利用宽谱系岩墙群进行靶区定位的数值方法——以新疆南阿拉套山为例

本文介绍一种利用宽谱系岩墙群的空间展布特征进行靶区定位的数值方法.基于透岩浆流体成矿理论,岩浆-屏蔽层强相互作用过程中将涌现最大主压应力分布在竖直方向的近场应力场.在这种条件下,屏蔽层中的裂隙系统不同于传统矿田构造学描述的裂隙系统.依岩浆上升速率及屏蔽层岩石学结构和力学性质变化,屏蔽层中可出现不同类型的同成矿裂隙系统,后者往往被成矿期的脉岩充填.由于应力中心的作用力强度大于远离应力中心的部位,自生长裂隙和先存裂隙的密度呈现规律性的空间变化.这种变化控制了含矿流体的运动学特征.因此,可以将岩墙密度和延伸方向数作为定量化指标揭示含矿流体大规模聚集的空间位置,后者也是成矿作用的潜在发生部位.用滑动平均法绘制岩墙分布密度图和岩墙延伸方向密度图,将极密区作为有利找矿靶区,分析结果与地质学方法的预测结果高度相似.因此,可以认为本文提供的靶区圈定方法是一种简便有效的方法.     

岩墙厚度对成矿作用的约束:以石湖金矿为例

根据透岩浆流体成矿理论,岩浆体是含矿流体的通道而不是来源,因而估算含矿流体注入岩浆体的能力是评价高位侵入体成矿潜力的有效方法。文中利用一维传热模型计算了石湖金矿区三类代表性岩墙(花岗斑岩、石英闪长玢岩和辉绿岩)不同厚度条件下的冷却时间尺度,同时估算了岩浆冷却过程中的粘度变化速率。假定岩浆侵位于约6 km,且完全固结时含矿流体才不能有效注入,石湖金矿区三类代表性岩墙的最小临界成矿厚度分别为3345 m(花岗斑岩)、822 m(石英闪长玢岩)和102 m(辉绿岩)。模拟结果与石湖金矿区矿体的产状一致,暗示模拟结果具有较强的实用价值。结合岩墙长度/宽度比值,进一步估算致矿侵入体的最小临界出露面积分别约为312～1 561 m2(玄武质岩体)、0014～0068 km2(石英闪长玢岩)和0011～0034 km2(花岗斑岩)。估算结果为野外地质找矿提供了一个定性的标准,对快速资源勘查具有参考价值。     

甘肃小柳沟矿区钨钼矿控矿因素及成因关系探讨

小柳沟矿区是北祁连造山带西段主要的钨钼成矿区。钨成矿主要受岩体、地层岩性、构造控制。岩体是成矿的最主要因素,是矿床的成矿物质来源之一,酸性侵入体为成矿提供了丰富的物质来源;岩体在侵入过程中所提供的含矿热液对元素的活化迁移起了积极作用。千枚岩、灰岩、角闪云母片岩是成矿的主要矿源层。小柳沟隐伏岩体上升形成的断层为成矿流体的运移和富集提供了条件。钼成矿与岩体及岩体顶部的裂隙网脉有关。小柳沟热流体在斑状花岗岩体顶部形成构造裂隙网,上升热流体与地下水发生对流循环,使钼在岩体和围岩的裂隙中成矿。小柳沟矿区有着三(多)位一体的成矿系列,岩体外接触带和地层层间裂隙形成以夕卡岩型为主的白钨矿,岩体内部及岩体顶部形成斑岩型和石英脉型钼矿。     

易门式大型铜矿床构造成矿动力学模型

针对金属矿床隐伏矿定位预测的关键问题,在提出构造成矿动力学的分支学术方向的基础上,以易门式大型铜矿床为例,从成矿地质背景、矿田构造、构造地球化学和成矿构造应力场等方面进行构造成矿动力学研究,阐述在构造应力场控制下成矿流体运移和聚集的规律。构造地球化学研究认为,构造地球化学异常反映矿体的原生晕;构造地球化学异常受构造控制,其分带特征可指示成矿流体的流向,并提供矿床成因和隐伏矿(化)体相对埋深的信息。构造应力场的控矿特征主要表现在:构造应力场导致控矿构造的形成,并驱动成矿流体的运移;构造应力场控制了成矿能量场;应力和能量的高值集中区分布特点可反映某些构造型式。在此基础上建立构造成矿动力学模型,概括隐伏矿成矿预测准则,据此提出若干重点找矿靶区和靶位,其中部分靶区得到工程验证,表明构造成矿动力学方法对隐伏矿定位预测和评价具有重要的指导意义。     

江西德兴铜厂斑岩铜矿床细脉型矿体含矿裂隙系统研究

江西德兴铜厂铜矿是中国东部最大的斑岩型铜矿床,该矿床主要由成矿岩体内带的浸染状矿体和外带的细脉型矿体组成,对于该矿床控制细脉型矿体就位及展布的控矿构造研究甚少。文章通过对露天采场和钻孔岩芯含矿裂隙特征的调查,结合前人对含矿脉体产状的统计资料,重新厘定了含矿裂隙系统,构建了控矿构造模型。研究结果显示,德兴铜厂铜矿床细脉型矿体的含矿裂隙走向整体上是围绕北西向拉长的梨形状成矿岩体周边呈放射状展布;同一部位含矿构造具有走向相近、中等倾角、双倾向和正断运动的特征,构成剖面X-型共轭剪裂隙组合。这些含矿裂隙形成于成矿岩体侵位时期,形成时最大主压应力近直立,中间主应力近水平且垂直成矿岩体边界,最小主应力近水平且平行于成矿岩体边界。铜厂铜矿床的控矿构造是长轴呈北西向展布的成矿花岗闪长岩的岩体侵入构造体系。进一步找矿方向是在矿区范围的北西向成矿岩体南东、北西两端存在隐伏岩脊部位的深部寻找细脉型隐伏矿体,在矿田、矿集区范围是寻找隐伏成矿岩体发育的部位。     

陕西双王金矿床矿化富集规律对成矿构造的指示意义

双王金矿床是秦岭地区大型的危机矿山之一,找矿工作是当务之急,但其成因类型特殊,人们对其成矿构造的演化过程和控矿机制尚存在争议.以该矿床KT5矿体为例,研究了角砾岩体、断裂裂隙和金品位的空间分布关系,并结合趋势面分析,探讨了金矿化富集规律及其对成矿构造的指示意义.矿床地质特征及对矿区内基性岩墙的测年结果表明其成矿时代为印支期.在印支期秦岭造山过程中的NS向主压应力背景下,成矿断裂早期右行斜向剪切作用奠定了角砾岩带的雏形;断裂中期活动引发的地震及伴生液压致裂作用,使矿区内形成了角砾岩主体和断裂裂隙系统,主成矿阶段角砾岩化作用减弱,断裂裂隙持续发育,并作为流体运移和成矿的主要通道和有利部位,使金的矿化富集呈面状展布,断裂裂隙带的产状变化是金沉淀的重要影响因素;晚期构造应力转换为近EW向拉伸,近NS向基性岩墙群侵位并受到成矿流体的改造.      

铜陵深部成矿与找矿方向探讨

从铜陵地区成矿的地质条件和成矿地质特征出发,笔者系统总结前人的研究成果,对铜陵矿集区的深部成矿作用与过程进行了深入探讨。构造分析显示铜陵地区盖层具有多期多个变形系统,以上褶下断为主,志留系以下的地层变形性质可能已经改变;岩浆作用显示含矿岩体以同熔型花岗岩类为主,岩浆岩具有明显的成矿专属性特征,与铜金矿关系密切的岩石主要属高钾钙碱性系列岩石,成铁、硫的火山-侵入体主要为橄榄安粗岩系列。岩浆岩空间分布主要受构造控制,岩浆热液的运移深部以中尺度渗流为主,浅部以"岩脉"式上侵,成矿岩体与围岩存在一定的耦合关系,成矿时代以燕山期为主。通过对矿床的分布、类型及成矿规律的总结,结合成矿预测理论,对研究区的成矿部位、类型及地段进行了预测,对铜陵地区深部找矿的方向有一定指示意义。     

滇西马厂箐钼铜金矿床中赋矿斑状花岗岩定年及其地质意义

马厂箐钼铜金多金属矿床是滇西地区金沙江-哀牢山构造带内与新生代富碱斑岩有关的典型矿床之一。根据赋矿斑状花岗岩中锆石的阴极发光图像、LA-ICP-MS微量元素分析和U-Pb定年以及辉钼矿Re-Os法测年研究等,结合前人研究成果,应用透岩浆流体成矿理论,进一步讨论了马厂箐矿床的成因机制。研究表明：该矿床的多金属成矿与赋矿斑状花岗岩的成岩基本同时,其成岩成矿过程统一受制于与该区大规模活动的新生代富碱岩浆和深部地壳重熔的花岗质岩浆同步运移的成矿流体作用。这种成矿流体是包含于岩浆并与其互不混溶的含矿地幔流体。但在上侵运移过程中,伴随岩浆的成岩作用,流体与岩浆发生不同程度分离,表现为：产于富碱斑状花岗岩体内,形成正岩浆成矿的斑岩型钼矿;产于岩体与围岩接触带,形成接触交代成矿的矽卡岩型铜（钼）矿;产于地层围岩中则形成构造破碎蚀变岩型金矿。在这一成岩成矿过程中,地幔流体可以运载和沿途活化成矿物质至适宜容矿部位集中,并随其对地壳岩石的交代蚀变以及深度和环境变化引起的物理化学条件变化,其流体属性由熔浆流体→超临界流体→热液流体转化,促使壳幔物质相互作用而叠加成矿,导致在不同部位形成不同矿种和不同类型的系列成矿效应。     

区域构造体制对湘东南印支期与燕山早期花岗岩成矿能力的重要意义

湘东南是华南重要的中生代有色金属矿集区。区内,印支期王仙岭岩体与燕山早期千里山岩体紧密相邻,前者成矿差,后者则发育多个大型、超大型矿床。两岩体的地层及构造地质条件相近,都具有W、Sn多金属成矿花岗岩的岩石地球化学特征。王仙岭岩体内蚀变作用明显比千里山岩体普遍且强烈,W、Sn含量总体上明显高于千里山岩体。千里山岩体边缘有较多岩脉发育,岩体与碳酸盐岩围岩接触带矽卡岩化强烈;而王仙岭岩体边缘岩脉缺乏,岩体与碳酸盐岩围岩接触带以大理岩化为主。基于以上地质、地球化学表现,以及地球化学图解和区域构造演化背景分析,确定千里山岩体与王仙岭岩体的成矿差异,主要是由于两者侵位时的构造体制(应力场特征)不同所致:千里山岩体形成于后造山环境下的伸展构造体制,岩浆或岩体中的成矿物质能随流体沿断裂裂隙向周围有效扩散并于局部聚集、沉定而成矿;王仙岭岩体则形成于后碰撞环境下的弱挤压构造体制,侵位时断裂裂隙构造不发育,流体与成矿物质被封闭在岩体内部,因此未发生有效的成矿作用。据此推断,构造体制差异可能是造成湘东南印支期与燕山早期花岗岩成矿能力悬殊的关键原因之一。文章最后简单阐述了上述认识对区域找矿工作的启示意义。     

造山后脉岩组合与内生成矿作用

造山带大规模花岗质岩浆活动之后往往有一期区域性脉岩产出,被称为岩基后岩墙群。这类脉岩具有近同时形成、宽成分谱系和小体积的特点。根据太行山、燕山、东昆仑山、天山等造山带的观察,这类脉岩可以划分成煌斑岩质、玄武质、闪长质(安山质)、花岗闪长质(英安质)和花岗质(流纹质)等5组。前人大多偏重于研究其中基性部分,因而常常将其与大陆裂解相关基性岩墙群混为一谈。岩石地球化学分析表明,虽然同组脉岩不同样品之间可能存在演化关系,不同脉岩组之间很难相互演化。结合近年来有关岩浆过程速率的研究成果,推测这些脉岩是原生或近原生岩浆固结的产物。这意味着区域地温曲线在不同深度同时穿过所有相应原岩的固相线。基于岩浆起源热体制和区域岩石圈岩石学结构分析,笔者曾经指出,这样的岩浆产生条件要求造山带岩石圈拆沉作用。因此,这类岩墙群的形成是区域构造应力场由挤压向伸展转换阶段的产物,可以用来标定造山过程的结束,因而称其为造山后脉岩组合。进一步对比分析表明,这类脉岩组合分布非常普遍,是地球上业已发现的三类区域性岩墙群之一。尽管如此,基于热传递速率的分析,造山后脉岩组合的形成还应当伴随大规模流体活动。由于深部流体中成矿元素的浓度强烈依赖于压力,新的岩石成因模型意味着造山后脉岩组合与成矿作用相伴生。野外检验表明,可以基于露头观察识别成矿流体的通道和成矿元素大规模堆积的场所。因此,造山后脉岩组合不仅可以用来标定区域造山过程结束的时间,也是区域找矿预测的有效标志。     

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987112000096

According to the metallogenic theory by transmagmatic fluid(TMF).one magmalic intrusion is a channel of ore-bearing fluids,but not their source.Therefore,it is possible to use TMF’s ability for injection into and for escaping from the magmatic intrusion to evaluate its ore-forming potential.As the ore-bearing fluids cannot effectively inject into the magmatic intrusion when the magma fully crystallized, the cooling time and rates viscosity varied can be used to estimate the minimum critical thickness of the intrusion.One dimensional heat transfer model is used to determine the cooling time for three representative dikes of different composition(granite porphyry,quartz diorite and diabase) in the Shihu gold deposit.It also estimated the rates viscosity varied in these lime interval.We took the thickness of dike at the intersection of the cooling time—thickness curve and the rates viscosity varied versus thickness curve as the minimum critical thickness.For the ore-bearing fluids effectively injecting into the magma,the minimum critical thicknesses for the three representative dikes are 33.45 m for granite porphyry,8.22 m for quartz diorite and 1.02 m for diabase,indicating that ore-bearing dikes must be thicker than each value.These results are consistent with the occurrence of ore bodies,and thus they could be applied in practice.Based on the statistical relationship between the length and the width of dikes.these critical thicknesses are used to compute critical areas:0.0003—0.0016 km~2 for diabase. 0.014—0.068 km~2 for quartz diorite and 0.011—0.034 km~2 for granite porphyry.This implies that orebearing minor intrusions have varied areas corresponding to their composition.The numerical simulation has provided the theoretical threshold of exposed thickness and area of the ore-bearing intrusion.These values can be used to determine the ore-forming potentials of dikes.     

山东沂南金-铜-铁矿床成矿条件分析——兼论不整合面的控矿作用

山东沂南金-铜-铁矿床中与成矿有关的岩体为燕山期多期次浅成侵入的钙碱性杂岩体,岩性主要为闪长玢岩类和花岗斑岩类,属相对富含硅质、碱质和磁铁矿并通常与氧化型含金矽卡岩有关的侵入岩系列。新元古界一寒武系碳酸盐岩与碎屑岩的频繁互层,为含矿气水热液的运移和顺层交代提供了良好的围岩条件,在靠近岩体接触带部位形成了多层矽卡岩矿体。区域性断裂控制了含矿岩体的侵位,而接触带、捕虏体、层间破碎带以及不整合面等构造控制了矿体的空间定位。成矿在中低压力的中浅成至浅成条件下进行,主成矿阶段的含矿流体具有中高温、高盐度的特点,流体的沸腾可能是金-铜-铁等成矿物质大量沉淀的主要原因。接触带的矽卡岩型Au—Cu—Fe矿化与内接触带的斑岩型Cu—Mo矿化、外接触带的热液充填一交代型Au—Cu矿化,以及岩体边部的隐爆角砾岩型Au—Cu矿化一起,构成了一个中酸性岩浆-热液成矿系统。作为一种容易失稳的构造薄弱带和地球化学屏障,不整合面极易产生破碎和滑脱,从而有利于岩浆及其所分泌的含矿气水热液的贯入和成矿,这是沂南矿床中新发现的一种具有重要找矿前景的控矿构造类型。     

Metamorphism of mafic dikes from the central White-Inyo Range, eastern California

Thin mafic dikes, possibly correlative with the Independence dike swarm of SE California, transect uppermost Proterozoic–Cambrian metasedimentary strata in the White-Inyo Range. Textures and bulk-rock chemistry indicate that the protoliths were diabases and microdiorites, accompanied by Ca + Mg + Fe +Ni + Cr-rich hornblende (± minor augite) cumulates. Analytical data suggest crystal settling and fractionation at shallow depths. Most of the dikes lie in the mapped aureoles of – and were metamorphosed by – voluminous Late Jurassic granitoid plutons; however, a few metadikes cut these plutons and must have been recrystallized during the emplacement of Cretaceous granitic stocks. The mafic metadikes thus include members of two or more temporally distinct suites, pre-Late Jurassic, and latest Jurassic–Cretaceous. Neoblastic mineral assemblages and element partitioning within these nonfoliated mafic metadikes reflect lower-to-upper greenschist facies overprints; metamorphic parageneses, coincident with those developed in the metasedimentary wallrocks, are defined by the production of chlorite, biotite, white mica, epidote, and actinolite, and by albitization of the igneous plagioclase. Based on analytical and mineralogic data obtained in this study, the following conclusions regarding subsolidus recrystallization of the mafic metadikes are advanced: (1) Newly grown minerals and phase assemblages are systematic in their areal distributions. (2) Metamorphic grade increases chiefly toward the north and east, toward the Late Jurassic granitoids. (3) Element fractionation among coexisting neoblastic phases is regular, and compatible with a close approach to chemical equilibrium. (4) Assemblages 3–5 km from the granitic intrusive contacts reflect lowermost greenschist facies physical conditions. (5) Investigated mafic dikes exhibit mineral parageneses isofacial with the regional/contact metamorphic assemblages previously documented for the enclosing pre-Mesozoic clastic country rocks. Clearly, mafic dikes of several ages of injection and recrystallization are present in the central White-Inyo Range, making correlation with the Independence dike swarm problematic. In any case, the dikes record localized contact metamorphism that took place sporadically over portions of an approximately 100 million year interval. Received: 13 March 1996 / Accepted: 24 December 1996     

太行山北段石湖金矿的成岩成矿机制:U-Pb年龄及地球化学证据

为讨论石湖金矿的形成与麻棚花岗岩体、石英闪长玢岩脉之间的联系,对花岗闪长岩、石英闪长玢岩进行了U--Pb年代学研究,并分别对花岗闪长岩、石英闪长玢岩、矿化蚀变岩和围岩的地球化学进行了系统测定。麻棚花岗岩体U--Pb年龄为(124.8±1.4)Ma(MSWD=0.74),石英闪长玢岩脉年龄为(127.3±1.1)Ma(MSWD=1.15),但二者地球化学特征表现不同,应有不同起源。地球化学特征表明,麻棚花岗岩与矿化蚀变岩具有较一致的稀土、微量元素配分型式,而与围岩差别大,说明金矿的成矿流体来源与麻棚花岗岩关系密切。此外,花岗闪长岩具高钾钙碱性,且重稀土亏损、轻稀土富集、弱Eu异常、高Sr--Ba和高Sr/Y、La/Yb比值,表明麻棚岩体的形成有幔源岩浆的混入。笔者认为成矿流体和成矿物质来源为幔源岩浆底侵和混合,并以花岗岩浆为载体而迁移上升。结合矿床地质特征,初次提出闪长玢岩脉与矿体时空关系密切,这应是闪长玢岩脉作为隔流体层对来自麻棚花岗岩体的成矿流体具有一定的封闭作用,使得矿化、蚀变富集产出,即岩脉封闭作用。石湖金矿的成岩成矿机制与中生代期间岩石圈减薄的地球动力学背景密切相关,应是一种非造山型金矿。     

Field characteristics of laterally emplaced dikes: Anatomy of an exhumed Miocene dike swarm in Reydarfjördur, eastern Iceland

Many dikes of the Tertiary Breiddalur dike swarm in Reydarfjördur have a great lateral extent but are vertically (upward and/or downward) discontinuous. Field relationships indicate that they are not the feeders of the lava pile they intrude. Their characteristics can be best interpreted as them constituting the fossil expression of lateral magma emplacement analogous to that occurring in the actively spreading Krafla volcanic center of the neovolcanic zone. Average dike thickness increases clearly with depth and the thickness versus depth relationship is different from that described for other Tertiary dike swarms in eastern Iceland. It is suggested that dikes represent the extent of finite spreading which at higher levels in the crust is expressed by fissures and other extensional structures.     

透岩浆流体成矿体系

根据透岩浆流体成矿理论,熔浆体系与含矿流体体系可以看作是两个相互独立的地质体系,它们因相互需要而耦合在一起形成一个复杂的混合体系。当熔浆与流体发生解耦时,可以在不同的边界条件下发生不同类型的成矿作用。因此,可以将透岩浆流体成矿体系进一步划分成正岩浆成矿体系、接触带成矿体系、远程热液成矿体系和火山热液成矿体系。如果熔浆具有很强的流体圈闭能力,所有的含矿流体都将被封存在岩浆体内,并随着岩浆的固结而析出成矿物质,形成正岩浆矿床。当岩浆具有较高的渗透率且含矿流体逸出岩浆体时,如果岩浆的直接围岩具有较强的捕获成矿物质的能力,即发生接触带成矿作用。否则,含矿流体将在岩浆热驱动下远离岩浆体,形成远程热液矿床。如果有利的流体通道直达岩浆体,含矿流体甚至可以喷出地表或其附近,形成火山热液矿床或水底喷流沉积矿床。这种理论分析似乎与许多成矿事实相吻合,可以有效地指导区域成矿预测和矿床勘探。     

滇西墨江金厂金矿床时空四维结构模型

对墨江金厂金矿关键性地质问题研究结果表明,矿区金厂韧性剪切带（ＳＺｊｃ）、ＮＷＷ向褶皱构造和金矿超镁铁岩体侵位构造是不同成矿期的控矿构造,金矿床有三种成因类型,分别对应三期三种不同类型的成矿作用。     

Rifting,recurrent landsliding and Miocene structural reorganization on NW-Tenerife (Canary Islands)

We studied mechanisms of structural destabilization of ocean island flanks by considering the linkage between volcano construction and volcano destruction, exemplified by the composite Teno shield volcano on Tenerife (Canary Islands). During growth, Tenerife episodically experienced giant landslides, genetically associated with rifting and preferentially located between two arms of a three-armed rift system. The deeply eroded late Miocene Teno massif allows insights into the rifting processes, the failure mechanisms and related structures. The semicircular geometry of palaeo-scarps and fracture systems, breccia deposits and the local dike swarm reconfigurations delineate two clear landslide scarp regions. Following an earlier collapse of the older Los Gigantes Formation to the north, the rocks around the scarp became fractured and intruded by dikes. Substantial lava infill and enduring dike emplacement increased the load on the weak scarp and forced the flank to creep again, finally resulting in the collapse of the younger Carrizales Formation. Once more, the changing stress field caused deformation of the nearby rocks, a fracture belt formed around the scarp and dikes intruded into new (concentric) directions. The outline, size and direction of the second failed flank of Teno very much resembles the first collapse. We suggest structural clues concerning mechanisms of recurrent volcano flank failure, verifying the concept that volcano flanks that have failed are prone to collapse again with similar dimensions.     

Middle Paleozoic basaltic and kimberlitic magmatism in the northwestern shoulder of the Vilyui Rift,Siberia: relations in space and time

A Middle Paleozoic tectonothermal event in the eastern Siberian craton was especially active in the area of the Vilyui rift, where it produced a system of rift basins filled with Devonian–Early Carboniferous volcanics and sediments, as well as long swarms of mafic dikes on the rift shoulders. Basalts occur mostly among Middle Devonian sediments and are much less spread in Early Carboniferous formations. The dolerite dikes of the Vilyui–Markha swarm in the northwestern rift border coexist with the Mirnyi and Nakyn fields of diamond-bearing kimberlites. The voluminous dikes and sills intruded before the emplacement of kimberlites. The Mir kimberlite crosscuts a dolerite sill and a dike in the Mirnyi field, while a complex dolerite dike (monzonite porphyry) cuts through the Nyurba kimberlite in the Nakyn field. Thus, the kimberlites correspond to a longer span of Middle Paleozoic basaltic magmatism. The basalts in Middle Paleozoic sediments have faunal age constraints, but the age of dolerite dikes remains uncertain. The monzonite porphyry dike in the Nyurba kimberlite has been dated by the 40Ar/39Ar method, and the obtained age must be the upper bound of the dike emplacement. The space and time relations between basaltic and kimberlitic magmatism were controlled by Devonian plume–lithosphere interaction.