青藏高原高寒沼泽化草甸总初级生产力的遥感估算:多模型比较（英文）

青藏高原沼泽化草甸是土壤有机碳密度最高,对气候变化最敏感的高寒生态系统。对其生态系统总初级生产力(GPP)持续准确的量化是掌握站点到全球尺度的碳循环的关键。涡度相关技术(EC)是测量生态系统碳通量的最佳途径,而遥感模型可以实现从生态系统迹点(footprints)到区域乃至全球的尺度扩展。但是,大多遥感估算模型的适用性在这种高寒沼泽化草甸上并没有得到验证。本研究选取了四个近年来被广泛运用的遥感估算GPP的模型,即MODIS算法(MOD)、植被光合模型(VPM)、光合能力模型(PCM)和高寒植被模型(AVM)对青藏高原中部的一个典型高寒草甸生态系统的GPP进行了估算。结果显示:所有遥感模型对GPP的年内季节变异都有很好的解释(R20.89,P0.0001),但很难解释其年际变化。与日均EC_GPP相比,VPM严重的低估了该生态系统的GPP,其估测值大约仅为EC观测值的54%。但是,其他三个模型可以较准确地进行GPP估算:相比之下,AVM可以反演94.5%的EC观测,相对于EC观测的均方根误差(RMSE)最小(1.47 g C m~(-2));PCM对EC_GPP有微小的高估(约12.0%的EC观测值),而MODR对EC_GPP有微弱的低估(约8.1%的EC观测值),但二者的偏差都不显著。本研究表明AVM对该高寒沼泽化草甸的GPP估算比其他较复杂的GPP估算模型更有优势。     

青藏高原高寒草地净初级生产力(NPP)时空分异(英文)

Based on the GIMMS AVHRR NDVI data(8 km spatial resolution) for 1982–2000, the SPOT VEGETATION NDVI data(1 km spatial resolution) for 1998–2009, and observational plant biomass data, the CASA model was used to model changes in alpine grassland net primary production(NPP) on the Tibetan Plateau(TP). This study will help to evaluate the health conditions of the alpine grassland ecosystem, and is of great importance to the promotion of sustainable development of plateau pasture and to the understanding of the function of the national ecological security shelter on the TP. The spatio-temporal characteristics of NPP change were investigated using spatial statistical analysis, separately on the basis of physico-geographical factors(natural zone, altitude, latitude and longitude), river basin, and county-level administrative area. Data processing was carried out using an ENVI 4.8 platform, while an ArcGIS 9.3 and ANUSPLIN platform was used to conduct the spatial analysis and mapping. The primary results are as follows:(1) The NPP of alpine grassland on the TP gradually decreases from the southeast to the northwest, which corresponds to gradients in precipitation and temperature. From 1982 to 2009, the average annual total NPP in the TP alpine grassland was 177.2×1012gC yr-1(yr represents year), while the average annual NPP was 120.8 gC m-2yr-1.(2) The annual NPP in alpine grassland on the TP fluctuates from year to year but shows an overall positive trend ranging from 114.7 gC m-2yr-1in 1982 to 129.9 gC m-2yr-1in 2009, with an overall increase of 13.3%; 32.56% of the total alpine grassland on the TP showed a significant increase in NPP, while only 5.55% showed a significant decrease over this 28-year period.(3) Spatio-temporal characteristics are an important control on annual NPP in alpine grassland: a) NPP increased in most of the natural zones on the TP, only showing a slight decrease in the Ngari montane desert-steppe and desert zone. The positive trend in NPP in the high-cold shrub-meadow zone, high-cold meadow steppe zone and high-cold steppe zone is more significant than that of the high-cold desert zone; b) with increasing altitude, the percentage area with a positive trend in annual NPP follows a trend of"increasing-stable-decreasing", while the percentage area with a negative trend in annual NPP follows a trend of "decreasing-stable-increasing", with increasing altitude; c) the variation in annual NPP with latitude and longitude co-varies with the vegetation distribution; d) the variation in annual NPP within the major river basins has a generally positive trend, of which the growth in NPP in the Yellow River Basin is most significant. Results show that, based on changes in NPP trends, vegetation coverage and phonological phenomenon with time, NPP has been declining in certain places successively, while the overall health of the alpine grassland on the TP is improving.     

青藏高原高寒草地地上生物量对气候变化的响应（英文）

Aboveground biomass in grasslands of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau has displayed an overall increasing trend during 2003–2016, which is profoundly influenced by climate change. However, the responses of different biomes show large discrepancies, in both size and magnitude. By applying partial least squares regression, we calculated the correlation between peak aboveground biomass and mean monthly temperature and monthly total precipitation in the preceding 12 months for three different grassland types(alpine steppe, alpine meadow, and temperate steppe) on the central and eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The results showed that mean temperature in most preceding months was positively correlated with peak aboveground biomass of alpine meadow and alpine steppe, while mean temperature in the preceding October and February to June was significantly negatively correlated with peak aboveground biomass of temperate steppe. Precipitation in all months had a promoting effect on biomass of alpine meadow, but its correlations with biomass of alpine steppe and temperate steppe were inconsistent. It is worth noting that, in a warmer, wetter climate, peak aboveground biomass of alpine meadow would increase more than that of alpine steppe, while that of temperate steppe would decrease significantly, providing support for the hypothesis of conservative growth strategies by vegetation in stressed ecosystems.     

青藏高原高寒草地净初级生产力(NPP)时空分异

基于1982-2009 年间的遥感数据和野外台站生态实测数据,利用遥感生产力模型(CASA模型) 估算青藏高原高寒草地植被净初级生产力(NPP),分别从地带属性(自然地带、海拔高程、经纬度)、流域、行政区域(县级) 等方面对其时空变化过程进行分析,阐述了1982 年以来青藏高原高寒草地植被NPP的时空格局与变化特征。结果表明:① 青藏高原高寒草地NPP多年均值的空间分布表现为由东南向西北逐渐递减;1982-2009 年间,青藏高原高寒草地的年均总NPP为177.2×10¹² gC·yr^-1,单位面积年均植被NPP为120.8 gC·m^-2yr^-1;② 研究时段内,青藏高原高寒草地年均NPP 在112.6~129.9 gC·m^-2yr^-1 间,呈波动上升的趋势,增幅为13.3%;NPP 增加的草地占草地总面积的32.56%、减少的占5.55%;③ 青藏高原多数自然地带内的NPP呈增加趋势,仅阿里山地半荒漠、荒漠地带NPP呈轻微减低趋势,其中高寒灌丛草甸地带和草原地带的NPP增长幅度明显大于高寒荒漠地带;年均NPP增加面积比随着海拔升高呈现"升高—稳定—降低"的特点,而降低面积比则呈现"降低—稳定—升高"的特征;④ 各主要流域草地年均植被NPP均呈现增长趋势,其中黄河流域增长趋势显著且增幅最大。植被NPP和盖度及生长季时空变化显示,青藏高原高寒草地生态系统健康状况总体改善局部恶化。     

西藏高原高寒草地的多功能性及其阈值（英文）

生态系统可以同时提供多种功能和服务。对生态系统多功能性的认知有助于我们准确评估系统承载能力,并对维持系统可持续发展至关重要。但是,由于单个功能之间往往存在显著的相关性,且彼此非独立,使得准确量化生态系统多功能性具有很大的挑战。我们根据实地调查和遥感收集的NDVI数据,通过整合四个重要的单个功能,量化了青藏高原高寒草地多功能性的空间格局。在此基础上,对沿青藏高原北部样带分布的四种主要草地类型的多功能性值进行提取,区分了气候和放牧强度对多功能性的影响。结果表明多功能性在高寒草甸具有很高的值。多功能性的低值在不同草地类型中是具有可比性的。年降水量可以解释多功能性沿四种不同草地类型的较大变异,即对多功能性有显著正向影响。放牧强度可以进一步解释多功能性的变化,即对四种草地类型的多功能性有显著负向影响。地下生物量、有机碳以及物种丰富度的持续快速下降导致了多功能性的急剧衰退,此时,裸土覆盖率达到了75%,对应的多功能性值为0.233。我们的研究结果首次展示了高寒草地多功能性的空间格局。多功能性的迅速下降表明,在植被覆盖率降低到25%之后,多功能性可能会崩溃,还会伴随着物种和其他个别功能的快速丧失。本研究可为高寒草地的可持续发展和退化草地恢复提供依据和指导。     

2001–2018年青藏高原三江源地区高寒草地的波文比（英文）

波文比用以描述从地球表面到空气中以潜热或感热发生的热传递过程,其由于土地利用和覆盖变化的生物物理效应而成为研究热点。波文比对评估生态系统气候调节功能具有一定的作用,但在大多数生态评估中常常被忽略。本文以位于气候敏感区和脆弱区的青藏高原腹地的三江源地区为研究区域,基于MODIS蒸散产品以及2001–2018年MODIS反照率计算出的陆地表面净辐射估算出波文比,并利用通量观测数据对MODIS蒸散产品进行了验证。通过多元线性回归和结构方程模型(SEM)两种方法分别分析了波文比的时空变化和影响因素。结果表明:1)MOD16蒸散数据与海北和当雄两个高寒草甸的涡度通量观测数据显著相关,相关系数分别为0.78和0.70,显著水平P值均小于0.01;2)2001–2018年期间三江源地区草地的多年平均波文比是2.52±0.77,呈从东南向西北逐渐递增的空间格局;研究时段内波文比整体呈下降趋势(Slope=–0.025, R~2=0.21, P=0.056);3)以年总降水量、年平均气温、年平均相对湿度、年平均NDVI及年均反照率为自变量的多元线性回归方程,可解释三江源全区平均波文比年际变化的51%,根据标准化回归系数,气温的影响最大,这表明气候变暖对净辐射分配为感热和潜热的比例有很大的影响;4)此外,植被变化的贡献通过结构方程模型进行定量分析,结果表明NDVI的增加将导致反照率的下降,路径系数为–0.57,反照率对波文比影响为正,路径系数为0.43,这是由于气候变化引起的NDVI变化的负面和间接影响。明显的湿润气候可以增加蒸散,以全球气候变暖为主并叠加降水增加的气候变化,将促进植被生长,地表反照率降低,会使地表净辐射增加;但同时气候变暖主导并直接促进了地表蒸散增加,导致了波文比降低,表明波文比能够综合反映区域气候和植被变化的生物地球物理效应,可在今后生态系统评估中作为气候调节功能指标之一。     

气候变化主导高寒脆弱生态系统净初级生产力年际变化趋势（英文）

三江源,即长江、黄河和澜沧江源头区,其高寒生态系统的脆弱性和敏感性使其成为我国生态安全的重要屏障,在我国生态环境保护和建设方面处于重要地位。了解气候变化的影响对于全球气候变化背景下生态环境保护和恢复措施的实施至关重要。由于生态系统过程的复杂性、研究数据的可靠性以及模型本身的不确定性等,使得对高原植被生产力变化的驱动因素存在多种归因解释。本研究利用遥感-过程耦合模型(GLOPEM-CEVSA)估算三江源区2000–2012年植被净初级生产力,基于像元尺度的气温和降水为自变量的多元线性回归方法,分析在全球气候变化背景下,三江源区植被净初级生产力的时空分布格局,探讨气候水热因素对NPP的影响。研究结果表明:(1)模型模拟NPP与野外采样的地上生物量(AGB)显著线性相关,能够解释AGB空间变异的45%,高于MODIS生产力产品(MOD17A3)的解释能力(21%);(2)1990–2012年间三江源区的气候呈暖湿化趋势,较之1990–2000年,近10年气候呈暖湿化加速趋势;(3)在暖湿化气候变化背景下,三江源全区NPP的年际变化呈增加趋势(每10年增加13.7 g m–2),统计置信度为86%(即显著性水平P=0.14);三大流域对比表明,黄河源头NPP增速最快(17.44g m–2 (10 yr)–1,P=0.158),其次是长江源头,澜沧江增速最低(12.2 g m–2 (10 yr)–1),统计置信度仅为67%;(4)NPP年际变化的气候因素分析发现,气温和降水能够解释全区草地NPP年际变异的83%,可解释全区高、中、低覆盖度草地NPP年际变异的78%、84%和83%。本研究结果表明气候变化在青藏高原高寒生态系统的植被生产年际变化趋势中起主导作用。这对认识全球气候变化对脆弱生态区的影响机制,及因地制宜地实施生态保护与恢复措施具有重要科学和现实指导意义。     

青藏高原植被净初级生产力对物候变化的响应

该文开展了全球变暖影响下青藏高原植被净初级生产力(Net Primary Productivity,NPP)对物候变化响应机制的研究。首先,基于MODIS MOD13Q1NDVI数据集,采用动态阈值法和CASA模型分别反演了2002-2012年青藏高原植被物候和植被NPP。而后研究了青藏高原物候和NPP时空演变格局,分析了青藏高原不同生态单元、不同植被类型的NPP对物候变化的响应机制。结果表明:1)2002-2012年青藏高原高寒植被生长初期(Beginning of Glowing Season,BSG)提前(0.034d/a),生长结束期(Ending of Growing Season,EGS)推后(0.299d/a),生长期(Length of Growing Season,LGS)延长(0.300d/a),植被NPP与此相应出现不同程度的增加(1.494gC·m-2/a)。2)青藏高原植被NPP对植被物候变化的响应出现明显的区域分异。整体上青藏高原植被LGS的延长促进了NPP的增加,但由于不同地区主导气象因子的差异,两者之间的响应关系也存在明显差异。3)春季物候的提前对NPP所带来的影响明显大于生长结束期,而BGS主要靠影响春季NPP的累积进而影响全年植被NPP的总量。     

三峡库区规模农地时空变化特征及其驱动机制（英文）

Discussions regarding the functional transformation of agricultural utilization and the mechanisms that underlie these changes within the Three Gorges Reservoir Area(TGRA) reflect variations in the relationship between people and their environment in China's central and westerns part, an area of mountains and reservoirs. A clear understanding of these changes also provides the scientific basis for the development of multi-functional agriculture in typical mountainous areas. Five counties were selected for analysis in this study from the hinterland of the TGRA; we analyzed changes in farmland scaling and corresponding underlying mechanisms by defining the concepts of "Scaling Farmland"(SF) and by using the software packages ArcGIS10.2, SPSS, and Geographical Detectors. The results of this analysis show that sources of increased SF have mainly comprised cultivated and shrub land. Indeed, with the exception of some alpine off-season vegetables, SF growth has mainly occurred in low altitude areas and in places where the slope is less than 30°. We also show that spatial changes in various SF types have also been substantially different, but in all cases are closely related to road and township administrative centers. Natural factors at the patch level, including elevation and slope, have contributed significantly to SF, while at the township level, underlying socioeconomic and humanistic factors have tended to include road traffic and agricultural population density. In contrast, at the regional level, underlying driving forces within each have tended to be more significant than overall study area scale. We show that while changes in, and the development of, SF have been driven by numerous factors, agricultural policies have always been amongst the most important. The results clearly elucidate general land use transformation patterns within the mountain regions of western China.     

三江源植被净初级生产力估算研究进展（英文）

The Three-River Headwater Region(TRHR), known as the "Water Tower of China", is an important ecological shelter for national security interests and regional sustainable development activities for many downstream regions in China and a number of Southeast Asian countries. The TRHR is a high-elevation, cold environment with a unique, but typical alpine vegetation system. Net primary productivity(NPP) is a key vegetation parameter and ecological indicator that can reflect both natural environmental changes and carbon budget levels. Given the unique geographical environment and strategic location of the TRHR, many scholars have estimated NPP of the TRHR by using different methods; however, these estimates vary greatly for a number of reasons. To date, there is no paper that has reviewed and assessed NPP estimation studies conducted in the TRHR. Therefore, in this paper, we(1) summarized the related methods and results of NPP estimation in the TRHR in a systematic review of previous research;(2) discussed the suitability of existing methods for estimating NPP in the TRHR and highlighted the most significant challenges; and(3) assessed the estimated NPP results. Finally, developmental directions of NPP estimation in the TRHR were prospected.     

东北地区生长季长度变化及其对总初级生产力的影响分析

基于生态过程机理模型BEPS(Boreal Ecosystem Productivity Simulator)和卫星遥感资料模拟了2001~2010年中国东北地区陆地生态系统总初级生产力(GPP)的时空分布特征,分析了生长季长度变化及其对东北地区陆地生态系统GPP的影响。研究表明:(1)2001~2010年东北地区生长季开始时间、结束时间及生长季长度均没有显著的变化趋势,生长季长度的变化主要受到春季温度的影响。(2)东北地区陆地生态系统年均GPP总值为1 057.8±44.6 TgC,其中生长季内GPP值约占总GPP值的97.57%,即东北地区GPP主要是在生长季内固定的碳量。(3)东北地区GPP主要受降水量的调节,而生长季长度变化对GPP的影响并不显著。     

藏北高原高寒草地草畜平衡评估方法比较（英文）

放牧是世界各国利用草地的主要方式之一,其中草畜平衡又是畜牧业可持续发展的核心问题。然而,草畜平衡评估方面的方法相对较少,而且往往忽略了非生物因素对牧草产量的动态影响。本研究将长期的野外数据与遥感数据以及温度和降水的气候记录相结合,量化了2000–2016年期间气候变化和人类活动对藏北高原高寒草地草畜平衡的影响。我们采用了两种不同的方法,分别是基于平衡理论的静态方法和基于非平衡理论的动态方法,同时还讨论了这两种方法在制定草地可持续管理潜在政策时的不确定性和缺陷。静态算法的结果表明,2000–2016年,除尼玛县(包括双湖县)外,所有县的草地都存在严重的过度放牧现象。相比之下,动态方法结果显示,2000–2016年仅有8年过度放牧,其余9年整个藏北高原高寒草地有盈余。此外,动态方法还发现藏北高原东南和西南地区县域的高寒草地过度放牧,而中部地区县域的高寒草地放牧较少,草地有盈余,这与实地调查结果一致。然而,对于受到人类不合理活动严重干扰的高寒草地,静态方法仍然值得推荐。     

青藏高原干旱度指数对气候因子变化的响应（英文）

在气候变化条件下,干旱如何发生改变仍然没有搞清楚。量化干旱与气候因子之间的关系是预测全球气候变化背景下未来干旱风险发生的关键。本文对2000?2011年青藏高原年干旱严重度指数(DSI)与气候因子的相关性进行了研究。空间平均DSI随降水量的增加及相对湿度降低而增加,随日照的增加而减少。DSI与气候因子的相关程度随植被类型的不同而不同。以高寒草甸为例,空间DSI平均值与日照百分率(SP)和日照时数(SH)的相关程度(P0.001)高于高寒草原(P0.05);在高山草原,空间DSI平均值与平均水汽压(Ea)和最低相对湿度(MIRH)的相关性不显著,但在高山草甸为极显著水平或显著水平以上(P0.05)。DSI的变化幅度随温度、降水和水汽压的增加而减小,随风速和日照的增加而增大。因此,要弄清干旱与气候变化的关系,需要进一步考虑青藏高原的生态系统类型及其局地气候。     

模拟增温对青藏高原高寒草甸群落碳氮计量学的影响（英文）

低温是影响青藏高原生态系统的重要限制因子。本研究基于青藏高原三个海拔(4300 m、4500 m、4700 m)上的模拟增温实验平台(开顶式增温箱,open top chambers,OTC),观测了2011年8–9月和2012年8月的高寒草甸生态系统的群落地上和地下碳氮计量学特征。结果表明:模拟增温显著增加了21.4%的2011年9月4500 m的群落地上氮含量,显著降低了3.9%的2012年8月4300 m的群落地上碳含量,而对其他情况下的群落碳氮计量学特征无显著影响;模拟增温显著增加了5.5%的2011年8月4500 m的群落地下碳含量,显著增加了28.0%的2011年9月4300 m的群落地下碳氮比,显著降低了15.7%的2011年9月4700 m的群落地下氮含量,显著降低了34.3%的2012年8月4700 m的群落地下碳含量,显著降低了37.9%的2012年8月4700m的群落地下碳氮比,而对其他情况下的群落碳氮计量学特征无显著影响。因此,模拟增温对不同海拔高度和不同月份的群落碳氮计量学的影响不一致,土壤铵态氮与硝态氮含量是影响植物群落碳氮计量学的主要因子。     

过去百年青藏高原耕地时空变化及其对土壤保持功能的影响（英文）

Geographically explicit historical land use and land cover datasets are increasingly required in studies of climatic and ecological effects of human activities. In this study, using historical population data as a proxy, the provincial cropland areas of Qinghai province and the Tibet Autonomous Region(TAR) for 1900, 1930, and 1950 were estimated. The cropland areas of Qinghai and the TAR for 1980 and 2000 were obtained from published statistical data with revisions. Using a land suitability for cultivation model, the provincial cropland areas for the 20 th century were converted into crop cover datasets with a resolution of 1 × 1 km. Finally, changes of sediment retention due to crop cover change were assessed using the sediment delivery ratio module of the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Trade-offs(InVEST) model(version 3.3.1). There were two main results.(1) For 1950–1980 the fractional cropland area increased from 0.32% to 0.48% and land use clearly intensified in the Tibetan Plateau(TP), especially in the Yellow River–Huangshui River Valley(YHRV) and the midstream of the Yarlung Zangbo River and its two tributaries valley(YRTT). For other periods of the 20 th century, stability was the main trend.(2) For 1950–1980, sediment export increased rapidly in the Minhe autonomous county of the YHRV, and in the Nianchu River and Lhasa River basins of the YRTT, which means that sediment retention clearly decreased in these regions over this period. The results of this assessment provide scientific support for conservation planning, development planning, or restoration activities.     

围栏封育对不同类型高寒草地植物及土壤养分的影响（英文）

围栏封育是高寒草地最为常见的保育方式,不同类型草地的封育效应可能会存在差异。开展该方面的研究,可以评估围栏封育对草地恢复的效应,为藏北高原不同类型退化草地的恢复措施提供科学依据。本研究以藏北地区的高寒草甸、高寒草原和高寒荒漠3类草地为研究对象,采用单因素方差分析对生物量、叶片–土壤养分含量以及化学计量比进行差异性检验,探讨了围栏封育对这3类高寒草地植物和土壤养分的影响。结果表明,围栏封育能显著提高这3类草地群落的地上生物量,但仅提高了10–20 cm高寒荒漠的地下生物量;围栏封育显著提高了高寒荒漠优势植物叶片的养分含量和10–20 cm土壤中全氮、全钾、有机碳的含量,并显著改变了C、N、P之间的化学计量比;而在高寒草甸和高寒草原围栏封育仅仅显著增加了高寒草原中优势物种叶片的N含量,其他养分指标和化学计量比均没有表现出显著的差异。以上结果表明,从植物和土壤养分来看,围栏封育对高寒荒漠草地的保育作用最为显著。     

黄淮海平原耕地功能演变的时空特征及其驱动机制（英文）

Using counties as the basic analysis unit,this study established an evaluation index system for farmland function(FF) from economic,social,and ecological perspectives.The method combining entropy weighting and multiple correlation coefficient weighting was adopted to determine the weights,and the FF indices were calculated for each county.Subsequently,the spatio-temporal characteristics of farmland function evolution(FFE) were analyzed and the coupled relationships between the sub-functions were explored based on a coupling coordination model.At the same time,the dynamic mechanism of FFE was quantitatively analyzed using a spatial econometric regression analysis method.The following major conclusions were drawn:(1) The farmland economic function generally exhibited a declining trend during 1990–2010,and it is essential to point out that it was stronger in underdeveloped and agriculture-dominated counties,while it continuously weakened in developed areas.Farmland social function decreased in 60.29% of the counties,whereas some counties,which were mostly located in north of Zhengzhou and west of Dezhou and Cangzhou,Yantai,and Weihai,clearly increased.A dramatic decline in farmland ecological function occurred around Beijing,Tianjin,and Jinan.Areas located in the northern part of Henan Province and the central part of Shandong Province saw an increase in ecological function.(2) There was a significant spatial difference in the coupling degree and coordination degree of the sub-functions,and the decoupling phenomenon highlighted this.The changes in social function and ecological function lagged behind economic function in developed areas,but these were highly coupled in some underdeveloped areas.(3) FFE in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain(HHHP) is resulted from the comprehensive effects of regional basic conditions and external driving factors.Furthermore,the transitions of population and industry under urbanization and industrialization played a decisive role in the evolution intensity and direction of farmland sub-systems,including the economy,society,and the ecology.According to the results mentioned above,promoting the transformation from traditional agriculture to modern agricultureshould be regarded as an important engine driving sustainable development in the HHHP.Taking different regional characteristics of FFE into account,differentiated and diversified farmland use and management plans should be implemented from more developed urban areas to underdeveloped traditional agricultural areas.     

青藏高原内陆湖泊过去40年变化研究（英文）

Inland lakes and alpine glaciers are important water resources on the Tibetan Plateau. Understanding their variation is crucial for accurate evaluation and prediction of changes in water supply and for retrieval and analysis of climatic information. Data from previous research on 35 alpine lakes on the Tibetan Plateau were used to investigate changes in lake water level and area. In terms of temporal changes, the area of the 35 alpine lakes could be divided into five groups: rising, falling-rising, rising-falling, fluctuating, and falling. In terms of spatial changes, the area of alpine lakes in the Himalayan Mountains, the Karakoram Mountains, and the Qaidam Basin tended to decrease; the area of lakes in the Naqu region and the Kunlun Mountains increased; and the area of lakes in the Hoh Xil region and Qilian Mountains fluctuated. Changes in lake water level and area were correlated with regional changes in climate. Reasons for changes in these lakes on the Tibetan Plateau were analyzed, including precipitation and evaporation from meteorological data, glacier meltwater from the Chinese glacier inventories. Several key problems, e.g. challenges of monitoring water balance, limitations to glacial area detection, uncertainties in detecting lake water-level variations and variable region boundaries of lake change types on the Tibetan Plateau were discussed. This research has most indicative significance to regional climate change.     

2000-2020年藏北高寒草地水源涵养功能变化及影响因素分析（英文）

藏北地区平均海拔4500 m以上,被称为“世界屋脊上的屋脊”,同时也是青藏高原生态安全屏障的主体,但在全球气候变化和人类活动的双重影响下,藏北高寒草地生态系统变化明显,部分区域出现退化趋势。2009年我国开始实施了《西藏生态安全屏障保护与建设工程》(以下简称工程),旨在恢复和保育高原的生态系统及其服务功能。而水源涵养是藏北高寒草地生态系统最为重要的服务功能之一,工程实施以来,藏北草地的水源涵养功能如何变化、生态工程的效益如何？本文基于InVEST模型评估了2000–2020年生态工程前后藏北草地水源涵养功能的变化,量化了气候变化和人类活动在其中的贡献率。结果表明：(1)藏北各类型草地的水源涵养能力虽然差异较大,但工程实施后水源涵养的功能均出现了明显的变化,产水量比工程实施前增加10.07%,水源涵养服务上升8.86%。其中高寒草甸区的水源涵养变化速率增长最大,由工程前的–1.84 mm yr^–1转变为工程后的2.24 mm yr^–1;其次是高寒荒漠草原和高寒草原,在工程的影响下水源涵养功能下降的速率明显减缓。(2)气候变化仍是藏北草地水源涵养...     

1961–2005年中国陆地生态系统净初级生产力模拟（英文）

Net primary productivity(NPP) is the most important index that represents the structure and function of the ecosystem.NPP can be simulated by dynamic global vegetation models(DGVM),which are designed to represent vegetation dynamics relative to environmental change.This study simulated the NPP of China's ecosystems based on the DGVM Integrated Biosphere Simulator(IBIS) with data on climate,soil,and topography.The applicability of IBIS in the NPP simulation of China's terrestrial ecosystems was verified first.Comparison with other relevant studies indicates that the range and mean value of simulations are generally within the limits of observations;the overall pattern and total annual NPP are close to the simulations conducted with other models.The simulations are also close to the NPP estimations based on remote sensing.Validation proved that IBIS can be utilized in the large-scale simulation of NPP in China's natural ecosystem.We then simulated NPP with climate change data from 1961 to 2005,when warming was particularly striking.The following are the results of the simulation.(1) Total NPP varied from 3.61 GtC/yr to 4.24 GtC/yr in the past 45 years and exhibited minimal significant linear increase or decrease.(2) Regional differences in the increase or decrease in NPP were large but exhibited an insignificant overall linear trend.NPP declined in most parts of eastern and central China,especially in the Loess Plateau.(3) Similar to the fluctuation law of annual NPP,seasonal NPP also displayed an insignificant increase or decrease;the trend line was within the general level.(4) The regional differences in seasonal NPP changes were large.NPP declined in spring,summer,and autumn in the Loess Plateau but increased in most parts of the Tibetan Plateau.