新疆库鲁克塔格地区新元古代末期汉格尔乔克冰期成因新证据

新疆是世界上保存有完整的新元古代三大冰期的地区之一，有关新疆新元古代最末期冰期为大陆冰川早就提出，但由于证据不充分而一直受到质疑。汉格尔乔克冰碛砾岩具有典型的冰川“落石”，属于典型的冰川沉积，对其上覆的帽碳酸盐岩进行系统的碳、氧同佗素研究证明，帽碳酸盐岩具有全球新元古代冰后碳酸盐岩沉积类似的碳同位素负异常特征，特别是在帽碳酸盐岩底部发现具有典型的大气淡水成因的白云岩，证明汉格尔乔克冰期为大陆冰川。     

新元古代帽碳酸盐岩中帐篷状构造的成因

帐篷构造是碳酸盐岩中的一种特殊沉积组构,因其倒“V”字形形态类似于帐篷(tepee)而得名,被认为是一种无成因意义的沉积组构。传统的帐篷构造在海相至陆相碳酸盐岩中都有发育,形态和胶结物的不同反映了沉积环境的变化,其成因为裂隙填充的胶结物结晶膨胀导致层面突起变形。新元古代帽碳酸盐岩中广泛发育有倒“V”字形的类似构造,但由于形态和成因上都和传统的帐篷构造有所区别,被称为“帐篷状构造”(te-pee-likestructure)。目前其成因解释主要有:“巨风暴潮波痕”、“甲烷气体渗漏”、“地下水侵位”和“晶体结晶”的假说。由于帐篷状构造的形成过程与机制和帽碳酸盐岩的成因密切相关,对帐篷状构造的进一步研究必将帮助我们对新元古代冰期结束机制的理解。     

C-, Sr-isotope and Hg chemostratigraphy of Neoproterozoic cap carbonates of the Sergipano Belt,Northeastern Brazil

Two cap carbonates overlying glaciogenic diamictites crop out extensively in the eastern Vaza Barris Domain of the Sergipano Belt, northeastern Brazil. They are represented by carbonates of the Jacoca Formation, resting on top of diamictite of the Ribeiropolis Formation, and by the Olhos D’Agua Formation (carbonates, organic-rich towards the top), which overlies diamictite of the Palestina Formation. These two sequences were deformed and metamorphosed at sub-greenschist facies-conditions during the Brasiliano cycle (650–600 Ma).     

Geochemical characteristics and geological significance of the Neoproterozoic carbonates from northern Anhui Province,China

Petrographical and geochemical studies were carried out of the Neoproterozoic carbonates from northern Anhui Province, China. These carbonates can be subdivided into two types, including purified limestone (PL) and mixed limestone and siliclastic rocks (MLS). PLs are low in Si, Al, Zr and total REE but high in CaO compared with MLSs. Correlations between Zr, Fe2O3, P2O5 and total REE are also less remarkable, indicating that they were not obviously contaminated by continental materials but directly precipitated from seawater. So they can be used for the inversion of paleo-seawater REE patterns. The inversed results indicated that the REE pattern of Neoproterozoic seawater was similar to that of the modern seawater except for the lack of Ce depletion, which was probably affected by the reduced hydrothermal solution. In combination with previous studies, the geochemical trending of these carbonatic samples towards the continental arc in the La- Th-Sc and Th-Sc-Zr/10 diagrams is interpreted as the contamination of arc volcanism. The tectonic background of the southern margin of the North China Craton in the Neoproterozoic was probably related to the Grenville orogeny during the convergence of the Rodinia supercontinent, rather than an intra-plate environment.     

祁连山西段新元古代晚期花岗质片麻岩成因及LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年

祁连山西段吊大坂新元古代花岗质片麻岩出露于北大河岩群二云母片麻岩中。地球化学特征显示,吊大坂新元古代花岗质片麻岩主要为碱性、弱过铝质花岗岩(A/CNK=1.04~1.12)。岩石主体Rb含量较低,Sr和Ba含量高,K/Rb值介于179~225之间,说明吊大坂新元古代花岗质片麻岩不是高分异花岗岩,但明显的负Eu异常(Eu/Eu*=0.25~0.35),说明该岩浆经历了弱的分离结晶作用。在(Al_2O_3+TFe O+Mg O+Ti O_2)-Al_2O_3/(TFe O+Mg O+Ti O_2)图解中,未经历强烈分异的花岗质岩石样品点落入地壳杂砂岩或中性岩浆岩源区。未经历强烈分异的样品富集强不相容元素,并且在Y-Nb和(Y+Nb)-Rb图解中,主体落入板内花岗岩区域。吊大坂花岗质片麻岩LA-ICP-MS锆石206Pb/238U年龄为736±5Ma,该年龄被解释为花岗质片麻岩的形成时代,说明祁连山存在750~730Ma的岩浆作用记录,可能为新元古代晚期伸展背景下的产物。祁连山新元古代岩浆活动记录了新元古代早期汇聚、新元古代晚期伸展到裂解的长期演化过程。     

祁连山西段新元古代晚期花岗质片麻岩成因及LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年

祁连山西段吊大坂新元古代花岗质片麻岩出露于北大河岩群二云母片麻岩中。地球化学特征显示,吊大坂新元古代花岗质片麻岩主要为碱性、弱过铝质花岗岩(A/CNK=1.04~1.12)。岩石主体Rb含量较低,Sr和Ba含量高,K/Rb值介于179~225之间,说明吊大坂新元古代花岗质片麻岩不是高分异花岗岩,但明显的负Eu异常（Eu/Eu?=0.25~0.35）,说明该岩浆经历了弱的分离结晶作用。在(Al2O3+TFeO+MgO+TiO2)-Al2O3/(TFeO+MgO+TiO2)图解中,未经历强烈分异的花岗质岩石样品点落入地壳杂砂岩或中性岩浆岩源区。未经历强烈分异的样品富集强不相容元素,并且在Y-Nb和(Y+Nb)-Rb图解中,主体落入板内花岗岩区域。吊大坂花岗质片麻岩LA-ICP-MS锆石206Pb/238U年龄为736±5Ma,该年龄被解释为花岗质片麻岩的形成时代,说明祁连山存在750~730Ma的岩浆作用记录,可能为新元古代晚期伸展背景下的产物。祁连山新元古代岩浆活动记录了新元古代早期汇聚、新元古代晚期伸展到裂解的长期演化过程。     

Isotope stratigraphy of Neoproterozoic cap carbonates in the Araras Group, Brazil

The Neoproterozoic carbonate sequence on the southeastern border of the Amazon Craton is divided into three lithostratigraphic units: a basal cap dolomite, an intermediate limestone, limestone-mudstone unit, and an upper dolarenite-dolorudite unit. Sections of the cap-carbonate were measured from the inner shelf to the outer shelf. Carbon isotope ratios (relative to PDB) vary between − 10.5 and − 1.7‰ in cap dolomite, and between − 5.4 and + 0.1‰ in laminated limestone and mud-limestone. Limestones and mud-limestones exhibit ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios ranging from 0.70740 to 0.70780. A comparative isotope stratigraphy between the inner-shelf and the middle-shelf basin shows differences in carbon isotope ratios: The cap dolomite and limestones have lower δ¹³C ratios on the border of the basin (inner shelf) than in the middle shelf of the basin. These lower values can be related to shallower environmental conditions and to a stronger influence of the continental border. The ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios are the same in both areas, and are consistent with seawater composition at around 600 Ma.     

新疆库鲁克塔格新元古代-早古生代裂陷槽深水沉积与沉积-构造古地理

根据库鲁克塔格、孔雀河露头区及其南盆内深部资料 ,尤其是多种类型的深水沉积的鉴别 ,得以建立区内地层及沉积相格架。分析表明 ,裂陷槽内南华系—奥陶纪地层属于同一构造环境的产物 ,沉积以深水陆棚 -槽盆相为主体 ,相带呈东西向展布 ,其空间分布范围比传统认识要广大得多。裂陷中心在孔雀河地区 ,南翼在盆内覆盖区北缘 ,原库鲁克塔格地区仅是其北翼 ;满加尔则是其南翼向南延的边缘坳陷 ,从而深化了其时空展布及构造演化历程。     

'Cap carbonates' and Neoproterozoic glacigenic successions from the Kimberley region, north-west Australia

The term ‘cap carbonate’ is commonly used to describe carbonate units associated with glacigenic deposits in Neoproterozoic successions. Attempts to use carbonate units as stratigraphic markers have been counfounded by inconsistent identification of ‘cap carbonates’ and a somewhat broad use of the term. Systematic sedimentological and geochemical analysis of carbonate rocks (mostly dolomite) associated with glacigenic deposits from the Neoproterozoic succession of the Kimberley region, north‐western Australia, shows that it is possible to characterize such units by their specific mineralogical, sedimentological, petrographic, geochemical and stratigraphic features. Hence, it is possible to differentiate true ‘cap carbonates’ from other carbonate units that are associated with glacigenic deposits. In the Kimberley successions two broad carbonate types are identified that reflect two stratigraphically distinct depositional realms. Carbonate rocks from the Egan Formation and Boonall Dolomite (the youngest carbonate units in the succession) are characterized by sedimentary components and features that are consistent with deposition on shallow platforms or shelves, analogous to Phanerozoic warm‐water carbonate platform deposits. In contrast, dolomite from the Walsh, Landrigan and Moonlight Valley Tillites preserves a suite of sedimentary and geochemical characteristics that are distinctly different from Phanerozoic‐like carbonate rocks; they are thin (ca 6 m), laterally persistent units of thinly laminated dolomicrite/dolomicrospar recording δ¹³C fluctuations from −1‰ to −5‰. These latter features are consistent with a ‘Marinoan‐style cap‐carbonate’ rock described from other Neoproterozoic successions. The similarity and broad distribution of these rocks in Australia, when considered within the context of genetic models suggesting a global oceanographic–atmospheric event, support their use as a lithostratigraphic marker horizon for the start of the Ediacaran Period at ca 635 Ma.     

新疆库鲁克塔格地区构造应力场解析

通过对库鲁克塔格地区的构造地质演化分析,将该地区震旦系以来较强构造变形的构造应力场分4个时期：早古生代、晚古生代、中生代和新生代。根据节理、褶皱和岩墙等应力感构造的测量分析,得出库鲁克塔格地区及其周缘的4个时期构造应力场的最大主压应力方向分别为北北东向、北西西-北西向、北东向和北北东-近南北向。基于对新近纪以来库鲁克塔格地区构造应力场的二维有限元模拟,进一步对该地区应力场的分布特征、边界几何形态对应力场的影响等问题进行了讨论与分析。     

Organotemplate structures in sedimentary manganese carbonates of the Neoproterozoic Penganga Group, Adilabad, India

Manganese carbonates interstratified with bedded chert in the Chanda Limestone of the Neoproterozoic Penganga Group at Adilabad, south India, have been studied for possible evidence that microbiota played a role in the mediation of early diagenetic Mn-carbonate formation in Precambrian marine sedimentary successions. The manganese carbonate and chert beds occur within a below wave base, deep-water distally steepened ramp succession. High resolution SEM petrography of the manganese carbonates revealed two basic morphologies-spherical to oval-cylindrical shaped microconcretions, and tubular to irregular, elongated, film-like microstructures. Infolded filmy to hollow tubular strand-like internal morphologies of the spherical to oval-cylindrical shaped microconcretions suggest their microbial affinity. The tubular and film morphologies with mesh-like interconnections closely resemble architectures of microbial extracellular polymeric substance (EPS). Mineralization took place on these organotemplates by the process of permineralization as well as replacement in an early diagenetic pore-water environment with reduction of higher manganese oxy-hydroxides by organic matter and consequent increase in dissolved carbonate.     

Annelid from the Neoproterozoic Doushantuo Formation in Northeastern Guizhou, China

Wenghuiia jiangkouensis gen. et sp. nov., characterized by modern annelid taxonomy in morphology and functional biology, is found in black carbonaceous shale from the Neoproterozoic Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation （about 555 Ma） near Wenghui, Jiangkou, northeastern Guizhou Province. The elongate, cylindrical body is composed of many homologous metameres with a true coelom and coelomic pouches. The mouth is at the front of the first segment and the anus at the end of body. A long 11th or 12th segment is probably functionally for procreation, being a clitellum. There are parapodia on the venter of the segments from the rear of the second segment to the front of the clitellum. The setae on all metameres, on the parapodia, and around the anus, differ. In the centre of body, a line probably represents the alimentary canal passing through the body from mouth to anus. A closed vascular system consists of a dorsal vessel at least. W. jiankouensis might represent the oldest discovered ＇modern＇ annelid but it is not a primitive type. It lived on the depositional surface of a shallow sea with an environment of calm-water and abundant light.     

Neoproterozoic Molar-tooth Structure and Constraint of Depositional Facies and Environment in the North China Platform in Jiangsu, Anhui and Liaoning, Eastern China

Molar tooth structure （MTS） represented by complex ptygmatical shapes is widely distributed in the Proterozoic of the world. MTS filled by fine, equant sparry calcite （or dolomite） displays an abrupt contact with hosting rocks, which are mainly composed of carbonaceous micrites and fine-grained carbonates with local silts and stormdominated deposits with graded, cross or wave beddings, numerous erosional surfaces and truncated and fills or guttered bases. Occurrence of MTS suggests a result of the constraint of sedimentary facies, and the storm-base in ramp settings is the maximum depth for the formation of MTS. Vertical succession of MTS-bearing carbonates shows a deposition stacked by high-frequency shallow subtidal and peritidal cycles. An individual cyclic MTS-bearing sequence is characterized by thinning, shallowing and dynamic decreasing-upward, and peritidal caps of purple red iron and organic carbonaceous sediments with more complicated shapes of MTS are common on the top of individual MTS-bearing sequences.     

甘肃北山西部新元古代陆块汇聚与裂解事件的岩石记录

甘肃北山西部地处塔里木、柴达木和华北 (阿拉善 )三个前寒武纪地块的交汇部位 ,是受显生宙天山造山带、祁连造山带和阿尔金造山带多次叠加改造的地区。近几年 ,随着新元古代榴辉岩、花岗岩的新发现 ,结合新元古代伟晶岩脉群、辉绿岩墙群和震旦纪未变质沉积盖层 ,初步确定了该地区新元古代陆块汇聚与裂解的地质事件框架。在新元古代早期 ,塔里木地块与柴达木地块可能发生斜向汇聚 ,并以深层次韧性剪切带进行焊接 ,其时间在 913Ma左右。稍后 ,在塔里木地块北部的柳园一带 ,塔里木地块与另一个地块发生碰撞 ,形成了榴辉岩和大面积带状分布的花岗岩 ,其时间在 86 0～ 880Ma左右。之后 ,在经过汇聚的大陆块内部发生裂解 ,形成了两期辉绿岩墙群。随着裂解作用的进一步加强 ,该地区进入到陆相砂砾岩和海相碳酸盐沉积阶段 ,形成了安南坝群沉积建造 ,其时间在 70 0Ma左右。     

Sedimentary and Geochemical Characteristics of Sinian Cap Carbonates in the Upper Yangtze Region

A global-scale glaciation occurred at about 600 Ma ago. As a result, the Earth became the “Snowball Earth“. The glaciation came to the end abruptly when atmospheric carbon dioxide increased to such an extent as to be about 350 times the modem level because of subaerial volcanic degassing. The rapid termination of glaciation would have led to warming of the Snowball Earth and extreme greenhouse conditions would have been created. The transfer of atmospheric carbon dioxide to oceans would give rise to the rapid precipitation of calcium carbonate in warm surface seawaters, thus forming the cap carbonate rocks as observed worldwide today. Regionally persisting, thin layers of carbonate rocks directly and ubiquitously overlie Proterozoic glacial deposits almost on every continent, and are commonly referred to as cap carbonates. Their unusual litho- fabrics, stratigraphically abrupt basal and upper-level contacts and strongly negative carbonate isotopic signatures ( δ ^13Cearb. values range from -7.0‰ —0‰) suggest a chemical oceanographic origin, the details of which remain unknown. It is proposed that these enigmatic deposits are related to the destabilization of gaseous hydrate in terrestrial permafrost following rapid postglacial warming and flooding of widely exposed continental shelves and internal basins. The authors carried out studies on the geochemistry, sedimentology and palacontology of the Sinian cap carbonates in Guizhou and Hunan provinces, including the occurrence of cap carbonates of unusual fabrics, strongly negative carbon isotopic signatures, and a lot of bitumen nodules.From the results it is suggested that the cap carbonates were formed from solid methane seepage, and it is in agreement with Kennedy‘‘ s viewpoint (2001) that the cap carbonates resulted from the rapid precipitation of calcium carbonate in response to solid methane seepage.     

辽东大连新元古代臼齿碳酸盐岩地球化学特征及其地质意义

臼齿构造碳酸盐岩是全球各大陆中、新元古代时期普遍发育的、具有特殊成因意义的碳酸盐岩类型,到目前为止,已在全球20多个地区近50多个中、新元古代地层剖面中被发现。百余年来,有关MT的研究越来越深入,进展显著。从前期和前人较少关注的有关MT与宿主岩石的关系,尤其是从MT与宿主岩石地球化学特征的关系及其所揭示的地质意义出发,通过薄片、电子探针、背散射、阴极发光等测试手段及C、O、Sr同位素的系统测试,对辽东地区新元古代南关岭组、营城子组及兴民村组MT及其宿主岩石的成分、结构、微观组构等特征进行了深入研究。研究证明,MT是原生或早期成岩的产物,由原生海水埋藏成岩和海水直接成岩形成;MT与宿主岩石具有相似的地球化学特征,具有同生或准同生的特点,形成于温暖的正常海水环境,并于Sturtian冰期前终止发育。锶、碳同位素同全球中、新元古代碳锶同位素理论曲线类比表明,大连新元古代南关岭组和营城子组的形成时限为760~950 Ma,兴民村组形成时限为720~800 Ma,与胶辽徐淮地区新古代地层具有良好可对比性。     

华北克拉通北缘西段新元古代裂谷的确认与成矿

狼山-渣尔泰山是华北克拉通北缘西段元古宙伸展构造体制下被动陆缘的重要热水喷流成矿带,内产东升庙、炭窑口、霍各乞、甲生盘等大型-超大型矿床,其含矿建造是元古宇渣尔泰山群。该成矿带的主体在狼山山脉主峰地区,产有东升庙、炭窑口、霍各乞三大矿床。自2010年在狼山西南原渣尔泰山群阿古鲁沟组地层中发现新元古代酸性火山岩(锆石年龄816~805 Ma)以来,其东部狼山主峰地区的渣尔泰山群及产在其中的炭窑口、东升庙、霍各乞矿床是否也都可以归于新元古代形成是需要进一步研究的重要科学问题。本文依据的事实有:(1)狼山西南新元古界的碎屑锆石最小年龄为1 155 Ma与碳酸盐岩是方解石大理岩;(2)炭窑口矿区渣尔泰山群顶部刘鸿湾组地层的碎屑锆石年龄的两个年龄峰值分别为1 862~1 762 Ma(最小年龄为1 732 Ma)和2 448 Ma,所含碳酸盐岩全部是白云石大理岩类;(3)狼山北侧狼山群含矿岩组中发现年龄为887 Ma±的新元古代基性火山岩; (4)霍各乞矿床含重晶石与微晶长石的硅质层发育,多与黄铁矿层互层状产出,也有与闪锌矿+磁黄铁矿及方铅矿层互层,激光原位分析得到的黄铁矿、方铅矿、闪锌矿和磁黄铁矿的δ³⁴S为17.60‰~21.97‰,显示喷流成矿的硫同位素组成特征。根据以上事实可以确认:(1)狼山西南含酸性火山岩与方解石大理岩的前寒武纪地层是与狼山南侧炭窑口矿区含白云石大理岩的渣尔泰山群在不同盆地中沉积而成;(2)狼山南侧是中元古代裂谷带,产有以炭窑口、东升庙矿床为代表的中元古代喷流-沉积成矿系统;(3)狼山北侧是新元古代裂谷带,产有以霍各乞矿田为代表的新元古代热水喷流成矿系统。产在新元古代狼山群中的霍各乞矿是介于SEDEX型与VMS型之间、但靠近SEDEX型一侧的热水喷流-沉积矿床。     

新元古代晚期盖帽碳酸盐岩的成因与“雪球地球”的终结机制

新元古代晚期约635 Ma的地球发育了到达赤道附近的冰川作用，地质记录上表现为代表寒冷气候的冰期沉积杂砾岩，直接被代表温暖环境的碳酸盐岩层（常称盖帽碳酸盐岩）覆盖。由于盖帽碳酸盐岩奇特的岩石学和地球化学特征，引起了对其成因认识的巨大争论，提出了“雪球地球”和“甲烷渗漏”等假说。“雪球地球”假设可以解释一些令人困惑的地学现象，如低纬度和低海拔冰川沉积、盖帽碳酸盐岩、碳酸盐δ13C负漂移和条带状铁矿层等，但许多科学家对此提出了质疑。最近对盖帽碳酸盐岩的δ13C分析结果（最低达-41‰）、盖帽碳酸盐岩发育的类似现代冷泉碳酸盐岩沉积组构等似乎支持“甲烷渗漏”假说。     

北大巴山新元古代龙潭河组的源区特征：来自碎屑组成和锆石年代学的证据

沿扬子板块北缘大巴山弧形断裂出露的新元古代龙潭河组主体为一套富火山碎屑沉积岩夹原生火山碎屑岩组合。长期以来,它们以及上覆砂砾岩组合(木座组)(前人认为冰蹟岩)统被解释为扬子板块北缘新元古代陆内裂谷和被动陆缘沉积。龙潭河组岩石组合包括杂砂岩、含砾粗砂岩、砾岩、凝灰质粉砂岩夹(含砾)凝灰岩。砂岩碎屑组成研究表明,龙潭河组碎屑以火山岩岩屑和斜长石为主,少量石英,砾岩砾石主要为玄武岩、玄武安山岩/安山岩。这些特征表明物源区主要出露中、基性火山岩和富火山碎屑沉积岩,少量长英质岩石,源区大地构造背景为岛弧。本文对一套具有近源堆积特征的火山质砾岩进行了碎屑锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年分析,结果显示锆石具有两组集中年龄群,峰值分别为~770 Ma和~705 Ma,表明源区存在至少两期岩浆活动。龙潭河组砾石、岩屑和锆石较差的磨圆度和分选性共同表明它们为一套近源沉积,碎屑组成表明物源区为~705 Ma岛弧,形成于弧后环境。龙潭河组物源区岛弧构造背景的确定暗示南秦岭造山带北大巴山地区与俯冲相关的岛弧构造体制一直持续到~705 Ma。     

中国西部新元古代榴辉岩-花岗岩带和深层次韧性剪切带特征及其大陆再造意义

通过对甘肃北山榴辉岩－花岗岩带、柴北缘含柯石英榴辉岩－花岗岩带和阿尔金韧性剪切带岩石构造和同位素年代学研究认为, 在新元古代, 塔里木、华北 （？） 和柴达木三个地块在中国西部甘青新交界处逐步汇聚。其中, 华北与柴达木在８００～１０００Ｍａ 期间首先汇聚, 形成柴北缘含柯石英榴辉岩－花岗岩带。之后, 塔里木向东运移并与柴达木斜接, 斜接带为具有同剪切伟晶岩脉和岩体 （９１３Ｍａ） 的韧性剪切带, 即新元古代阿尔金断裂。在８６０～８８０Ｍａ 左右, 塔里木向东运移到华北边缘, 与华北地块－柴达木地块拼合, 在柳园一带形成榴辉岩－花岗岩带。