泥质烃源岩密度分级分离与有机碳分配

选取东营凹陷第三系11 块泥质烃源岩样品,粉碎后按小于1.6 g/cm3,1.6~2.2 g/cm3 和大于2.2 g/cm3 的密度,分离成1,2,3 三个组分,希望可以把烃源岩中游离的有机质、无机矿物与有机黏土复合体分别提取出来。对各组分进行质量、有机碳及扫描电镜分析,探讨不同密度组分中有机质赋存形式及有机碳分配方式的差异性。密度分组后各组分的质量、有机碳量回收率基本上达到100%,表明密度分离方法可信,且对烃源岩的破坏较弱。通过扫描电镜观察发现,1 组分中存在大量的生物碎屑有机质,经盐酸处理后,有机质颗粒表面干净,而2,3 组分中只见有大量的矿物颗粒,但能谱分析显示了C 元素的存在。这些特征表明1 组分为生物碎屑有机质,而2,3 组分中有机质与无机矿物相混合。有机碳分析表明,1 组分有机碳含量平均高达14.24％,但其仅占全岩有机碳量的1.11%;2,3 组分中有机碳含量分别为3.26%,2.77%,两者占全岩有机碳量的90% 以上。由此看来与无机矿物相结合是烃源岩中有机质较为重要的赋存方式,这部分有机质对全岩生烃量的贡献不容忽视。     

泥质沉积物颗粒分级及其有机质富集的差异性

在泥质沉积物颗粒分级的基础上,用显微镜检、XRD和色谱分析等手段获取有机质和无机矿物的特征,探讨二者间的相互关系以及有机质富集的差异性。沉积物偏粗粒级中主要富集的是颗粒有机质,有机碳含量高,C29色谱峰显著;偏细粒级中主要富集的是可溶有机质,有机碳和氯仿沥青A含量均高,C17色谱峰显著,呈现出有机质向粗和细两个端元富集的特点。粗粒级中无机矿物是化学性质稳定的长石和石英等碎屑颗粒;细粒级中是具有较强的化学活性的粘土矿物。因此,在粗粒级中有机质是通过颗粒有机质与矿物颗粒相互共生而富集;在细粒级中有机质是通过可溶有机质与粘土矿物相互结合形成复合体而富集,这反映了不同类型有机质富集机制的差异,会对有机质的保存和演化以及有机质生烃和碳循环过程产生影响,应引起高度重视。     

鄂尔多斯盆地二叠系烃源岩地球化学特征与沉积环境的关系

鄂尔多斯盆地二叠系烃源岩是盆地重要潜在的生烃岩系,以钻井岩心地球化学分析资料为主,对泥岩、泥质碳酸盐岩的微量元素、稀土元素和有机质地球化学特征进行了系统分析,其中微量元素含量与同类岩石的克拉克值相比,差别较大。轻稀土富集程度较高,重稀土相对较低,Ce/Ce*具有较明显的正异常,反映出烃源岩沉积环境总体为还原环境。研究认为,半深湖—深湖相带沉积的灰黑色泥岩类烃源岩还原程度强,有机质丰度高,有机质能被及时埋藏;河流—沼泽相沉积环境沉积的灰色—绿灰色泥岩类烃源岩有机质丰度较低。还原程度强、具一定深度水体的沉积相带是原始有机质沉积的良好场所,有机质能沉积并及时保存下来;而气候条件相对干燥、降水少、陆源碎屑物补充不足或较长时间处于氧化环境条件下沉积的泥质碳酸盐岩类岩石,有机质丰度明显偏差。     

沉积盆地超深层有机- 无机复合生烃机理及地质模式

全球范围内超深层油气的不断发现,对经典的生烃理论提出了挑战,外源氢加入的有机-无机复合生烃过程引起了广泛关注。基于地质观察统计数据,分子氢在沉积盆地中分布广泛,形成机制复杂。在地质环境中,水和水-岩反应、深部流体等途径产生的无机氢是最主要的外部氢源。可控加氢模拟实验揭示了沉积盆地的氢逸度水平是调控烃类产物生成的重要因素之一,并且干酪根的加氢裂解是沉积盆地中易于发生的生烃过程。外源氢介入生烃过程的前提是环境氢逸度大于沉积有机质本身的氢逸度,其有效范围受生烃母质化学组成和结构的制约,约起始于生油高峰之后,约终止于沉积有机质H/C=0.3之时。亦即,有机-无机复合生烃作用是沉积盆地超深层生烃的有效途径。在其有效发生的范围内,油气资源类型依然由生烃母质类型(化学组成和结构)、成熟度和受热历史等因素决定,具有明显的阶段性和不同于经典理论的生烃模式。外源氢的参与,在成熟阶段可小幅度提升生油产率;在高—过成熟阶段可显著增加天然气产率;在高成熟阶段,加氢脱烷基作用最大可增加50%的轻质油/凝析油产率;在过成熟阶段,加氢脱甲基-开环作用最大可增加约5倍甲烷产率。有机-无机复合生烃模式的确立,丰富了传统生...     

海相烃源岩的正反演对比分析

海相优质烃源岩有效的评价体系是海相地层油气勘探开发中的关键问题之一.沉积盆地内保存的残余有机质从生物物质到烃源岩的演化过程经历了两个阶段, 即从生物物质到沉积有机质的形成阶段和从沉积有机质到残余有机质的烃源岩形成阶段, 后者包括沉积有机质在未熟阶段经历生物化学作用成为埋藏有机质和在成熟-过成熟阶段经历热解作用成为残余或风化残余有机质两个亚阶段.烃源岩反演分析是利用残余或风化残余有机质的量来推断埋藏有机质的量或者原始生烃潜力.而正演分析则是根据沉积物沉积环境、生物物质及其介质物理化学条件特征运用地球生态学、地球微生物学、分子地球生物学和生物地球化学方法推断沉积有机质的量, 甚至推断埋藏有机质的量, 进而评估烃源岩的原始生烃潜力, 也就是利用生物生产力和保存环境等综合分析沉积有机质的量.正反演对比分析相互验证和相互补充, 更好地揭示了烃源岩基本特征, 为海相优质烃源岩的预测和评价提供了有效的研究方法.      

三水盆地古近系(土布)心组黑色页岩中黄铁矿的形成及其控制因素

黄铁矿是富有机质沉积的特征矿物。根据TOC/S、TOC/DOP、S/Fe关系以及S TOC Fe多重线性回归分析结果对三水盆地古近系〖HT5”,6”〗土〖KG-*3〗布〖HT5”SS〗心组红岗段黑色页岩中沉积黄铁矿的形成及其控制因素进行了分析。土布心组红岗段黑色页岩的黄铁矿有成岩黄铁矿和同生黄铁矿两种成因组分。红岗段下部（亚段A）有机碳含量普遍较低,底部水体以弱氧化条件为主,硫酸盐还原作用发生于沉积物/水界面以下,黄铁矿为成岩成因,其形成主要受有机质的限制。红岗段中上部（亚段B和C）的沉积条件变化频繁,其有机碳含量变化幅度大。富有机质（TOC>4%）岩层形成于缺氧的底部水体条件下。水体中可含H2S,碎屑铁矿物在埋藏之前即与之在水体中反应形成同生黄铁矿。这一过程不受有机质的限制,而是受活性铁与H2S接触时间的限制。同时,由于大量淡水输入导致硫酸盐浓度的降低,从而对硫化物形成有一定的限制作用。对于低有机质（TOC<4%）样品,黄铁矿由同生和成岩组分组成。其中以成岩黄铁矿为主,其形成过程主要受有机质限制,而同生黄铁矿受铁矿物与H2S接触时间的限制。     

利用盐层中碎屑沉积物粒度分布特征鉴别干盐湖沉积层序

本文提供了利用盐层中碎屑物粒度分布特征鉴别于盐湖层序的新方法。通过对昆特依现代干盐湖的研究发现,广泛发育的盐滩均经历了水下沉积、水上沉积与改造等作用过程,其碎屑物粒度分布特征与正常盐湖沉积显著不同,常由两个以上次总体复合而成。这成为区分两者的良好标志。作者将其应用于钻孔剖面,首次在该区揭露了若干干盐湖层序。而这些层序正是钾盐富集区段。     

利用盐层中碎屑沉积物粒度分布特征鉴别干盐湖沉积层序

本文提供了利用盐层中碎屑物粒度分布特征鉴别于盐湖层序的新方法。通过对昆特依现代干盐湖的研究发现,广泛发育的盐滩均经历了水下沉积、水上沉积与改造等作用过程,其碎屑物粒度分布特征与正常盐湖沉积显著不同,常由两个以上次总体复合而成。这成为区分两者的良好标志。作者将其应用于钻孔剖面,首次在该区揭露了若干干盐湖层序。而这些层序正是钾盐富集区段。     

西秦岭洛坝铅锌矿床矿质运移过程中有机流体作用的模拟实验研究

在高压热水实验条件下,利用有机流体和无机流体对秦岭洛坝热水沉积改造型铅锌矿床中的硅化灰岩、千枚岩、硅质岩和生物碎屑灰岩进行了Pb-Zn元素的驱替模拟实验.结果表明:在不同囤压和驱替压力条件下,流体对成矿元素的迁移能力存在明显差异,在围压由45 MPa→15 MPa→9.8 MPa的条件下,千枚岩在无机流体中Pb,Zn的淋滤率由0变为0.019%,4.1%和12.21%,0.15%;在有机流体中由0变为0.278%,4.524%和12.37%,0.19%;淋滤率表现为增涨的趋势;碳酸盐岩在无机流体中Pb,Zn的淋滤率由0.034%,0.02%变为0.53%,0.45%;在有机流体中由0.049%,0.03%变为0.53%和0.45%,Pb-Zn的淋滤率均有上升的趋势;围压和驱替压力的降低有利于流体对铅、锌成矿元素的迁移.有机流体较无机流体更易于活化迁移铅、锌成矿元素.4种岩石类型的淋滤率分别是:对Pb是硅化灰岩千枚岩硅质岩生物碎屑灰岩,而对Zn是硅化灰岩硅质岩生物碎屑灰岩千枚岩.硅质岩、硅化灰岩、生物碎屑灰岩与千枚岩在矿床的形成中可能分别起到了矿源层、储集层和盖层的作用.     

渝东南渝页1井下志留统龙马溪组页岩孔隙特征及其主控因素

富有机质黑色页岩的孔隙结构控制了页岩气的赋存状态和储气量。中国南方地区下志留统是页岩气发育的最重要层位之一。为研究页岩的孔隙特征及其主控因素,对以下志留统龙马溪组页岩气为勘探目标的渝页1井的岩心进行系统的采样,并进行了比表面和孔径、有机质成熟度(Ro)、显微组分、总有机碳(TOC)含量、全岩X射线衍射和粘土矿物含量等一系列分析测试。结果显示,黑色页岩的孔径主要分布于2~5 nm,即以中孔隙为主;中孔体积占总体积的70%左右,微孔体积和宏孔体积分别占10%和20%左右。页岩孔隙结构(微孔体积、中孔体积和宏孔体积)和组成(碎屑矿物成分、粘土矿物成分、TOC和Ro)的相关关系分析表明：粘土矿物对微孔体积和中孔体积都具有控制作用,并且对中孔体积的控制作用更加显著;陆源碎屑含量的增加有利于宏孔体积的增加;有机质成熟度较高时和高成熟度有机碳含量都与宏孔隙体积呈正相关,这可能与高成熟有机质中nm级显微裂缝的发育导致宏孔体积增加有关。     

新疆罗布泊地区近160年来红柳沙包沉积纹层δ13C与气候重建

红柳沙包具有准确的计年和很强的环境信息储存功能,可以用来恢复数百年来的气候和环境变化.研究发现,罗布泊红柳沙包沉积纹层红柳落叶δ13C序列高频变化受多个气候要素的综合影响,重建的罗布泊地区1839年以来的年平均气温、8～10月空气平均相对湿度及4-5月平均风速,较好地反映了该地区168年来的气候变化.对红柳落叶δ13C...     

An analysis of drag force on wind of shrubs simulated in a wind tunnel

Shrubs that exert drag force on the wind significantly affect the air–surface interaction in arid and semiarid regions, and some coastal regions where aeolian processes are active. An understanding of the drag force on wind of shrubs provides important information on the dynamics of shrubs in reducing wind erosion, and their geomorphological significances. Thus, we analyzed the drag force and drag coefficient for model shrubs using wind measurements obtained by particle image velocimetry in a scaled wind tunnel simulation. The drag force was found to be a function of wind velocity and shrub density. Both drag force and drag coefficient revealed a critical shrub density of around 0.08. The vertical drag force changed direction when the shrub density became greater or less than the critical density. The drag coefficient increased rapidly with shrub density when the density was below 0.08, but it increased very gently when the density was increased beyond the critical value. The results have an important theoretical significance for our understanding of the dynamics of vegetated dunes and the windbreak mechanism of shrubs.     

山东滨海盐碱地柽柳林下微生物量变化特征及其影响因素

以山东昌邑国家级海洋生态特别保护区内柽柳林下土壤微生物为研究对象, 测定了其微生物量变化. 结果表明: 研究区细菌、真菌及古菌基因平均拷贝数分别为8.24×10⁶ copies·g^-1、1.51×10⁴ copies·g^-1和2.85×10⁴ copies·g^-1, 微生物量碳、氮平均值分别为140.54 mg·kg^-1和29.19 mg·kg^-1. 自密集区经稀疏区到边缘区, 随植被盖度的降低, 微生物量呈现降低的趋势. 相关分析表明, 不同植被盖度所造成的有机质输入的差异是造成这种变化规律的主要因素.     

The effects of oasis on aeolian deposition under different weather conditions: a case study at the southern margin of the Taklimakan desert

Heavy aeolian deposition is one of the most threatening natural hazards to oases in arid areas. How an oasis affects aeolian deposition is tightly related to the local ecological environments. To examine the effects of oasis on aeolian deposition under different weather conditions, monthly aeolian deposition from April 2008 to March 2009 and additional samples during dust storms in April and May 2008 were collected at four sites along the Qira oasis. The monthly ADRs (aeolian deposition rates) varied greatly with seasons and sites, ranging from 19.4 to 421.2 g/m²/month and averaging 198.8 g/m²/month. Aeolian deposition in the oasis was composed dominantly of sand and silt. Based on the variations of ADRs from the four sites, it can be found that the oasis exhibits two different effects on aeolian deposition under different weather conditions. During dust storms, the oasis demonstrates a significantly shielding effect due to the obstruction of the oasis-protection systems, resulting in most aeolian particles being deposited at the windward side of the oasis. While during non-dust storm periods with weak winds, the oasis exhibits an “attracting” effect on aeolian deposition, leading to a higher ADR inside the oasis. Owing to the annual ADR is dominated by the non-dust storm ADR in Qira, the oasis seems to become an important aeolian deposition area caused by the “attracting” effect of the oasis.     

A field quantification of coastal dune perennial plants as indicators of surface stability, erosion or deposition

Dune plants both modify the wind field around them and are impacted by various stress factors, among them sand erosion and sand deposition. As coastal dunes are being either stabilized or remobilized, in response to the changes in the rates of sand and dune movement, the vegetation cover and composition are expected to vary reflecting the differences in the sedimentary conditions. In this field study 315 quadrats of 100 m², in which the perennial plant species were sampled, were analysed with respect to annual rates of sand erosion and deposition that were measured using erosion pins. A visual exploratory data analysis was introduced, based on selective filtering of samples according to their vegetation cover. This method, combined with established statistical tools, enabled the authors to uncover the inclination and indicative power of nine perennial dune plants to either a stabilized or a mobile environment, and to establish whether they are more prevalent in places undergoing sand erosion or sand burial. Two species were found to be clear indicators of a stabilized environment, Stipagrostis lanata , and Retama raetam . Of the species indicating a mobile environment, only one may be stated as a clear indicator of sand erosion: Silene succulenta , with Cyperus macrorrhizus coming close to being an indicator of a less mobile erosive environment. The best indicator species for sand burial was found to be, as expected, Ammophila arenaria , with Artemisia monosperma also indicating high rates of sand mobility especially when its relative cover is higher than 80%. Such information can be used to monitor natural processes of dune stabilization or reactivation, or to assess the success of a management plan that aims at stabilizing a dune, or at remobilizing it by removing vegetation.     

风沙流对植物生长影响的研究

在中国乃至全球，风沙活动都十分频繁，它直接影响着风沙地区植物资源的可持续利用与发展，因此，研究风沙流对植物生长的影响十分必要。以往，相关的研究主要是围绕沙漠逆境的综合条件（如降水、温度、湿度、土壤水分、养分等综合因子）进行的，研究内容涉及植物的生理、生化、物质代谢以及生态适应性等。但国内外就风沙流单因子对植物生理生化影响的研究还没有深入展开，为此，作者利用野外风洞条件，就不同风况下的风沙胁迫对某些植物生长特征的影响进行了实验研究；结果表明：风沙流胁迫可使植物的净光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度（Cs）、叶温（Tl）、叶片水势（Wp）降低，使蒸腾速率（Tr）升高；且风速越大，吹风间隔越短，这些参数变幅越大；风沙流比净风的影响更大。风沙流能降低试验植物的水分利用率，进而增加植物的干燥作用；同时可使脯氨酸含量增加。由于风沙流运动和植物的复杂多样性，因此这个研究领域还有许多问题需要探索。     

荒漠地区主要固沙灌木的降水截留特征

在草原化荒漠带沙坡头地区,利用草方格沙障并栽植灌木柠条和半灌木油蒿对流动沙丘进行固定,经过40a的演变,逐渐形成由矮灌木与草本植物覆盖的固定沙丘景观.降水是该地区唯一的补给水源,对维持荒漠生态系统的稳定持续发展具有极其重要的作用.试验对两种主要固沙(半)灌木单株植物冠层在自然降水条件下的截留损失水量、冠层截留容量以及截留率与降水属性参数的关系进行了分析,并利用固沙植物群落内植被盖度等指标将所测得单株植物冠层截留转换为一定群落水平上冠层对降水的分割效应.结果表明,不同灌木类型的群落之间对降水截留的影响存在显著差别,对盖度达34%的油蒿群落而言,当单株植物投影面积平均为3900cm²时,其冠层截留容量约为0.7mm,群落截留损失水量平均占年降水量的26 8%;而盖度达30%的柠条群落,当单株植物投影面积平均为4070cm²时,其冠层截留容量约为0.3mm,群落截留损失水量平均占年降水量的17%.当降水强度<0.5mm·h^-1时,两种植物冠层截留水分与总降水量的比率随着降水强度的增加均呈明显的下降趋势;当降水强度>1mm·h^-1时,油蒿冠层截留与总降水量的比率基本稳定在0.3～0.4,柠条冠层截留与总降水量的比率基本稳定在0.2～0.3之间,比油蒿群落冠层截留率低10%左右.     

Inter‐annual variability of southerly winds in a coastal area of the Atacama Desert: implications for the export of aeolian sediments to the adjacent marine environment

The analysis of the aeolian content of marine cores collected off the coast of the Atacama Desert (Mejillones Bay, Chile) suggests that marine sediments can record inter‐annual to inter‐decadal variations in the regional southerly winds responsible for particle entrainment at the surface of the nearby desert. However, the establishment of a simple and direct correlation between the sediment and wind records is complicated by the difference of time scales between the erosion and accumulation processes. The aim of this work is to: (i) assess the inter‐annual variability of the surface winds responsible for the sand movements; and (ii) determine whether the integration over periods of several months completely smoothes the rapid changes in characteristics of the transported and deposited aeolian material. To accomplish this aim, 14 years of 10 m hourly wind speed, measured at the Cerro Moreno (Antofagasta) Airport between 1991 and 2003 and at the Orica Station between 2000 and 2004, were analyzed. For each year, the wind speed statistical distribution can be represented by a combination of two to three Weibull functions. Winds of the lowest Weibull mode are too weak to move the sand grains at the surface of the pampa; this is not the case for the intermediate mode and especially for the highest speed mode which are able to erode the arid surface and transport particles to the bay. In each individual year of the period of study, the highest speed mode only accounted for a limited number of strong erosion events. Quantitative analysis of the distribution of the friction velocities and of their impact on erosion using a saltation model suggests that, although all wind speeds above threshold produce erosion events, values around 0·45 m sec^?1 contribute less to the erosion flux. This gap allows separation of the erosion events into low and high saltation modes. The correlation (r = 0·997) between the importance of the third Weibull mode and the extent of higher rate saltation indicates that the inter‐annual variability of the erosion at the surface of the pampa, as well as the transport of coarse particles (>100 μm), are directly related to inter‐annual variations in the prevalence of the strongest winds. Finally, a transport and deposition model is used to assess the possible impact of the wind inter‐annual variability on the deposition flux of mineral particles in the bay. The results suggest that inter‐annual differences in the wind speed distributions have a quantifiable effect on the intensity and size‐distribution of this deposition flux. This observation suggests that a detailed analysis of the sediment cores collected from the bay could be used for reconstructing the inter‐annual variability of past winds.     

塔里木盆地轮南地区三叠系扇三角洲沉积与储集层研究

轮南地区三叠纪时由于受轮台断裂影响,断裂两侧地形高差大,冲积扇沉积直接进入湖盆,形成扇三角洲沉积体群?扇三角洲沉积体明显地可划分为:扇三角洲平原亚相?扇三角洲前缘亚相和前扇三角洲亚相?扇三角洲前缘亚相中的水下分流河道沉积砂体是主要的油气储集体,储集砂体最发育地区位于桑塔木断垒带及以南地区?储集砂岩类型主要是矿物和结构成熟度较低的细─粗粒岩屑砂岩,石英含量15~60%,长石含量10~25%,岩屑含量35~75%?储集层的储集空间以次生溶蚀孔为主,其中包括粒间溶孔?粒内溶孔?超大孔隙?胶结物溶蚀孔?微孔隙,其次是原生孔和裂缝?轮南地区三叠系属深埋?高孔?高溶储层特征,埋深4200~5400m,其储集砂体,泥质含量低,小于5%?有机酸和无机酸对颗粒的溶蚀,扩大了储集空间,粘土矿物中绝大部分为斑点状高岭石,不易堵塞孔隙和喉道,低的地温梯度和短期的深埋等使三叠系储层具备高孔高渗的特点?孔隙度为15~28.54%,渗透率为10~4317.9×10-3um2?     

寒区灌丛与积雪关系研究进展

在气候变化的背景下, 寒区灌丛与积雪的相互关系成为寒区水文循环研究的重要环节. 综述近几十年来寒区灌丛-积雪相互关系的国内外研究现状, 并对未来研究提出了展望. 寒区灌丛过去几十年来覆盖面积和生物量等呈现增加趋势, 灌丛的增加可截留积雪, 改变积雪重分布, 影响积雪消融过程; 积雪可增加灌丛区地温, 制约灌丛区融雪时空变化过程, 影响寒区灌丛的生理生态过程. 灌丛与积雪同为寒区自然生态系统和环境的重要组成部分, 二者相互作用使地面太阳辐射和地表水分分配过程复杂化, 从而间接地影响寒区冻土环境变化. 最后, 指出了未来研究需要重点关注的几个问题: 寒区灌丛区积雪分布的精确估计; 灌丛-积雪-冻土连续体的研究; 耦合灌丛-积雪作用的寒区水文模型的构建.