REE Compositions of Lower Ordovician Dolomites in Central and North Tarim Basin, NW China： A Potential REE Proxy for Ancient Seawater

Rare earth element compositions of Lower Ordovician dolomites in the Central and Northern Tarim Basin are studied. Most dolomite samples are more or less contaminated by clay minerals. Their rare earth element compositions have been consequently changed, showing both seawater-like and non-seawater-like features. The clay contamination should be disposed before the REE data are used. Through ICP-MS and ICP-AES analyses, the REE features are well documented. The clay contamination is quantitatively determined by microscopic investigation, trace elements and REE contents. The dolomites, at least in the Tarim Basin, are thought to be pure when their total LREE contents are less than 3×10^-6. Through comparison, the pure dolomites show similarities in REE patterns but differences in REE contents with co-existing pure limestone, which indicates that dolomitization may slightly change the REE compositions. Nevertheless, whatever the change is, the pure dolomites may act as a potential REE proxy for Ordovician seawater, which would be significant for ancient massive dolomite strata that lack limestone.     

塔里木盆地下奥陶统白云岩化流体来源的地球化学分析

塔里木盆地是中国重要的含油气盆地,其中奥陶系白云岩是主要储层之一,然而有关白云岩成因的问题众说纷纭,其中的关键是对于白云岩化流体性质的认识不一。元素地球化学和同位素测试分析表明,白云岩的稀土元素来源大部分继承原始灰岩,具有与海水类似的配分特征,只不过稀土元素的含量明显增高了;Sr、Ti含量和Sr/Ba比值较高,且Sr和Mn都具典型的埋藏演化特征;碳、氧同位素分布于正常海相范围内,与典型的埋藏白云岩特征类似;在局部发育一些与断裂相关的铁(锰)白云岩和鞍状白云岩,显示明显的Eu正异常,具相对较高的Fe-Mn-Ba-Si(-Zn-Pb)元素含量及Sr/Ba比值。分析结果说明塔中和塔北下奥陶统的白云岩化流体主要为正常或浓缩了的海水,白云岩形成于准同生和/或埋藏环境,局部发育与断裂相关的热液白云岩,而前人强调的大气淡水或混合水作用对白云岩的形成并不重要。     

Rare earth element geochemistry of dolomites in the Middle Devonian Presqu'ile barrier, Western Canada Sedimentary Basin: implications for fluid-rock ratios during dolomitization

Rare earth elements (REE) were determined in fine, medium and coarse crystalline replacement dolomites, and for saddle dolomite cements from the Middle Devonian Presqu'ile barrier from Pine Point and the subsurface of the Northwest Territories and north-eastern British Columbia. REE patterns of the fine crystalline dolomite are similar to those of Middle Devonian limestones from the Presqu'ile barrier. Fine crystalline dolomite occurs in the back-barrier facies and may represent penecontemporaneous dolomitization at, or just below, the sea floor. Medium crystalline dolomite is widespread in the lower southern and lower central barrier. Medium crystalline dolomite is slightly depleted in heavy REE compared with Devonian marine limestones and fine crystalline dolomite, and has negative Ce and Eu anomalies. Medium crystalline dolomites replaced pre-existing limestones or were recrystallized from earlier fine crystalline dolomites. During these processes, the REE patterns of their precursors were modified. Late stage, coarse crystalline replacement dolomite and saddle dolomite cements occur together in the upper barrier and have similar geochemical signatures. Coarse crystalline dolomites have negative Eu anomalies, and those from the Pine Point area also have positive La anomalies. Saddle dolomites are enriched in light REE and have positive La anomalies. The REE patterns of coarse crystalline dolomite and saddle dolomite differ from those of marine limestones and fine and medium crystalline dolomites, suggesting that different diagenetic fluids were responsible for these later dolomites. Although massive dolomitization requires relatively large volumes of fluids in order to provide the necessary amounts of Mg^2-. dolomitization and subsequent recrystallization may not necessarily modify the REE signatures of the precursor limestones because of the low concentrations of REE in most natural fluids. Thus, relative fluid-rock ratios during diagenesis may be estimated from REE patterns in the diagenetic and precursor minerals. Fine crystalline dolomites retain the REE patterns of their limestone precursors. In the medium and coarse crystalline dolomites the precursor REE patterns were apparently altered by large volumes of fluids involved during dolomitization. This study suggests that REE compositions of dolomites and their limestone precursors may provide important information about the relative amounts of fluids involved during diagenetic processes, such as dolomitization.     

塔里木盆地北部下奥陶统碳酸盐岩孔洞充填物特征及其成岩环境分析

为了正确分析和评价碳酸盐岩溶蚀孔洞在埋藏成岩环境中的发育和保存条件,对塔里木盆地北部露头剖面中下奥陶统白云岩及其溶蚀孔洞的充填物进行了详细的矿物学和地球化学研究,试图对这类孔洞充填物沉淀时的成岩环境进行恢复。大型洞穴充填物的矿物学特征和微孔洞充填物扫描电镜的分析表明,此类孔洞的环带状充填物具有明显的世代性,由基岩向孔洞中心,至少可识别出4期充填物,即第1期的乳白色白云石,第2期的铁质浸染的杂色高镁方解石,第3期的无色透明白云石和第4期的自形石英。碳、氧同位素分析结果表明,孔洞充填物形成于高温条件,结合微量元素、稀土元素所示的成岩信息可进一步推断其形成于高温埋藏环境,而非现代表生暴露期的充填物;第1期和第3期白云石充填物形成在相对还原且高盐度的流体性质条件下,而第2期高镁方解石充填物沉淀时相对偏氧化,盐度也偏低。据下奥陶统此类4期充填物的特征分析可知,第2期高镁方解石充填物的发育可能与构造抬升导致成岩环境的改变有关。     

塔里木盆地下奥陶统白云岩类型及其成因*

下奥陶统白云岩是塔里木盆地最现实的重点勘探领域。文中在分析塔里木盆地早奥陶世构造、沉积及古气候等地质背景的基础上,以前人对白云岩的结构分类为基础,从白云岩发育产状出发,将塔里木盆地下奥陶统白云岩划分为灰岩中零散白云石、灰岩中斑状白云石、层状白云岩和沿断裂分布白云岩4类,白云石含量层位上自下而上具有总体减少的趋势。各类白云岩在岩石学特征和发育分布上具有较为明显的差异,局部可重叠出现。灰岩中零散白云石和斑状白云石的岩石学和地球化学及发育分布特征均反映其主要由浅埋藏白云石化作用形成;层状白云岩和沿断裂分布白云岩形成于中深埋藏白云石化作用;各类白云岩的产状特征差异受控于沉积期海平面变化、海水性质及埋藏条件等因素。沿断裂分布白云岩的形成和分布与断裂密切相关,是重要的储集岩石类型。白云岩储集层的形成主要是后期改造的结果,埋藏白云石化作用并未对大规模白云岩储集层的形成起到建设性作用,伴生或后期流体再运移导致的溶蚀作用为其主要成因。     

四川盆地西南部中二叠统白云岩成因分析——来自锶同位素、稀土元素证据

白云岩作为优质的油气储层,其成因一直是沉积学研究热点,通过地球化学分析揭示其流体性质是探究白云岩成因的重要途径。本文通过对川西南中二叠统典型剖面和钻井的碳酸盐岩样品进行岩石学、稀土元素和锶同位素特征研究,分析结果显示:（1）其岩石类型主要有石灰岩、泥微晶白云岩、细-中晶白云岩和鞍形白云石4种。（2）研究区白云岩锶同位素比值（平均值0.709 77）明显高于石灰岩和同期海水,接近全球壳源锶同位素平均比值,显示白云岩化流体是热液来源,同时部分泥微晶白云岩显示海水锶同位素特征。（3）研究区碳酸盐岩相较于同期海相沉积物有较高的δCe值（平均值0.86）,显示其开放的成岩环境。（4）3种类型的白云岩相较于石灰岩有较高的δEu值（平均值0.99）和显著不同的稀土总量特征,显示研究区白云岩与石灰岩成岩流体性质不同且白云岩受到高温影响。综合分析表明,川西南地区白云岩主要是受构造控制的热液白云岩,部分为被岩浆和热液加热的海水改造的热对流白云岩。      

塔里木盆地和田河气田下奥陶统白云岩成因

塔里木盆地和田河气田是最近探明的大型碳酸盐岩气田,下奥陶统主要发育两类白云岩。下部为层状白云岩,以细晶为主,阴极发光呈紫红色和蓝紫色,有序度为0.57～0.68,Sr、Na含量低,碳氧同位素偏负,成岩深度约1500m;上部斑状灰质白云岩与层状白云岩相比,晶形较粗、以中晶为主,有序度较高、为0.85～0.90,Sr偏高、Na偏低,碳氧同位素更偏负,成岩深度约2000m。通过对上述特征综合研究,认为层状白云岩形成于早期浅埋藏海水-淡水混合环境,提出斑状灰质白云岩形成于晚期深埋藏压实流-淡水混合环境,总结了两种成因机理,建立了相关的白云石化模式。     

鄂尔多斯盆地伊陕斜坡东北部马家沟组马五5亚段白云岩地球化学特征及其成因

鄂尔多斯盆地伊陕斜坡东北部奥陶系马家沟组马五₅亚段优质白云岩储层发育,多口井在该层系钻获高产工业气流,展现出巨大的天然气勘探潜力,而关于该层系白云岩储层的成因机理至今未达成共识.为此,在岩石学特征分析基础上,通过对白云岩碳、氧、锶同位素及微量元素等测试资料的系统分析,深入探讨了鄂尔多斯盆地伊陕斜坡东北部马五₅亚段白云岩的成因机理.结果表明:研究区马五₅亚段主要发育泥、粉细晶白云岩和豹斑灰云岩3种类型,前者主要发育于马五₅亚段底部,后两者主要发育于马五微晶白云岩₅亚段中上部,是主要的天然气储集体;粉细晶白云岩和豹斑灰云岩白云石有序度均较低,平均值分别为0.86、0.68,δ13C值多数与同期海水一致,δ18O值均显著偏负;多数粉细晶白云岩87Sr/86Sr值较同期海水显著偏正,豹斑灰云岩与同期海水一致;总体具有高Fe、Mn、Na、K和低Sr含量特征,豹斑灰云岩Fe、Mn、Na含量介于泥晶灰岩与粉细晶白云岩之间;稀土元素含量总体较低,且稀土元素配分模式相似,轻稀土元素富集,重稀土元素亏损,具明显Eu负异常和弱Ce正异常.综上认为研究区白云石化流体主要为海源性流体,早期可能有大气淡水的混入,两类优质白云岩均应形成于局限台地潮间-潮下带环境中的浅埋藏期回流渗透作用阶段.基于上述岩石学和地球化学特征,建立了研究区马五₅亚段纵向的沉积与成岩序列模式,为研究区优质白云岩储层的预测提供了理论依据.      

塔里木盆地柯坪地区中寒武统藻白云岩去白云岩化研究

对塔里木盆地柯坪地区中寒武统去白云岩化现象进行了研究。去白云岩化限于渗透性较好的藻白云岩,并且只有靠近含膏层段的藻白云岩才发生去白云岩化。从微观上看,发生去白云岩化的藻灰岩与藻灰云岩含有明显的去白云岩化交代残余,白云石残余呈碎斑状或树枝状。树枝状白云石残余含有大量的方解石包裹体,同时具有较高的Ca/Mg比,为高钙白云石,去白云岩化较彻底,形成藻灰岩;碎斑状白云石残余成分较均一,接近化学计量白云石(Ca/Mg比接近1),去白云岩化程度较弱,形成藻灰云岩。藻灰云岩的δ18O值(平均值为-6.7‰)明显低于邻近的白云岩(平均值为-5.3‰),同时高于藻灰岩(平均值为-9.5‰)。与未发生去白云岩化的藻白云岩相比,藻灰岩与藻灰云岩的孔隙度要明显降低。     

A comparative study of the Rare Earth Element (REE) distributions within the Lower Cretaceous dolomites and limestones of Central Tunisia

REE distribution, strontium content and oxygen isotopic composition have been studied in the Lower Cretaceous dolomites and their interbedded and/or parental limestones of Central Tunisia. Dolomites, as indicated by previous sedimentologic, geochemical and isotopic study, are different in origin. Environments of dolomite formation include: evaporitic sabkha, deep phreatic, karst and lacustrine. With the exception of the sabkha environment, dolomitizing fluids presumably have been essentially meteoric. The comparison between REE distributions in dolomites and limestones clearly suggests that the general shapes of the REE patterns are preserved during dolomitization. Nevertheless, the total REE amounts are somewhat lowered in dolomites comparatively to parental limestones. Moreover, within the dolomites, the total REE contents are positively correlated to the Sr and δ¹⁸O contents; thus indicating that the decrease in REE, Sr, and δ¹⁸O contents is related to a decrease in the salinity of dolomitizing fluids. In addition, dolomites associated with emergence surfaces (karst) are the most impoverished in REE. Furthermore, they are relatively enriched in light REE, indicating a more or less important fractionation with the REE distributions. This enrichment has been related to the influence of the inorganic complexes which favours the greatest solubility of the heavy REE in basic solution with respect to the lightest members of the REE group.     

塔里木盆地中央隆起中部中下奥陶统白云石类型及形成机理

根据岩心及薄片观察,按照矿物晶体的大小、形状以及自形程度的差异,将塔里木盆地中央隆起中部中下奥陶统碳酸盐岩地层中的白云石分为6种类型,包括泥微晶白云石、粉—细晶自形—半自形漂浮状白云石、粉—细晶半自行—他形白云石、粉—细晶自形(环带)白云石、细—粗晶他形白云石、粗晶鞍形白云石。综合不同类型白云石的结构特征、碳氧锶同位素值、阴极发光等特征,认为中下奥陶统白云石主要由三种成岩作用形成:泥微晶白云石主要是在准同生期由回流白云石化形成;大部分粉—粗晶白云石是在埋藏期由埋藏白云石化形成,其中浅埋藏期是大规模白云石化的阶段;粗晶鞍形白云石主要由与高温热液活动相关的热液白云石化形成。     

塔里木盆地柯坪-巴楚地区早古生代白云岩类型及微量元素地球化学特征

通过对柯平-巴楚早古生代碳酸盐岩露头样品的染色薄片鉴定、阴极发光研究和微量元素测定及分析,根据其结构成因特征把研究区白云岩分为8种类型:(1)微-粉晶白云石;(2)具原生灰岩残余结构白云石;(3)细晶直面自形-半自形漂浮基质白云石;(4)细晶直面半自形-自形白云石;(5)中-粗晶曲面他形白云石;(6)中晶直面自形-半自形白云石胶结物;(7)粗晶曲面鞍形白云石基质,和(8)粗晶曲面鞍形白云石胶结物。样品微量元素地球化学的总体特征是轻稀土富集,重稀土亏损,不同样品的特征变化元素不同。鞍形白云石Eu正异常最高说明受到热液作用的影响。方解石的Ce/Ce*的值大于1,说明受到后期陆源碎屑影响比较大,而白云岩的Ce/Ce*的值都小于1,说明是幔源成因的。(La/Ce)N和(La/Yb)N比值亦进一步证明上述结论。鞍形白云石的Sr含量较低,Ba元素含量高,说明在成岩流体作用过程中Sr丢失,Ba富集说明是热液成因的鞍形白云岩。样品Sr/Ba比值均大于1,说明受到不同程度热液作用影响。U/Th比值也证明受到不同程度的热液改造。     

REE and their relevance to the development of the Kupferschiefer copper deposit in Poland

Over one hundred samples, representing mainly clayey-organic- and carbonate-rich shales (Kupferschiefer) but also other members of different ore sections, including hangingwall dolomites (Z1 Werra) and footwall Weissliegend sandstone (Lower Permian), have been collected in different mines of the Lubin–Głogów mining district, mainly near the contact (transitional zone) between the copper-mineralized zone and secondarily oxidized (Rote Fäule = RF) zone. In general, the Polish Kupferschiefer shales are enriched in MREE in comparison to NASC. In a typical copper-rich ore section the REE amounts and patterns depend on lithologies, being generally similar in shales and dolomite. ∑REE vary among sandstones, shales and dolomites (average 73, 143 and 85 ppm, respectively), probably reflecting mainly their clay contents. Sandstones have strongly convex REE patterns with positive Eu and negative Gd anomalies and depletion in LREE and enrichment in MREE relative to HREE. The REE patterns of shale and dolomite are similar to one another and rather flat, with strong negative Eu anomalies, and a small positive Gd anomaly in the case of shales.The REE patterns of shales from the mineralized Cu-zone are generally convex (MREE enriched) and have negative Eu anomalies. However, in a section with Cu-, Zn- and Pb-shales the REE pattern of Pb-bearing shales shows a positive Eu anomaly, in contrast to other shales and overlying dolomite. More oxidizing conditions of deposition can be assumed for Pb-shales.No significant differences between REE distributions in transitional and oxidized zones have been observed. Their REE patterns are more convex and are much higher (av. 247 ppm) than those in the mineralized zone and they do not show Eu anomalies. The strongly convex pattern may suggest either enrichment in MREE or relative depletion in LREE due to localized precipitation of light REE minerals, both in shales and in the uppermost part of the sandstones.Two unique sections, one Cu-rich and one Cu-lean (partly oxidized), comprising three shale beds interbedded with dolomites have been compared. Generally ∑REE contents are similar in these two sections. Also similar are changes in contents of REE between beds in both sections, which decrease significantly upwards (from 157–171 ppm to 54–60 ppm). The REE patterns of the lowermost beds (directly overlying sandstones) are ramp-like, with LREE enrichments. The upper beds have concave REE patterns. Comparison between sections shows generally stronger negative Eu and positive Gd anomalies in the highly-mineralized section.There is a highly significant positive relationship between Cu and ∑ REE contents in Cu-rich shales and slightly less significant negative relationship for their concentration in oxidized and transitional shales. There is a moderate significant positive correlation between P₂O₅ and ∑ REE contents in Cu-rich shales.The observed differences in REE contents cannot be provenance dependent but have been caused by diagenetic processes, possibly related to mineralization and oxidation processes. Europium anomalies, generally reflecting different Eh conditions in the deposit, can be eliminated by the prolonged oxidation. Strong enrichment of the RF zones in REE may result from their desorption from large volumes of oxidizing, including mineralizing, solutions which probably emerged from the underlying molasse lithologies into the Rote Fäule areas. Higher contents of REE in the lowermost shales suggest upward movement of solutions from the underlying sandstones also far away from the RF areas.     

Characteristics and Dolomitization of Upper Cambrian to Lower Ordovician Dolomite from Outcrop in Keping Uplift, Western Tarim Basin, Northwest China

Late Cambrian to Early Ordovician sedimentary rocks in the western Tarim Basin, Northwest China, are composed of shallow-marine platform carbonates. The Keping Uplift is located in the northwest region of this basin. On the basis of petrographic and geochemical features, four matrix replacement dolomites and one type of cement dolomite are identified. Matrix replacement dolomites include (1) micritic dolomites (MD1); (2) fine–coarse euhedral floating dolomites (MD2); (3) fine–coarse euhedral dolomites (MD3); and (4) medium–very coarse anhedral mosaic dolomites (MD4). Dolomite cement occurs in minor amounts as coarse saddle dolomite cement (CD1) that mostly fills vugs and fractures in the matrix dolomites. These matrix dolomites have δ18O values of ?9.7‰ to ?3.0‰ VPDB (Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite); δ13C values of ?0.8‰ to 3.5‰ VPDB; 87Sr/86Sr ratios of 0.708516 to 0.709643; Sr concentrations of 50 to 257 ppm; Fe contents of 425 to 16878 ppm; and Mn contents of 28 to 144 ppm. Petrographic and geochemical data suggest that the matrix replacement dolomites were likely formed by normal and evaporative seawater in early stages prior to chemical compaction at shallow burial depths. Compared with matrix dolomites, dolomite cement yields lower δ18O values (?12.9‰ to ?9.1‰ VPDB); slightly lower δ13C values (?1.6‰–0.6‰ VPDB); higher 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.709165–0.709764); and high homogenization temperature (Th) values (98°C–225°C) and salinities (6 wt%–24 wt% NaCl equivalent). Limited data from dolomite cement shows a low Sr concentration (58.6 ppm) and high Fe and Mn contents (1233 and 1250 ppm, respectively). These data imply that the dolomite cement precipitated from higher temperature hydrothermal salinity fluids. These fluids could be related to widespread igneous activities in the Tarim Basin occurring during Permian time when the host dolostones were deeply buried. Faults likely acted as important conduits that channeled dolomitizing fluids from the underlying strata into the basal carbonates, leading to intense dolomitization. Therefore, dolomitization, in the Keping Uplift area is likely related to evaporated seawater via seepage reflux in addition to burial processes and hydrothermal fluids.     

贵州修文小山坝铝土矿中稀土元素地球化学特征

前人已经积累了大量贵州铝土矿的研究成果,但关于铝土矿与其中稀土元素的关系至今不清。本研究以修文小山坝铝土矿为例,通过ICP-MS分析测试,研究了矿石和围岩的稀土元素组成。结果表明,矿石中稀土配分模式为轻稀土富集向右倾斜型,具明显Eu负异常,与下寒武统娄山关群含泥质白云岩稀土特征参数和配分模式相似,指出该矿床成矿物质来源以下寒武统娄山关群含泥质白云岩为主,在相对氧化环境下经风化作用成矿。矿床中稀土元素主要富集于矿体及其周围,与Al2O3含量具正相关关系。矿石中稀土元素含量大多达到或超过综合利用标准,具有巨大的潜在经济价值。     

塔里木盆地古城地区奥陶系鹰山组白云岩特征及孔隙成因

奥陶系鹰山组白云岩是塔里木盆地的重点勘探领域,优质白云岩储层是制约其勘探的关键难题。本文在前人研究基础之上,结合多口井岩心薄片观察、同位素、微量元素等地球化学分析,对古城地区奥陶系鹰山组白云岩成因、孔隙成因以及储层主控因素进行了深入研究,认为古城地区鹰山组发育粉晶、粉细晶、细晶、细中晶、中晶、粗晶6种白云岩。粉晶和粉细晶白云岩碳、锶同位素分布范围均与同时期灰岩一致;氧同位素值与同时期白云石一致或偏正;锶元素含量相对较高;稀土元素与同时期灰岩分配模式相同。以上特征表明该类白云岩形成于蒸发海水环境,为准同生海源成因。细晶、细中晶、中晶及粗晶白云岩碳同位素值与同期灰岩总体一致;氧同位素值与正常海相白云石一致或偏负;锶同位素值与灰岩背景值一致或偏高;锶元素含量相对较低;大部分样品Eu正异常。以上特征揭示该类白云岩主要为中浅埋藏成因,并且叠加了早期淡水溶蚀及晚期埋藏-热液改造。孔隙成因分析表明高能缓坡滩是孔隙形成的物质基础、准同生暴露溶蚀是孔隙形成的关键、早期白云石化有利于孔隙的继承和保存,构造破裂和埋藏-热液溶蚀对孔隙起到有利的改造作用。白云岩规模优质储层受控于云化滩和断裂热液溶蚀改造,二者叠合之处为规模优质储层发育区。这一认识为研究区下一步勘探部署提供了重要依据。     

塔河油田奥陶系油田水特征离子及意义

塔河油田奥陶系油田水的可溶物质主要成分与海水一致,表明其主要为海相成因.油田水中不同的离子组成、浓度及离子参数指示特定的地质意义:塔河7号区块与其他区块处于不同的水文系统;塔河油田奥陶系碳酸盐岩层中存在着大量的粘土矿物和胶结物,造成溶液具有相对高钙和低钠现象;钠氯系数、碳酸盐平衡系数、脱硫系数等在井间分布具有一定的规律性,总体上从南东向北西方向变化,反映了油气从满加尔坳陷向塔北地区运移的趋势.     

Trace element and REE geochemistry of fine- and coarse-grained sands in the Ordos deserts and links with sediments in surrounding areas

In addition to mineral analyses, REE and trace element geochemical characteristics of fine- and coarse-grained sands in the Ordos deserts and other sediments in surrounding areas are investigated.Commonly the samples consist of quartz, feldspar and muscovite and less clinochlore, dolomite and ankerite. In few samples muscovite is absent.REE and trace compositions are spatially uniform for the same grain-size sands, suggesting that they could have the same sources or/and were well homogenized. However, fine- and coarse-grained sands in the Ordos deserts show different REE and trace element compositions. Fine-grained sands show higher contents of REE and trace elements than those of coarse-grained sands. They differ in Eu anomalies and (La/Yb)_N ratios although both fractions are characterized by the steep LREE and smooth HREE patterns. The fine- and coarse-grained sands are also distinct in some characteristic element ratios (e.g., Th/Co, La/Sc, Th/Sc and Y/Ni).REE and trace element patterns of the two different grain-size fractions are closely associated with geological properties of individual sources rather than the mineralogical differentiation induced by wind sorting. The coarse-grained sands mainly resulted from sandstone weathering in the Ordos deserts and movements of coarse particles by wind. REE and trace element patterns of fine-grained sands in the Ordos deserts differ from those of sandstones in the Ordos deserts, the alluvial sands in the surrounding mountains and the coarse fluvial sands in the Yellow River. They resemble the fine fluvial sands in the Yellow River. In addition, arid areas of Northwest China such as the Tarim Basin and the Alxa Plateau should not be ruled out as the source of the fine-grained sands in the Ordos deserts because these arid areas reserve plenty of fine-grained sediments and also located in the upwind directions of the Ordos deserts.     

白云鄂博矿床成因——矿体内霓长岩化成矿作用与赋矿白云岩的联系

通过对组成赋矿白云岩的白云石矿物系统的显微结构和化学成分的研究表明,赋矿白云岩是碳酸岩质次火山岩,因此白云鄂博矿床是与火成碳酸岩有关的矿床。赋矿白云岩属于镁质碳酸岩(MgOFeO+MnO)和铁质碳酸岩(MgOFeO+MnO)系列,FeO、MnO和SrO含量高,这与FeO、MnO和SrO含量很低的沉积碳酸岩完全不同。赋矿白云岩的这一特点还表明它来自经历过分异结晶后的白云质碳酸岩浆而不是初始白云质碳酸岩浆。赋矿白云岩复杂的矿物组合表明,其母岩浆是富含F、Cl、P和S这些挥发分以及REE,Na、K和Fe这些元素的。在碳酸岩浆上升和侵位的过程中由于温度压力的降低,碳酸岩浆释放的含上述组分的流体会向上部地壳集中并对其接触的围岩进行交代,这就形成了矿体内呈不对称带状分布的霓长岩化矿石带。在大量的萤石和稀土氟碳酸盐矿物形成以后(其对应于萤石-稀土条带状矿石),流体的成分仍相对富钠和CO_2,钠可以和围岩中的硅结合形成钠辉石,流体较高的比值,有利于稀土的富集,此时形成的钠辉石型矿石的稀土含量是相当高的,仅次于条带状矿石。随着流体继续迁移和交代,流体中CO_2浓度下降而H_2O含量增加,温度也有所下降,但是流体中的钠依然活跃,所以出现了含有结构水的钠闪石,形成了钠闪石型矿石。流体中H_2O的增加,比值的下降,不利于稀土的大量富集,因此,钠闪石型矿石的稀土含量明显低于钠辉石型矿石。这说明,从碳酸岩浆中外逸的流体,在迁移交代围岩的过程中其成分、温度和氧逸度都是有变化的。从初期富CO_2,温度和氧逸度较高,到后期富H_2O,温度和氧逸度都有所降低。不同矿石类型的形成与这种变化有直接的关系。不同矿石类型中的磁铁矿的生成方式虽然不同于白云岩中的磁铁矿,但前者的氧同位素继承了后者的特点,表明了它们的亲缘关系和成因上的联系。稀土分布型式表明,不同矿石类型的稀土分布型式与赋矿白云岩的大体一致,有明显的LREE富集和明显的HREE亏损,且总稀土含量越高,轻重稀土分离程度越高。但是,不同矿石类型在轻稀土含量上有一定程度的差别,表明在霓长岩化过程中轻稀土活动性更强。总之,氟、钠和铁的交代作用在主东矿最强,稀土、铌和铁资源也最为富集,这里的白云岩厚度也最大,表明白云鄂博矿的霓长岩化成矿作用与赋矿白云岩衍生的流体的大量聚集以及流体对围岩广泛强烈的交代作用直接相关。     

U-Pb同位素定年分析在热液对白云岩储层改造研究中的应用——以塔里木盆地古城地区下奥陶统鹰三段为例SCIEI北大核心CSCD

古城地区是塔东探区的重点勘探区块,下奥陶统鹰三段是塔东探区首要的勘探层系。探寻多期热液作用改造后的优质白云岩储层是扩大研究区勘探成果的关键。本文在储层岩石学特征判识的基础上,应用U-Pb同位素定年技术,结合碳氧锶镁同位素和稀土元素分析测试,分析了热液性质,明确了热液作用发生的确切时期及期次,探讨了热液作用对白云岩储层的影响。研究结果表明,古城地区鹰三段白云岩储层发育准同生-浅埋藏海水成因的粉晶-中晶白云岩及热液作用产物。热液作用可划分为二期:第一期为中-晚奥陶世贫镁热液,表现为鞍状白云石充填缝洞及重结晶次生加大的粗晶白云石,U-Pb测定年龄为464±12Ma到473.9±9.1Ma,氧同位素值比早奥陶世正常海相白云石明显偏负,锶同位素比值明显高于早奥陶世海水值,稀土元素Eu正异常,锶、铁、镁元素含量低;第二期为晚奥陶世-早志留世钙质热液,表现为方解石充填缝洞及对先存白云石的溶蚀,U-Pb测定年龄为448±15Ma到457.4±6.6Ma,氧锶同位素组成严重偏离同时期正常海相白云石范围,轻稀土元素明显富集,Eu正异常,锶、钙元素含量高,锰元素含量低。第二期热液作用是白云岩储层溶蚀的关键,同期NNE向断裂带作为其输导系统,是优质储层发育的有利部位,为有利区带预测提供依据。