南水北调进京后怀柔应急水源地地下水资源涵养研究

怀柔应急水源地作为北京最大的应急地下水源地,在连续10多年的干旱期间,为保障城市供水安全做出了巨大贡献。文章在总结怀柔应急水源地10年供水历程的基础上,评价了连续干旱和应急开采条件下区域水资源的变化;结合南水北调进京的契机,从"资源人工回补"和供水系统"热备运行"两方面开展当地地下水资源涵养研究工作,以保障怀柔应急水源地可持续"应急供水"能力,为应对南水北调供水过程中的突发事件,做好水资源战备储备。     

Characterising groundwater and surface-water interconnections using hydrogeology,hydrochemistry and stable isotopes in the Ouémé Delta,southern Benin

The Mio-Pliocene aquifer of the coastal sedimentary basin of Benin is the most exploited aquifer for water supply to the urbanised region in the southern part of the country. The population explosion is putting increasing pressure on quantitative and qualitative aspects of the groundwater resources. Preventing groundwater contamination caused by surface waters requires a thorough understanding of surface-water/groundwater interactions, especially the interactions between the Mio-Pliocene aquifer and surface waters. This study aimed to investigate the interactions between groundwater and surface waters along the major rivers (Sô River and Ouémé Stream) and brooks in the Ouémé Delta. Field campaigns identified 75 springs located in the valleys which feed the rivers, and thus maintain their base flow. The piezometric results indicated, through flow direction assessment, that the Mio-Pliocene aquifer feeds Ouémé Stream and Sô River. Chemical analyses of groundwater and surface waters show similar chemical facies, and changes in the chemical composition in groundwater are also observed in the surface waters. Moreover, the isotopic signatures of surface waters are similar to those of the groundwater and springs, which led to the identification of potential groundwater discharge areas. As a result of groundwater discharge into surface waters, the fraction of groundwater in the surface water is more than 66% in the brooks, regardless of the season. In the Ouémé Stream and Sô River, the fraction of groundwater is 0–21% between June and September, while from October to March it is 47–100%.

     

甘肃河西走廊内陆河流域节水战略选择——地表水与地下水联合管理

过去20多年甘肃河西走廊内陆河流域的水资源管理经历了各类制度改革,不同程度地推动了地表水和地下水的联合管理。但是,由于机构设置及其权限制约以及改革目标差异,河西走廊地区的3个内陆河流域水资源管理效率差异化越来越显著,与石羊河流域相比,黑河和疏勒河流域的监管制度和管理办法并未完全跳出多头管理体制的窠臼,地表水和地下水没有形成有效的联合管理。通过梳理3个流域的水资源管理机构设置和管理模式,总结农业灌溉用水监管的经验教训,对比分析地表水和地下水联合管理措施在实践操作中的利弊,进一步探讨流域联合管理的实践意义和实现路径,寻求普遍适用于内陆河流域水资源的管理办法,保障内陆河流域节水战略的顺利实施。近10 a的实践经验表明：地表水和地下水联合管理是内陆河流域提高水资源利用效率、促进水资源可持续利用最为有效的路径,更是实现区域生态环境绿色发展的必由之路。     

辽西山地缺水地区储水构造的特征和供水示范工程的建立

为了缓解辽西山区缺水村镇居民的饮水疾苦,中国地质调查局从2004年开始在该区实施了地下水勘查与供水示范项目。依据项目的勘查数据、取水示范工程并结合前人已有的成果,重点探讨了示范区储水构造的类型、典型储水构造的水文地质特征和供水工程建设。     

苏州-无锡-常州地区浅层地下水系统可采资源量评价

苏州-无锡-常州地区超量开采深层地下水已引起严重的地质灾害,因此对该地区浅层地下水资源进行科学评价,查明其可开采资源量十分重要.通过对苏州-无锡-常州地区浅层地下水水文地质条件和沉积特征的研究,将浅层地下水划分为4个子区,分析了各子区的特征及补给、径流、排泄条件,并运用GMS软件对全区浅层地下水进行了数值模拟,在给定的水位约束条件下,得出该区可持续开采水资源量为10.57×108 m3/a.     

The impact of the development of water resources on environment in arid inland river basins of Hexi region, Northwestern China

Water resources use is a key parameter in the hydrological cycle, especially in arid inland of Northwest China, groundwater movement and circulation processes are closely related to the surface water, while recoverable and renewable groundwater mainly comes from the conversion of surface river water, and there is extensive transfer among rainfall, surface water and groundwater. Human activity, in particular, large-scale water resources exploitation and development associated with dramatic population growth in the last decades, has led to tremendous changes in the water regime. There are misuse and wastage of surface water with traditional multi-channel irrigation for most rivers, which in turn leads to over-exploitation of groundwater to augment supplies. This situation has been exacerbated by rapid population growth and socio-economic development, with decreased irrigational systems return to groundwater due to the irrigation system in the middle reaches of rivers in the Hexi region becoming better. The investigations of this study revealed that over the last decades, man-made oases have developed rapidly in various inland river basins. With the increasing human demand for water, the contradiction between water demand and water supply is becoming increasingly acute and the amount of groundwater usage significantly increased. Notwithstanding the annual surface water from mountains is relatively stable in the Hexi region, the recharges of groundwater have been reduced by 11.1%, with a maximum reduction of 50% in the Shiyang River basin. Groundwater abstraction increased by approximately six times, particularly in the Shiyang River basin, groundwater abstraction exceeds recharge by 4.1×10⁸ m³ year⁻¹ in recent decades. Consequently, the groundwater level has declined widely by 3–16 m, with a maximum decline of 45 m in several groundwater observation wells in the Minqin basin on the lower reaches of the Shiyang River basin. These cause serious human activity-induced environmental problems, such as water-quality deterioration, vegetation degradation, soil salinization and land desert desertification, etc. It is suggested that modernized irrigation technology and new regulation to cover water resources management and allocation with the river basins are urgently needed to achieve a sustainable development. The aim of this study is to analyze the impact of the development of water resources on the environment in arid inland river basins in Northwestern China, which were analyzed by comparing the three main river basins (i.e., the Shuilei, the Heihe and the Shiyang River basins) with different water resources development cases.     

黑龙港地区农业—水资源—环境系统分析

通过现状农业—水资源—环境系统分析与诊断发现,黑龙港地区农业结构失调,背离资源条件发展农业,超采地下水,已使该区面临水资源不能永续利用、环境不断恶化的威胁;认为①立足水资源条件发展农业,是建立协调优化的农业—水资源—环境系统,实现农业可持续发展的必要前提;②采用综合措施有效利用土壤水,科学灌溉微咸水,合理开发利用地下水和地表水,是提高水资源对农业贡献的关键;③加强综合科技投入和农村市场经济建设,发展集约化农业,是在有限水资源条件下提高农业生产效率的重要保证;④提高全社会对可持续发展的认识,进行相应的能力建设,是实现黑龙港地区农业—水资源—环境协调可持续发展的社会基础。     

Mapping of groundwater potential zones in the drought-prone areas of south Madagascar using geospatial techniques

The southern regions of Madagascar have the country’s lowest water supply coverage and are highly vulnerable to drought. Access to potable drinking water is a major challenge for the local population. Chronic droughts lead to annual emergency appeals to save the lives of acute malnourished children. UNICEF’s response consisting in providing potable drinking water through the drilling of boreholes has been challenged by the complex hydrogeology, the low yield of boreholes and high-level salinity of water, the lack of reliable groundwater data and the weak capacity of the drilling sector. These constraints result in a high rate of drilling failure. To improve drilling success and provide more potable drinking water to local communities, it is vital to undertake reliable groundwater investigation.UNICEF Madagascar and the European Union delegation in Madagascar collaborated on the use of satellite imagery to improve sector knowledge and access to safe and clean water for local communities in southern Madagascar. The methodology relies on produce thematic layers of groundwater potential areas. Later, these thematic layers were overlaid with ground-based hydrogeological data to map the groundwater potential zones (GWP) and identify the most suitable sites for borehole siting and drilling. Findings of this study are very encouraging, and the integrated approach used has proven its applicability in mapping groundwater potential areas in the eight drought-affected areas of south Madagascar. The groundwater potential zone map is being used by UNICEF and partners to plan water supply projects and identify the best sites for positioning new boreholes and reduce the likelihood of drilling failure. Additionally, the project developed a database of groundwater resources, which will improve knowledge of the regional hydrogeological context and strengthen the capacity of the water sector. Lessons learnt from this study show that an integration of the groundwater potential zone map with demographics and water demand information will help identifying priority areas for detailed studies. Moreover, a capacity building activity is required for knowledge/technology transfer to the Ministry of Energy, Water and Hydrocarbons (MEEH), allowing the possibility of scaling-up this integrated approach to the rest of Madagascar. Finally, strengthening the capacity of the MEEH and refining this approach as suggested above will certainly help in the pursuit to improve equitable access to safe and clean water for households located in the drought-affected areas of southern Madagascar, allowing them to be more resilient to the effects of climate change.     

大连地区水资源人工调控研究

通过分析大连地区水资源特点及人工控制现状,得出区内水资源仍具有人工调控潜力的认识.结合流域径流资源、区域人工控制特点分析,及有坝地下水库技术研究,筛选设计出5项地表水利工程、7项地下水库工程及13处地下水库潜力区.水量分析表明,通过加大水资源的人工调控,可净增水资源利用量4.38亿m3/a,完全可以解决近期供水问题,增强了大连地区应急水源的保障能力.     

石羊河流域水资源开发利用与补给之间的协调性评判

在甘肃省石羊河流域历史水资源开发利用情况简述基础上,结合城镇化进程,提出目前武威市的农业用水来源于祁连山山前水库拦蓄地表水,景电二期延伸工程向民勤所调黄河水及部分地方开采地下水;工业、生活用水均取自地下水,水量供给与天然补给上已处于严重失调状态。就城市地下水源地保护区划分而言,以传统的地下水开采影响半径为基本依据所进行的现代地下水源地保护区划分是不合理、不够科学的,应当在地下水补给、径流、排泄条件分析基础上,将水源地上游整个流域划定为保护区,以永久性解决城市地下水供水中存在的水源地安全问题。另外,针对石羊河流域重点治理规划中的调水方案,比较科学、合理的做法是：应从石羊河流域地下水文地质条件出发,遵循第四世地质历史时期形成的地下水补给、径流、排泄通道,在全流域实施压减灌溉面积、减少地下水开采量的同时,将景电二期延伸工程所调黄河水与祁连山山前部分水库地表水部分地或全部地从石羊河上游———武威盆地上游区域通过灌溉或其它方式下渗,补给进入地下水系统中,最终达到六河水系及下游地下水位停止下降,石羊河下游民勤盆地地下水位持续回升的综合治理规划目标,而不是将水直接调入下游民勤盆地。     

黄河下游地区浅层地下水资源特征及保护建议

随着黄河下游城市经济的快速发展,有限的黄河水资源与不断增长的居民用水之间的矛盾日趋突出。为提高应急供水的保障程度,保障人民群众生命安全,维护社会稳定,本文以利津县浅层地下水资源调查为例,采用现场地质调查、物探、水质分析、水文地质孔钻探与抽水试验等相互结合的试验方法查清了该地区可利用的地下水资源分布和具体资源量。并基于以上研究成果,结合各种取水方法的适用条件,提出了浅层地下水水源地范围和开发利用方案。研究成果为利津县的供水安全和人民生活水平的提高,提供水资源保障具有十分重要的现实意义和战略意义。     

A temporary sampling technique for investigating groundwater quality near the ground surface

Improved knowledge of processes determining groundwater quality is an important precondition for the solution of various ecological and water management problems. In areas with highly fluctuating groundwater levels, time-limited access, local pollution sources or temporary interactions between surface water and groundwater, a temporary groundwater sampling technique could be of advantage. Furthermore, depth-specific sampling is of high value for investigating groundwater pollution related to seepage or surface water infiltration. A stainless steel core probe has been developed to obtain groundwater samples and to measure the hydraulic head distribution at various defined depths. The sampling technique is applicable only for non-volatile water constituents. An advantage of the core probe is that it can be driven into soil or sediments using ordinary low cost percussion equipment. The probe enables hydraulic head measurements and water sampling over vertical intervals of 0.3 m. Results from field experiments using the stainless steel core probe were in good correspondence with results from groundwater sampling at nearby observation wells. In the upper layer of the aquifer, the intrinsic spatial change in concentrations of sulphate, chloride and other water constituents is a function of distance between observation points and groundwater surface. Results indicate strong effects of a fluctuating groundwater level on groundwater quality at certain depths.     

Contesting expertise: The politics of environmental knowledge in northern Indian groundwater practices

The world is facing a severe water crisis. According to the UN, by 2025 50% of the world’s population will face water scarcity. In India, where 70% of irrigation and 80% of domestic needs are met with groundwater, demand for this resource is expected to exceed supply by 2020. This has led to recent calls for groundwater governance reforms within India, and specifically within the state of Rajasthan, where no regulation exists today. The success of these reforms hinges on the interaction of the state and its agents with local users and managers of groundwater resources. Underpinning these encounters, though, are tensions between local and state forms of groundwater knowledges. The question analyzed here is in what ways do conflicting environmental knowledges adversely affect the management of overexploited groundwater resources in water-scarce India? To address this question, I examine the coevolution of pre-colonial, colonial, and post-independence groundwater and irrigation knowledges and technologies in Rajasthan, India to expose the ways that they are produced, contested, legitimated, and hybridized. The paper argues the following three claims. First, the relationship between the state and local producers of groundwater knowledge practices is non-linear and porous. For instance, the way that state subjects experience the state is uneven because within and in-between historical moments the state may attempt to assimilate, reorganize, plagiarize, or disparage local knowledge. Second, these attempts produce or exacerbate existing historically rooted tensions between farmers and state groundwater engineers. But in response, farmers often seek out non-state avenues of expertise, such as tubewell drilling firms. This results in the further hybridization of knowledge practices and also in the present-day marginalization of the state. Third, the relationship between farmers and the state is further strained because of a current lack of state visibility in the study area and also because the state continues to “see like a state”. These shifting meanings and power relations around groundwater and irrigation knowledges produce tensions that will undoubtedly negatively impact future groundwater governance strategies.     

南水北调中线工程对河南平原第四系地下水资源的影响

南水北调工程是优化我国水资源配置、解决北方水资源短缺问题的重大举措。由于南水北调中线工程的调蓄作用,河南省受水地区水源结构的改变对主要的供水水源第四系地下水资源势必造成一定的影响。论文在建立河南平原地下水流数值模型的基础上,按照受水区的分配水量相应压采各城市的浅层地下水开采量,模拟预测南水北调中线工程实施后第四系地下水流系统的演化趋势。预测结果表明: 河南平原受水区浅层地下水位都得到了不同程度的恢复,到2010年,郑州市、新乡市、濮阳市漏斗中心水位相比南水北调中线工程实施前（2007年1月1日）将分别提高6.64m,8.15m和4.15m,很大程度上减轻了地下水的开采压力,有效地恢复了地下水位降落漏斗,缓解了当地水资源的供需矛盾;  但是由于农业灌溉超量开采地下水,河南平原中部和东部的非受水区浅层地下水位仍持续下降;  南部尽管不在受水区范围内,但是供水水源主要来自地表水,所以浅层地下水位无明显变化。结合前人的供需水量预测结果,到2010年,南水北调中线工程分配给受水区的水量与受水区的需水量基本持平。     

Review: Safe and sustainable groundwater supply in China

Exploitation of groundwater has greatly increased since the 1970s to meet the increased water demand due to fast economic development in China. Correspondingly, the regional groundwater level has declined substantially in many areas of China. Water sources are scarce in northern and northwestern China, and the anthropogenic pollution of groundwater has worsened the situation. Groundwater containing high concentrations of geogenic arsenic, fluoride, iodine, and salinity is widely distributed across China, which has negatively affected safe supply of water for drinking and other purposes. In addition to anthropogenic contamination, the interactions between surface water and groundwater, including seawater intrusion, have caused deterioration of groundwater quality. The ecosystem and geo-environment have been severely affected by the depletion of groundwater resources. Land subsidence due to excessive groundwater withdrawal has been observed in more than 50 cities in China, with a maximum accumulated subsidence of 2–3 m. Groundwater-dependent ecosystems are being degraded due to changes in the water table or poor groundwater quality. This paper reviews these changes in China, which have occurred under the impact of rapid economic development. The effects of economic growth on groundwater systems should be monitored, understood and predicted to better protect and manage groundwater resources for the future.     

基于系统动力学的新疆焉耆县水资源需求分析

应用系统动力学方法,建立了县域水资源利用SD模型,并对焉耆县主要的水资源利用系统中的农业需水量、工业需水量、生活需水量、牲畜需水量和生态需水量进行了仿真模拟,分析了焉耆县未来20年中各用水系统的动态趋势。通过仿真模拟可以看出,农业用水是该县的主要用水,用水量高达90％以上。农业用水量决定着总需水量的变化趋势,并极大地影响着水资源的供需关系;  其他方面需水量在未来20年中虽有大幅度增长的趋势,但所占比例很小,不能对总供需水关系产生明显的影响。从供水角度讲,提高地表水和地下水联合开发比例,可以较大缓解供水压力。文章旨在运用系统动力学方法,通过建立SD模型,为认识焉耆县水资源供需现状及发展趋势提供一种途径。     

The hydrologic effects of intense groundwater pumpage in east-central Hillsborough County,Florida, U.S.A.

Well problems, water shortages, local flooding, and induced sinkholes have been periodic problems for residents in east-central Hillsborough County, Florida. This agricultural area has experienced dramatic short-term water-level declines in the Floridan aquifer from seasonal groundwater withdrawals. The sudden declines in the potentiometric surface have been caused from intense irrigation pumpage, primarily for frost and freeze protection and fruit setting. Citrus and strawberry crops are protected from occasional freezes by the application of warm groundwater to maintain minimum soil temperatures of 32°F(0°C). Local residents with inadequately constructed wells lose their source of water when the potentiometric surface is lowered to depths where their wells do not function. Some residents have lost their water supply for a week or more, and many have incurred damage to their pumps. The drawdown of the potentiometric surface in some areas has induced sinkholes causing property damage for some residents and concern for others. In addition, the high application rates for frost and freeze irrigation have created run-off problems resulting in local flooding to some residents. Fortunately, there has been no damage to resident homes from the flooding or sinkholes. This report summarizes the area's hydrogeology, and the consequences of heavy freeze irrigation. A finite-difference, numerical model is used to quantify the regional impacts to the potentiometric surface of the Floridan aquifer from estimated irrigation pumpage. Management recommendations for alleviating the problems are also discussed in the report.     

深切河谷附近岩溶地区打井找水模式

深切河谷附近岩溶地区地表水快速下渗,岩溶地下水深埋且集中径流,导致水资源匮乏,易成为较干旱缺水地区。同时在该类地区,受地表水构成的地下水排泄基准面控制,地下水水位埋深大,且以快速的管道流和裂隙流为主,储存空间分布和相互间连通性高度不均匀给打井找水带来了极大困难。发现下伏碎屑岩、逆断层和上覆碎屑岩均能将岩溶地下水和深切河谷地表水之间水力联系切断,导致局部富水,成为打井找水有利靶区。基于此3种类型,结合打井找水成功实例,将其归纳为3种打井找水模式：下伏碎屑岩隔水模式、逆断层阻水模式和上覆碎屑岩阻水模式,这些模式将对在深切河谷附近岩溶地区打井找水提供帮助。     

陕北地区河川基流的时空演变规律

The interaction between groundwater and surface water in northern Shaanxi is quite complicated and frequent under the influence of regional hydrogeological condition and human intervention. These performances bring serious challenges to regional water resources assessment and utilization. The river baseflow process at Gaojiabu Station in windy desert region, Gaoshiya and Caoping Station in loess region were taken as research objects, and their variation trends and change points in the river baseflow series were analyzed in this paper. In addition, to explore the cause of the baseflow change, this research compared their correlations with precipitations in the same area respectively from two aspects of flow variation and multi timescale characteristics. The results show that: ①groundwater recharges for river flow in windy desert region significantly exceed those in loess region; ②baseflows of all the rivers in the study area reducing significantly are mainly determined by human intervention such as the extensive pumping of groundwater; ③periodic changes of baseflow in each station response closely to precipitation change on meso-scale and small-scales; ④precipitation-runoff relationships in windy desert regions are much more complicated and unstable than loess region, which is mainly because of its more significant impact from groundwater storage and the lateral recharge change. Under the changing environment, the water cycle in windy desert regions would be in complexity and variability. Therefore, it is recommended that, groundwater changes need to be considered in regional water resources assessment.     

河西内陆干旱区地表和地下水资源的相互转化研究

根据有关台站的水文气象观测资料及"九五"国家科技重点攻关项目"96－912"专题有关成果,对甘肃省河西内陆干旱区地表水、地下水资源的数量、分布特征与变化规律及相互转化关系进行了分析和研究。结果表明,内陆干旱地区的地表径流主要形成于中、高山区,散失于山前平原和沙漠。径流的补给来源主要为大气降水、冰雪融水和地下水。降水量及其时空分布对水资源的形成有着重要的影响。这里降水、河川径流与地下水转化关系十分明显。内陆干旱地区水资源最主要的特征就是从山区到平原地表水与地下水在不同地质地貌单元间的相互转化,并且由径流源区的山区到河流下游的平原,不同区域、不同地段地表水与地下水的转化关系及地下水的流动模式亦不相同：即由降水与冰雪融水下渗所形成的山区地下水绝大部分以基流形式排泄,形成地表径流进入盆地;而河流在进入盆地或平原区流经透水性极强的山前冲、洪积平原后又大量渗漏补给地下水,山前冲、洪积扇平原的地下水沿地形坡降向冲积平原运动至冲积扇缘地带后,由于含水层土壤颗粒变细,导水性减弱,形成地下水溢出带,地下水沿沟壑呈泉水大量溢出地表,汇集成泉沟进入河流而转化成为地表水。在冲、洪积扇以下的冲积平原上,潜水含水层土壤颗粒细,地下水埋藏浅,径流水平流动缓慢,地下水以垂向水量交替为主。在自然状态下,冲积平原下游直到尾闾湖;洪水季节（洪水季节外,河川径流量很小甚至没有）河流泻洪通过河道补给地下水,余水进入尾闾湖。正是水量不大的河水及其所转化形成的地下水维系着西北内陆干旱地河流下游地区的绿州的存在和这里十分脆弱的生态环境。这些地表水与地下水之间的转化过程的这种特征直接影响本地区水资源的开发利用模式。目前,在上游地区大规模发展经济、开发水资源的情况下,随着地表径流利用率的不断提高和地下水得到的补给减少,许多地方泉水量减少甚至枯竭,原来的泉灌区被迫变为井灌区。冲积平原下游即使在洪水季节也很难接受上游地表径流的补给,造成地下水位持续下降,植被死亡,土壤荒漠化。因此,内陆干旱区的水资源开发利用必须从整个流域的角度出发进行统一的合理的规划,总结不同类型地区水资源开发利用过程中的经验教训,逐步建立不同类型最优化的水资源利用模式,这将对今后干旱区的水资源开发利用具有重要的意义。