approach includes flood
risks which are not measured in monetary terms; it shows the spatial distribution of multiple risks, and it is able to deal
with uncertainties in criteria values and to show their influence on the overall flood risk assessment. Additionally, the
approach can be used to show the spatial allocation of the flood effects if risk reduction measures are implemented. The approach
is applied to a pilot study for the River Mulde in Saxony, Germany, heavily affected by the hazardous flood in 2002. Therefore,
a GIS database of economic, social and environmental risk criteria was created. Two different multicriteria decision rules,
a disjunctive and an additive weighting approach, are utilised for an overall flood risk assessment in the area. For implementation,
a software tool (FloodCalc) was developed supporting both, the risk calculation of the single criteria as well as the multicriteria
analysis.
相似文献
Volker MeyerEmail: |
6.
A commented translation of the paper by C.W. Correns and W. Steinborn on crystallization pressure 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Crystallization of salts is recognized to be a major factor of the degradation of porous materials such as stone and concrete.
On the theoretical side, there is now general acceptance about the thermodynamic origin of this phenomenon. However, on the
experimental side, there are only scarce quantitative data. In this respect, the reference work par excellence is that of Correns (Discuss Faraday Soc 5:267–271, 1949) who shows a good correlation between calculated and measured crystallization pressures. However, concerns about both the
thermodynamic derivation and the experimental conditions raise the question about why Correns could have obtained such a good
correlation. This issue is discussed extensively in this paper which is organized as a commented translation of a former paper
by Correns, co-authored by Steinborn, and that is much richer in experimental details.
相似文献
Robert J. FlattEmail: |
7.
Mediterranean flash flood transfer through karstic area 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Vincent Bailly-Comte Hervé Jourde Axel Roesch Séverin Pistre 《Environmental Geology》2008,54(3):605-614
Karstic aquifers influence flash floods propagation in Mediterranean countries. Near Montpellier, Southern France, discharge
data are recorded on the Coulazou River upstream and downstream of the Aumelas Causse. Two gauging stations are used to describe
the hydrodynamics of this binary karstic system. The first station characterizes the non-karstic catchment area. The second
one is representative of the karstic part of the watershed. Records since April 2004 are used to understand how the river
interacts with a karstic aquifer. Hydrograph analysis of three flash flood events is described. Corresponding discharge time
series recorded at the two gauging stations are used to describe the modification of the hydrographs by auto- and crosscorrelations
analyses. Finally, linear system analyses are used to provide the transfer functions of this binary karstic system according
to the three flood events characteristics (initial conditions, volume, spatial distribution of rainfall, etc.). Theses functions
summarize the hydrodynamic behaviour of the system: their shapes are indicative of the dynamics of the storage, the release
and the contribution to surface waters.
相似文献
Vincent Bailly-ComteEmail: |
8.
Spatial and temporal knowledge representation 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Antony Galton 《Earth Science Informatics》2009,2(3):169-187
Knowledge Representation (KR) originated as a discipline within Artificial Intelligence, and is concerned with the representation
of knowledge in symbolic form so that it can be stored and manipulated on a computer. This article surveys that part of KR
that is concerned with the representation of space and time, with particular reference to the use of such representations
in geographical information science.
相似文献
Antony GaltonEmail: |
9.
The regionalization of urban natural disasters in China 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Jing-ai Wang Pei-jun Shi Xiang-sheng Yi Hui-cong Jia Lai-yin Zhu 《Natural Hazards》2008,44(2):169-179
An integrated urbanization level (CL) index and an integrated natural disaster intensity (QC) index were developed on the
basis of Disaster System Theory and China Natural Disaster Database for integrated urban disaster risk assessment. Integrated
quantitative assessments of the urban socio-economic system and the intensity of hazards in China were carried out by the
Model-Tupu (map series) and inter-feedback process using digital map technology. On the basis of this assessment, China can
be regionalized into three regions, namely, coastal urban disaster region, eastern urban disaster region and western urban
disaster region, 15 sub-regions and 22 units. These results can provide a scientific basis for determining a city’s disaster
risk management and natural disaster relief regionalization in China.
相似文献
Pei-jun ShiEmail: |
10.
Melt inclusion formation mechanisms and compositional effects in high-An feldspar and high-Fo olivine in anhydrous mafic silicate liquids 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Important aspects of melt inclusion formation and potential compositions effects have been addressed through a series of experiments using anorthite/fosterite saturated anhydrous mafic liquids. Experimental charges were cooled from 1,300 to 1,230 and 1,210°C at rates of 1–10°/min followed by 0–24 h isothermal periods. Hopper and skeletal crystal morphologies with variable degrees of completeness developed during the cooling period. Planar overgrowth of these textures during isothermal periods led to the formation of inclusions, the majority of which formed after 6 h of isothermal run time. We suggest that the change in morphologies is related to a decrease in growth rates and changes in dominant growth mechanisms. In general, inclusion compositions were uniform and similar to the host glass, indicating that with the isothermal times required for most inclusions to form, a boundary layer was not entrapped that could be detected within the limits of our analyses.
相似文献
Edward KohutEmail: Phone: +1-541-7373023Fax: +1-541-7371200 |
Roger L. NielsenEmail: Phone: +1-541-7371235 |
11.
Space Physics Interactive Data Resource—SPIDR 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Mikhail Zhizhin Eric Kihn Rob Redmon Dmitry Medvedev Dmitry Mishin 《Earth Science Informatics》2008,1(2):79-91
SPIDR (Space Physics Interactive Data Resource) is a standard data source for solar-terrestrial physics, functioning within
the framework of the ICSU World Data Centers. It is a distributed database and application server network, built to select,
visualize and model historical space weather data distributed across the Internet. SPIDR can work as a fully-functional web-application
(portal) or as a grid of web-services, providing functions for other applications to access its data holdings.
相似文献
Mikhail ZhizhinEmail: |
12.
This paper describes an application of the geographic information system (GIS) technology to a ground stability assessment
in the karst area of Dzerzhinsk, Russia. In the stability analysis, the groundwater level changes in the karst aquifer could
cause suffosion sinkholes when the gravitational force was greater than the soil strength. The GIS technology was used to
combine various data and to delineate the zones of potential gravitational collapse and suffosion collapse in the area.
相似文献
V. V. TolmachevEmail: |
13.
Consideration of natural hazards in the design and risk management of industrial facilities 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Recent chemical accidents precipitated by natural disasters have prompted governments in the United States, Japan, and Europe,
among other countries, to re-evaluate current practices in the design and risk management of industrial facilities. This paper
presents an overview of natural hazard design considerations and external events risk management requirements in the industrial
sector, with particular emphasis on industrial practices in the United States, Japan, and Europe. The analysis shows that
although regulations exist to ensure industrial plant structures are built to resist natural hazards (up to the design level),
there are few laws to address the performance of non-structural elements and safety and emergency response measures during
a natural disaster. Laws usually also refer to natural hazards only indirectly, and provisions to prevent or respond to simultaneous
disasters from single or multiple sources concurrent with the natural disaster are usually not present.
相似文献
Ana Maria CruzEmail: |
14.
The aim of this paper is to use an economic framework to derive decision making rules for river basin management with a focus on groundwater resources. Using an example from northern Nigeria, the paper provides an example of how decision making for sustainable water resources management may be facilitated by comparing net benefits and costs across a river basin. It is argued that economic tools can be used to assess the value of water resources in different uses, identify and analyze management scenarios, and provide decision rules for the sustainable use and management of surface and ground water resources in the region.
相似文献
Gayatri AcharyaEmail: |
15.
José I. Barredo 《Natural Hazards》2007,42(1):125-148
There is a need for comprehensive, standardised and georeferenced information on floods for political and economic decision-making.
Relevant, accurate and up-to-date data is an important aspect for resource distribution, mitigation programmes, disaster monitoring
and assessment. Despite this, there is a lack of spatial and thematic accurate global data for floods. In Europe, historic
data on flood losses and casualties are neither comprehensive nor standardised, thus making long-term analyses at continental
level difficult. In this article, we present a map and catalogue of the major flood events of the last 56 years in the European
Union (EU), Bulgaria and Romania. This study is an effort to alleviate the lack of homogeneous and georeferenced information
on flood disasters for large periods in Europe. The objectives of this paper are to identify and classify the major flood
disasters of the last 56 years in the EU; to map the major flood disasters at pan-European scale with the support of a potential
flood hazard map and ancillary GIS datasets; and to give a picture of the current situation for major floods in the EU on
the basis of past events and current trends.
The Emergency Events Database (EM-DAT) of the Centre of Research on Epidemiology of Disasters in Brussels (CRED) and United
States Office for Foreign Disaster Assistance (OFDA) and NATHAN of Munich Re are two of the main public global databases for
natural disasters. Information from EM-DAT and NATHAN on flood disasters producing more than 70 casualties and/or more than
0.005% of EU GDP in damage has been assessed for the production of the map and catalogue of major flood disasters in Europe.
相似文献
José I. BarredoEmail: |
16.
Predicting environmental conditions to minimise salt damage at the Tower of London: a comparison of two approaches 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Clifford A. Price 《Environmental Geology》2007,52(2):369-374
The paper compares the results of two studies of salt damage at the Wakefield Tower, Tower of London. The first, in 1993,
was based on semi-quantitative salt analysis and hygroscopicity measurements. The second was based on quantitative analysis
and a thermodynamic model, ECOS. Both studies aimed to predict environmental conditions that would minimise salt damage to
the interior stonework. Their predictions are markedly different, and this paper examines the reasons for the differences.
It is shown that hygroscopicity alone is not a reliable indicator of crystallisation from mixed salt solutions.
相似文献
Clifford A. PriceEmail: |
17.
The advent of the Virtual Observatory has begun an evolution in the space physics data environment. A number of nascent and
discipline specific Virtual Observatories have started to emerge with an emphasis on data search and retrieval. As this new
data environment takes shape an emphasis will be placed on interdisciplinary communication in attempts to address large scale
and global problems. To this end we formulate the development of a query language to facilitate Virtual Observatory to Virtual
Observatory communication. Furthermore, we outline the goals of such a language, how it would work and how existing community
efforts can be leveraged to speed the development of this query language.
相似文献
T.W. NarockEmail: |
18.
Summary The question of alternative technologies for high-speed Internet access lies at the heart of rural development problems. In
this paper, we focus on one of those technologies, the system combining satellite technologies and Wi-Fi. Based on an empirical
study carried out in three rural areas, we analyze the dynamics of the use and appropriation of that technology by the companies
and organizations participating in the experiment. Considered both from a technical and social standpoint, the technology
‘in use’ appears here in its structuring dimensions.
相似文献
Valérie FautreroEmail: |
19.
Igor Vojnovic 《GeoJournal》2007,69(4):271-300
Throughout the 20th century, government in the U.S. has gone through significant changes; initially responding to the disorder
of early capitalism, and later, to the economic crisis of the 1970s. This article will explore the changes in the U.S. political
landscape over the last century, as well as the recent rise of neo-liberalism. In addition, with the analysis of the model
laissez-faire municipal government, the City of Houston, the article will illustrate how the basic weaknesses of neoliberalism
at the national level are also evident at the local scale of government.
相似文献
Igor VojnovicEmail: |
20.
Methods for the estimation of loss of life due to floods: a literature review and a proposal for a new method 总被引:9,自引:5,他引:4
This article deals with methods for the estimation of loss of life due to flooding. These methods can be used to assess the
flood risks and to identify mitigation strategies. The first part of this article contains a comprehensive review of existing
literature. Methods have been developed for different types of floods in different regions. In general these methods relate
the loss of life in the flooded area to the flood characteristics and the possibilities for evacuation and shelter. An evaluation
showed that many of the existing methods do not take into account all of the most relevant determinants of loss of life and
that they are often to a limited extent based on empirical data of historical flood events. In the second part of the article,
a new method is proposed for the estimation of loss of life caused by the flooding of low-lying areas protected by flood defences.
An estimate of the loss of life due to a flood event can be given based on: (1) information regarding the flood characteristics,
(2) an analysis of the exposed population and evacuation, and (3) an estimate of the mortality amongst the exposed population.
By analysing empirical information from historical floods, new mortality functions have been developed. These relate the mortality
amongst the exposed population to the flood characteristics. Comparison of the outcomes of the proposed method with information
from historical flood events shows that it gives an accurate approximation of the number of observed fatalities during these
events. The method is applied to assess the consequences for a large-scale flooding of the area of South Holland, in the Netherlands.
It is estimated that the analysed coastal flood scenario can lead to approximately 3,200 fatalities in this area.
相似文献
A. C. W. M. VrouwenvelderEmail: |