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1.
Physicochemical parameters of the formation of hydrothermal deposits: A fluid inclusion study. I. Tin and tungsten deposits 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The author’s database, which presently includes data from more than 18500 publications on fluid and melt inclusions in minerals
and is continuing to be appended, was used to generalize results on physicochemical parameters of the formation of hydrothermal
deposits and occurrences of tin and tungsten. The database includes data on 320 tin and tin-tungsten deposits and occurrences
and 253 tungsten and tungstentin deposits around the world. For most typical minerals of these deposits (quartz, cassiterite,
tungsten, scheelite, topaz, beryl, tourmaline, fluorite, and calcite), histograms of homogenization temperatures of fluid
inclusions were plotted. Most of 463 determinations made for cassiterite are in the range of 300–500°C with maximum at 300–400°C,
while those for wolframite and scheelite (453 determinations) fall in the range of 200–400°C with maximum at 200–300°C. Representative
material on pressures of hydrothermal fluids included 330 determinations for tin and 430 determinations for tungsten objects.
It was found that premineral, ore, and postmineral stages spanned a wide pressure range from 70–110 bar to 6000–6400 bar.
High pressures of the premineral stages at these deposits are caused by their genetic relation with felsic magmatism. Around
50% of pressure determinations lie in the range of 500–1500 bar. The wide variations in total salinity and temperatures (from
0.1 to 80 wt % NaCl equiv and 20–800°C) were obtained for mineral-forming fluids at the tin (1800 determinations) and tungsten
(2070 determinations) objects. Most of all determinations define a salinity less than 10 wt % NaCl equiv. (∼60%) and temperature
range of 200–400°C (∼70%). The average composition of volatile components of fluids determined by different methods is reported.
Data on gas composition of the fluids determined by Raman spectroscopy are examined. Based on 180 determinations, the fluids
from tin objects have the following composition (in mol %): 41.2 CO2, 39.5 CH4, 19.15 N2, and 0.15 H2S. The volatile components of tungsten deposits (190 determinations) are represented by 56.1 CO2, 30.7 CH4, 13.2 N2, and 0.01 H2S. Thus, the inclusions of tungsten deposits are characterized by higher CO2 content and lower (but sufficiently high) contents of CH4 and N2. The concentrations of tin and tungsten in magmatic melts and mineral-forming fluids were estimated from analysis of individual
inclusions. The geometric mean Sn contents are 87 ppm (+ 610 ppm/−76 ppm) in the melts (569 determinations) and 132 ppm (+
630 ppm/−109 ppm) in the fluids (253 determinations). The geometric mean W values are 6.8 ppm (+ 81/−6.2 ppm) in the magmatic
melts (430 determinations) and 30 ppm (+ 144 ppm/−25 ppm) in the mineral-forming fluids (391 determinations). 相似文献
2.
Information from a database, which was compiled and continuously updated by the authors of this paper and now includes information from 19500 publication on fluid and melt inclusions in minerals, is used to summarize results on the physicochemical formation parameters of hydrothermal Au, Ag, Pb, and Zn deposits. The database provides information on fluid inclusions in minerals from 970 Pb-Zn, 220 Au-Ag-Pb-Zn, and 825 Au-Ag deposits in various settings worldwide. Histograms for the homogenization temperatures of fluid inclusion are presented for the most typical minerals of the deposits. In sphalerite, most homogenization temperatures (1327 measurements) of fluid inclusions lie within the range of 50–200°C with a maximum at 100–200°C for this mineral from Pb-Zn deposits and within the range of 100–350°C (802 measurements) with a maximum at 200–300°C for this mineral from Au deposits. Data are presented on fluid pressures at Au (1495 measurements) and Pb-Zn (180 measurements) deposits. The pressure during the preore, ore-forming, and postore stages at these deposits ranged from 4–10 to 6000 bar. The reason for the high pressures during preore stages at the deposits is the relations of the fluids to acid magmatic and metamorphic processes. More than 70% of the fluid pressures values measured at Pb-Zn deposits lie within the range of 1–1500 bar. Au-Ag deposits are characterized by higher fluid pressures of 500–2000 bar (61% of the measurements). The overall ranges of the salinity and temperature of the mineral-forming fluid at Au-Ag (6778 measurements) and Pb-Zn (3395 measurements) deposits are 0.1–80 wt % equiv. NaCl and 20–800°C. Most measurements (~64%) for Au-Ag deposits yield fluid salinity <10 wt % equiv. NaCl and temperatures of 200–400°C (63%). Fluids at Pb-Zn deposits are typically more saline (10–25 wt % equiv. NaCl, 51% measurements) and lower temperature (100–300°C, 74% measurements). Several measurements of the fluid density fall within the range of 0.8–1.2 g/cm3. The average composition of volatile components of the fluids was evaluated by various techniques. The average composition of volatile components of fluid inclusions in minerals is calculated for hydrothermal W, Au, Ag, Sn, and Pb-Zn deposits, metamorphic rocks, and all geological objects. The Au, Ag, Pb, and Zn concentrations in magmatic melts and mineral-forming fluids is evaluated based on analyses of individual inclusions. 相似文献
3.
The nature, origin and physicochemical controls of hydrothermal Mo-Bi mineralization in the Cadillac deposit, Quebec, Canada 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Mo-Bi mineralization occurs in subvertical and subhorizontal quartz-muscovite-± K-feldspar veins surrounded by early albitic
and later K-feldspathic alteration halos in monzogranite of the Archean Preissac pluton, Abitibi region, Québec, Canada. Molybdenite
is intergrown with muscovite in the veins or associated with K-feldspar in the alteration halos. Mineralized veins contain
five main types of fluid inclusions: aqueous liquid and liquid-vapor inclusions, aqueous carbonic liquid-liquid-vapor inclusions,
carbonic liquid and vapor inclusions, halite-bearing aqueous liquid and liquid-vapor inclusions, trapped mineral-bearing aqueous
liquid and liquid-vapor inclusions. The carbonic solid in frozen carbonic and aqueous-carbonic inclusions melts in most cases
at −56.7 ± 0.1 °C indicating that the carbonic fluid consists largely of CO2. All aqueous inclusion types and the aqueous phase in carbonic inclusions have low initial melting temperatures (≥70 °C),
requiring the presence of salts other than NaCl. Leachate analyses show that the bulk fluid contains variable proportions
of Na, K, Ca, Cl, and traces of Mg and Li. The following solids were identified in the fluid inclusions by SEM-EDS analysis:
halite, calcite, muscovite, millerite (NiS), barite and antarcticite (CaCl2 · 6H2O). All are interpreted to be trapped phases except halite which is a daughter mineral, and antarcticite which formed during
sample preparation (freezing). Aqueous inclusions homogenize to liquid at temperatures between 75 °C and 400 °C; the mode
is 375 °C. Aqueous-carbonic inclusions homogenize to liquid or vapor between 210 °C and 400 °C. Halite-bearing aqueous inclusions
homogenize by halite dissolution at approximately 170 °C. Aqueous inclusions containing trapped solids exhibit liquid-vapor
homogenization at temperatures similar to those of halite-bearing aqueous inclusions. Temperatures of vein formation, based
on oxygen isotopic fractionation between quartz and muscovite, range from 342 °C to 584 °C. The corresponding oxygen isotope
composition of the aqueous fluid in equilibrium with these minerals ranges from 1.2 to 5.5 per mil with a mean of 3.9 per
mil, suggesting that the liquid had a significant meteoric component. Isochores for aqueous fluid inclusions intersect the
modal isotopic isotherm of 425 °C at pressures between 590 and 1900 bar. A model is proposed in which molybdenite was deposited
owing to decreasing temperature and/or pressure from CO2-bearing, moderate to high salinity fluids of mixed magmatic-meteoric origin that were in equilibrium with K-feldspar and
muscovite. These fluids resulted from the degassing of a monzogranitic magma and evolved through interaction with volcanic
(komatiitic) and sedimentary country rocks.
Received: 6 February 1997 / Accepted: 28 January 1998 相似文献
4.
Hydrothermal alteration and mineralization at the Wunugetu porphyry Cu–Mo deposit, China, include four stages, i.e., the early stage characterized by quartz, K-feldspar and minor mineralization, followed by a molybdenum mineralization stage associated with potassic alteration, copper mineralization associated with sericitization, and the last Pb–Zn mineralization stage associated with carbonation. Hydrothermal quartz contains three types of fluid inclusions, namely aqueous (W-type), daughter mineral-bearing (S-type) and CO2-rich (C-type) inclusion, with the latter two types absent in the late stage. Fluid inclusions in the early stage display homogenization temperatures above 510°C, with salinities up to 75.8 wt.% NaCl equivalent. The presence of S-type inclusions containing anhydrite and hematite daughter minerals and C-type inclusions indicates an oxidizing, CO2-bearing environment. Fluid inclusions in the Mo- and Cu-mineralization stages yield homogenization temperatures of 342–508°C and 241–336°C, and salinities of 8.6–49.4 and 6.3–35.7 wt.% NaCl equivalent, respectively. The presence of chalcopyrite instead of hematite and anhydrite daughter minerals in S-type inclusions indicates a decreasing of oxygen fugacity. In the late stage, fluid inclusions yield homogenization temperatures of 115–234°C and salinities lower than 12.4 wt.% NaCl equivalent. It is concluded that the early stage fluids were CO2 bearing, magmatic in origin, and characterized by high temperature, high salinity, and high oxygen fugacity. Phase separation occurred during the Mo- and Cu-mineralization stages, resulting in CO2 release, oxygen fugacity decrease and rapid precipitation of sulfides. The late-stage fluids were meteoric in origin and characterized by low temperature, low salinity, and CO2 poor. 相似文献
5.
A. A. Elmanov V. Yu. Prokofiev A. V. Volkov A. A. Sidorov K. I. Voskresenskiy 《Doklady Earth Sciences》2018,480(2):725-729
The first data on study of individual fluid inclusions in the Zhilnoye deposit have been obtained. It has been found that the gold-bearing quartz veins of the deposit were formed by heterogeneous hydrothermal fluids with low salt concentrations (0.2–3.6 wt% equiv. NaCl under intermediate temperature conditions of 246–350°C). The fluid pressure was 80–160 bar corresponding to 0.3–0.6 km depths of formation under hydrostatic conditions. The parameters of the mineral-forming fluids of the Zhilnoye deposit correspond to typical parameters of the fluids of epithermal deposits. 相似文献
6.
Geological and fluid inclusion studies of the Dongpo tungsten skarn ore deposit,China 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The Dongpo tungsten ore deposit, the largest scheelite skarn deposit in China, is located at the contact of a 172-m. y. biotite
granite with a Devonian marble. The mineralization associated with the granite includes W, Bi-Mo, Cu-Sn and Pb-Zn ores. Several
W mineralization stages are shown by the occurrence of ore in massive skarn deposits and in later cross-cutting veins. The
high garnet/pyroxene ratio, the hedenbergite and diopside-rich pyroxene and the andradite-rich garnet show the deposit belongs
to the oxidized skarn type. Detailed fluid inclusion studies of granite, greisen, skarn and vein samples reveal three types
of fluid inclusion: (1) liquid-rich, (2) gas-rich and (3) inclusions with several daughter minerals. Type (3) is by far the
most common in both skarn and vein samples. The dominant daughter mineral in fluid inclusions is rhembic, highly birefringent,
and does not dissolve on heating even at 530°C. We assume that this mineral is calcite. The liquid phase in most of the fluid
inclusions has low to moderate salinities: 0–15 wt. %; in a few has higher salinities (30–40 wt. % NaCl equivalent). The homogenization
temperatures of inclusions in the skarn stage range from 350°C to 530°C, later tungsten mineralization-stage inclusions homogenize
between 200°C and 300°C, as do inclusions in veins. Fluid inclusions in granite and greisen resemble those of the late tungsten
mineralization stage, with low salinity and homogenization temperatures of 200°–360°C. The tungsten-forming fluids are probably
a mixture that came from biotite granite and the surrounding country rocks. 相似文献
7.
The data obtained on melt and fluid inclusions in minerals of granites, metasomatic rocks, and veins with tin ore mineralization
at the Industrial’noe deposit in the southern part of the Omsukchan trough, northeastern Russia, indicate that the melt from
which the quartz of the granites crystallized contained globules of salt melts. Silicate melt inclusions were used to determine
the principal parameters of the magmatic melts that formed the granites, which had temperatures at 760–1020°C, were under
pressures of 0.3–3.6 kbar, and had densities of 2.11–2.60 g/cm3 and water concentrations of 1.7–7.0 wt %. The results obtained on the fluid inclusions testify that the parameters of the
mineral-forming fluids broadly varied and corresponded to temperatures at 920–275°C, pressures 0.1–3.1 kbar, densities of
0.70–1.90 g/cm3, and salinities of 4.0–75.0 wt % equiv. NaCl. Electron microprobe analyses of the glasses of twelve homogenized inclusions
show concentrations of major components typical of an acid magmatic melt (wt %, average): 73.2% SiO2, 15.3% Al2O3, 1.3% FeO, 0.6% CaO, 3.1% Na2O, and 4.5% K2O at elevated concentrations of Cl (up to 0.51 wt %, average 0.31 wt %). The concentrations and distribution of some elements
(Cl, K, Ca, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb, As, Br, Rb, Sr, and Sn) in polyphase salt globules in quartz from both the granites and a
mineralized miarolitic cavity in granite were assayed by micro-PIXE (proton-induced X-ray emission). Analyses of eight salt
globules in quartz from the granites point to high concentrations (average, wt %) of Cl (27.5), Fe (9.7), Cu (7.2), Mn (1.1),
Zn (0.66), Pb (0.37) and (average, ppm) As (2020), Rb (1850), Sr (1090), and Br (990). The salt globules in the miarolitic
quartz are rich in (average of 29 globules, wt %) Cl (25.0), Fe (5.4), Mn (1.0), Zn (0.50), Pb (0.24) and (ppm) Rb (810),
Sn (540), and Br (470). The synthesis of all data obtained on melt and fluid inclusions in minerals from the Industrial’noe
deposit suggest that the genesis of the tin ore mineralization was related to the crystallization of acid magmatic melts.
Original Russian Text@ V.B. Naumov, V.S. Kamenetsky, 2006, published in Geokhimiya, 2006, No. 12, pp. 1279–1289. 相似文献
8.
Chen Yong Zhou Yaoqi Xiao Huanqin Ren Yongjun Sun Xinian Wang Qiang Yan Shiyong Liu Chaoying 《Frontiers of Earth Science》2007,1(2):206-211
Fluid inclusions that bear halite daughter minerals were discovered in volcanic rocks at Pingnan area in the Dongying sag.
The samples of the fluid inclusions collected from the BGX-15 well drill cores are hosted in quartz of diorite-porphyrite.
The daughter minerals are identified as NaCl crystals after being observed under a microscope and analyzed by in situ Raman spectroscopy at −185°C. The results of micro-thermal analysis show that the homogenization temperatures of primary
fluid inclusions are between 359 and 496°C, and the salinities of fluid inclusions are from 43.26 to 54.51 wt-%. All fluid
inclusions in the studied samples can be divided into five types including primary fluid inclusions and secondary fluid inclusions.
The fact that five types of fluid inclusions were symbiotic in the same quartz grain implies that immiscibility happened in
magma. Due to the decrease in temperature and pressure during the ascent of magma, the fluids became intensively immiscible.
This process accelerates the degassing of CO2 from magma, but the remnant fluids with high salinity are preserved in fluid inclusions. Thus, the primary fluid inclusions
are mainly in NaCl-H2O fluids and poor in CO2. The results of our study indicate that the degassing of magma and accumulation of CO2 gas at the Pingnan area are relative to the immiscibility of high salinity fluids. This discovery is important because it
can help us have a further understanding of the mechanism of magma degassing and accumulation of the inorganic CO2 in eastern China.
Translated from Acta Geologica Sinica, 2006, 80(11): 1699–1705 [译自: 地质学报] 相似文献
9.
The central zone of the Miocene Štiavnica stratovolcano hosts several occurrences of Cu–Au skarn–porphyry mineralisation,
related to granodiorite/quartz–diorite porphyry dyke clusters and stocks. Vysoká–Zlatno is the largest deposit (13.4 Mt at
0.52% Cu), with mineralised Mg–Ca exo- and endoskarns, developed at the prevolcanic basement level. The alteration pattern
includes an internal K- and Na–Ca silicate zone, surrounded by phyllic and argillic zones, laterally grading into a propylitic
zone. Fluid inclusions in quartz veinlets in the internal zone contain mostly saline brines with 31–70 wt.% NaCl eq. and temperatures
of liquid–vapour homogenization (Th) of 186–575°C, indicating fluid heterogenisation. Garnet contains inclusions of variable
salinity with 1–31 wt.% NaCl eq. and Th of 320–360°C. Quartz–chalcopyrite veinlets host mostly low-salinity fluid inclusions
with 0–3 wt.% NaCl eq. and Th of 323–364°C. Data from sphalerite from the margin of the system indicate mixing with dilute
and cooler fluids. The isotopic composition of fluids in equilibrium with K-alteration and most skarn minerals (both prograde
and retrograde) indicates predominantly a magmatic origin (δ18Ofluid 2.5–12.3‰) with a minor meteoric component. Corresponding low δDfluid values are probably related to isotopic fractionation during exsolution of the fluid from crystallising magma in an open
system. The data suggest the general pattern of a distant source of magmatic fluids that ascended above a zone of hydraulic
fracturing below the temperature of ductile–brittle transition. The magma chamber at ∼5–6 km depth exsolved single-phase fluids,
whose properties were controlled by changing PT conditions along their fluid paths. During early stages, ascending fluids
display liquid–vapour immiscibility, followed by physical separation of both phases. Low-salinity liquid associated with ore
veinlets probably represents a single-phase magmatic fluid/magmatic vapour which contracted into liquid upon its ascent. 相似文献
10.
Imprints of hydrocarbon-bearing basinal fluids on a karst system: mineralogical and fluid inclusion studies from the Buda Hills,Hungary 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Calcite veins and related sulphate–sulphide mineralisation are common in the Buda Hills. Also, abundant hypogenic caves are
found along fractures filled with these minerals pointing to the fact that young cave-forming fluids migrated along the same
fractures as the older mineralising fluids did. The studied vein-filling paragenesis consists of calcite, barite, fluorite
and sulphides. The strike of fractures is consistent—NNW–SSE—concluding a latest Early Miocene maximum age for the formation
of fracture-filling minerals. Calcite crystals contain coeval primary, hydrocarbon-bearing- and aqueous inclusions indicating
that also hydrocarbons have migrated together with the mineralising fluids. Hydrocarbon inclusions are described here for
the first time from the Buda Hills. Mixed inclusions, i.e., petroleum with ‘water-tail’, were also detected, indicating that
transcrystalline water migration took place. The coexistence of aqueous and petroleum inclusions permitted to establish the
entrapment temperature (80°C) and pressure (85 bar) of the fluid and thus also the thickness of sediments, having been eroded
since latest Early Miocene times, was calculated (800 m). Low salinity of the fluids (<1.7 NaCl eq. wt%) implies that hydrocarbon-bearing
fluids were diluted by regional karst water. FT-IR investigations revealed that CO2 and CH4 are associated with hydrocarbons. Groundwater also contains small amounts of HC and related gases on the basin side even
today. Based on the location of the paleo- and recent hydrocarbon indications, identical migration pathways were reconstructed
for both systems. Hydrocarbon-bearing fluids are supposed to have migrated north-westward from the basin east to the Buda
Hills from the Miocene on. 相似文献
11.
In situ strength measurements on natural upper-mantle minerals 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Junji Yamamoto Jun-ichi Ando Hiroyuki Kagi Toru Inoue Akihiro Yamada Daisuke Yamazaki Tetsuo Irifune 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2008,35(5):249-257
Using in situ strength measurements at pressures up to 10 GPa and at room temperature, 400, 600, and 700°C, we examined rheological
properties of olivine, orthopyroxene, and chromian-spinel contained in a mantle-derived xenolith. Mineral strengths were estimated
using widths of X-ray diffraction peaks as a function of pressure, temperature, and time. Differential stresses of all minerals
increase with increasing pressure, but they decrease with increasing temperature because of elastic strain on compression
and stress relaxation during heating. During compression at room temperature, all minerals deform plastically at differential
stress of 4–6 GPa. During subsequent heating, thermally induced yielding is observed in olivine at 600°C. Neither orthopyroxene
nor spinel shows complete stress relaxation, but both retain some stress even at 700°C. The strength of the minerals decreases
in the order of chromian-spinel ≈ orthopyroxene > olivine for these conditions. This order of strength is consistent with
the residual pressure of fluid inclusions in mantle xenoliths. 相似文献
12.
Balitsky V. S. Balitskaya L. V. Penteley S. V. Novikova M. A. 《Doklady Earth Sciences》2012,442(2):277-281
The compositions and phase conditions of water-hydrocarbon fluids in synthetic quartz inclusions were studied by the methods
of microthermometry, local IR spectroscopy, and gas-liquid chromatography. Synthetic quartz was grown in near-neutral fluoride,
low-alkali bicarbonate, and alkali carbonate solutions with crude oil and its major fractions. The crystals with fluid inclusions
were grown under thermal gradient conditions at relatively low temperatures (240–280°C) and pressures (6–45 MPa). After the
study, the inclusions of grown crystals were subject to thermal processing in autoclaves at 350–380°C and 80–125 MPa. As a
result, the initial water-hydrocarbon inclusions underwent significant changes. Hydrocarbon gases, largely methane and residual
solid bitumens, appeared in their composition; the gasoline-kerosene fraction content increased substantially in liquid hydrocarbons
(HCs). These changes are caused, first of all, by crude oil cracking, which is manifested already at 330°C and attains its
maximum activity at 350–500°C (pressure of saturated vapor and higher). In natural conditions with increase in depths and,
thus, the thermobaric parameters, this process is inevitable. According to the obtained experimental data, this very phenomenon
and the existence of real thermal and baric gradients in the Earth’s interior provide for the formation of vertical zoning
in the distribution of hydrocarbon deposits of different types. 相似文献
13.
The Wittichen Co–Ag–Bi–U mining area (Schwarzwald ore district, SW Germany) hosts several unconformity-related vein-type mineralizations
within Variscan leucogranite and Permian to Triassic redbeds. The multistage mineralization formed at the intersection of
two fault systems in the last 250 Ma. A Permo-Triassic ore stage I with minor U–Bi–quartz–fluorite mineralization is followed
by a Jurassic to Cretaceous ore stage II with the main Ag and Co mineralization consisting of several generations of gangue
minerals that host the sub-stages of U–Bi, Bi–Ag, Ni–As–Bi and Co–As–Bi. Important ore minerals are native elements, Co and
Ni arsenides, and pitchblende; sulphides are absent. The Miocene ore stage III comprises barite with the Cu–Bi sulfosalts
emplectite, wittichenite and aikinite, and the sulphides anilite and djurleite besides native Bi, chalcopyrite, sphalerite,
galena and tennantite. The mineral-forming fluid system changed from low salinity (<5 wt.% NaCl) at high temperature (around
300°C) in Permian to highly saline (around 25 wt.% NaCl + CaCl2) at lower temperatures (50–150°C) in Triassic to Cretaceous times. Thermodynamic calculations and comparison with similar
mineralizations worldwide show that the Mesozoic ore-forming fluid was alkaline with redox conditions above the hematite–magnetite
buffer. We suggest that the precipitation mechanism for native elements, pitchblende and arsenides is a decrease in pH during
fluid mixing processes. REE patterns in fluorite and the occurrence of Bi in all stages suggest a granitic source of some
ore-forming elements, whereas, e.g. Ag, Co and Ni probably have been leached from the redbeds. The greater importance of Cu
and isotope data indicates that the Miocene ore stage III is more influenced by fluids from the overlying redbeds and limestones
than the earlier mineralization stages. 相似文献
14.
Fluid inclusions have been studied in three pegmatite fields in Galicia, NW Iberian Peninsula. Based on microthermometry
and Raman spectroscopy, eight fluid systems have been recognized. The first fluid may be considered to be a pegmatitic fluid
which is represented by daughter mineral (silicates)-rich aqueous inclusions. These inclusions are primary and formed above
500 °C (dissolution of daughter minerals). During pegmatite crystallization, this fluid evolved to a low-density, volatile-rich
aqueous fluid with low salinity (93% H2O; 5% CO2; 0.5% CH4; 0.2% N2; 1.3% NaCl) at minimum P–T conditions around 3 ± 0.5 kbar and 420 °C. This fluid is related to rare-metal mineralization. The volatile enrichment may
be due to mixing of magmatic fluids and fluids equilibrated with the host rock. A drop in pressure from 3 ± 0.5 to 1 kbar
at a temperature above 420 °C, which may be due to the transition from predominantly lithostatic to hydrostatic pressure,
is recorded by two-phase, water-rich inclusions with a low-density vapour phase (CO2, CH4 and N2). Another inclusion type is represented by two-phase, vapour-rich inclusions with a low-density vapour phase (CO2, CH4 and N2), indicating a last stage of decreasing temperature (360 °C) and pressure (around 0.5 kbar), probably due to progressive
exhumation. Finally, volatile (CO2)-rich aqueous inclusions, aqueous inclusions (H2O-NaCl) and mixed-salt aqueous inclusions with low Th, are secondary in charac- ter and represent independent episodes of hydrothermal fluid circulation below 310 °C and 0.5 kbar.
Received: 14 October 1999 / Accepted: 5 October 1999 相似文献
15.
Auriferous quartz veins in the Hill End goldfield, NSW, Australia, comprise bedding-parallel vein sets and minor extension
and fault-controlled veins which are hosted by a multiply deformed, Late Silurian slate-metagreywacke turbidite sequence.
Fluid inclusions in quartz, either from bedding-parallel veins or from narrow, steeply N-dipping veins (‘leader’ veins) indicate
a similar range in homogenisation temperatures (Th) from 350°C to 110°C. Within this range, Th data demonstrate five groupings in the temperature intervals 350–280°C, 280–250°C, 250–190°C, 190–150°C, and 150–110°C, corresponding
to a variety of primary and secondary inclusions developed during five periods of vein growth under a generally declining
temperature regime. Inclusion fluids are characterised by a low salinity of around 0.1 to 3.6 wt% NaCl equivalent. Laser Raman
microprobe inclusion analysis indicates that gas-phase compositions relate to the paragenetic stage of the host quartz. H2O(g) and N2 dominate in the primary inclusions from barren, Stage I quartz; CH4 and CH4 + H2O(g) are important in inclusions related to the early gold forming events (equivalent to Stages II and III quartz), but inclusions
developed during the last episode of gold deposition are characterised by H2O(g), CO2-rich and liquid-CO2 bearing fluids. Precipitation of gold was aided by sulphidation reactions or phase separation in response to periods of vein
opening. Late in the paragenesis, gold deposition may have been promoted by oxidation of the ore fluid. 相似文献
16.
Evidence for fluid phase separation in high-grade ore zones at the Porgera gold deposit, Papua New Guinea 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Coexisting, liquid-rich and vapor-rich primary fluid inclusions in quartz provide direct evidence for fluid phase separation
in high-grade quartz–roscoelite–gold veins and breccias from the Porgera alkalic-type gold deposit. Vapor-rich fluid inclusions
are CO2-rich, and sometimes contain liquid CO2 at room temperature. The close spatial and paragenetic relationship between these “boiling assemblage” fluid inclusions and
gold suggests that gold was precipitated by phase separation, at least locally. Additionally, the occurrence of carbonate
and sulfate minerals in high-grade veins (reflecting pH increase and oxidation of the boiled fluid) and the appearance of
hydrothermal breccias, are consistent with the process of fluid phase separation. Liquid CO2-bearing fluid inclusions are rare in near-surface epithermal deposits, and indicate that the Porgera vein system was formed
at greater depths and pressures (our estimates suggest pressures between 250 and 340 bars). It is suggested that alkalic-type
gold deposits may be distinguished from other epithermal deposit types by the more gaseous nature of the ore-forming fluids,
in addition to their association with alkalic magmas.
Received: 24 February 2000 / Accepted: 6 April 2000 相似文献
17.
Calcite and quartz veins in the gabbroic and dunite rocks of the Semial ophiolite (UAE) were selected for fluid inclusion analysis. The inclusions contain both aqueous low-salinity and hydrocarbon-dominated fluids. Mi-crothermometry data indicate that the aqueous fluids contain 0.22 to 1.45 equivalent wt% NaCl and occasionally contain traces of hydrocarbons. Homogenization to liquid occurred between 91 and 152℃. Modeling based on these fluid inclusion observations indicates that the trapping conditions of the studied rocks were subjected to temperatures of 162 and 172℃, occasional pressures of 610-710 Pa and the sequence percolation of aqueous and hydrocarbon fluids. 相似文献
18.
H. A. Gilg A. Lima R. Somma H. E. Belkin B. De Vivo R. A. Ayuso 《Mineralogy and Petrology》2001,73(1-3):145-176
Summary We present new mineral chemistry, fluid inclusion, stable carbon and oxygen, as well as Pb, Sr, and Nd isotope data of Ca-Mg-silicate-rich
ejecta (skarns) and associated cognate and xenolithic nodules from the Mt. Somma-Vesuvius volcanic complex, Italy. The typically
zoned skarn ejecta consist mainly of diopsidic and hedenbergitic, sometimes “fassaitic” clinopyroxene, Mg-rich and Ti-poor
phlogopite, F-bearing vesuvianite, wollastonite, gehlenite, meionite, forsterite, clinohumite, anorthite and Mg-poor calcite
with accessory apatite, spinell, magnetite, perovskite, baddeleyite, and various REE-, U-, Th-, Zr- and Ti-rich minerals.
Four major types of fluid inclusions were observed in wollastonite, vesuvianite, gehlenite, clinopyroxene and calcite: a)
primary silicate melt inclusions (THOM = 1000–1050 °C), b) CO2 ± H2S-rich fluid inclusions (THOM = 20–31.3 °C into the vapor phase), c) multiphase aqueous brine inclusions (THOM = 720–820 °C) with mainly sylvite and halite daughter minerals, and d) complex chloride-carbonate-sulfate-fluoride-silicate-bearing
saline-melt inclusions (THOM = 870–890 °C). The last inclusion type shows evidence for immiscibility between several fluids (silicate melt – aqueous chloride-rich
liquid – carbonate/sulfate melt?) during heating and cooling below 870 °C. There is no evidence for fluid circulation below
700 °C and participation of externally derived meteoric fluids in skarn formation. Skarns have considerably variable 206Pb/204Pb (19.047–19.202), 207Pb/204Pb (15.655–15.670), and 208Pb/204Pb (38.915–39.069) and relatively low 143Nd/144Nd (0.51211–0.51244) ratios. The carbon and oxygen isotope compositions of skarn calcites (δ13CV-PDB = −5.4 to −1.1‰; δ18OV-SMOW = 11.7 to 16.4‰) indicate formation from a 18O- and 13C-enriched fluid. The isotope composition of skarns and the presence of silicate melt inclusion-bearing wollastonite nodules
suggests assimilation of carbonate wall rocks by the alkaline magma at moderate depths (< 5 km) and consequent exsolution
of CO2-rich vapor and complex saline melts from the contaminated magma that reacted with the carbonate rocks to form skarns.
Received March 1, 2000; revised version accepted November 2, 2000 相似文献
19.
The aim of this study was to determine at which parameters hydrothermal systems generate rich veins with bulk sphalerite contents
of 30% and local concentrations in vein cross sections up to 60–70% and more. Such contents were found in the vein bodies
of the Dzhimi deposit in the Sadon ore district, North Osetiya. For this purpose, we examined the thermodynamic models of
the formation of base-metal filling veins. Ore-bearing fluids are formed in the root part of the hydrothermal system by the
interaction of barren solutions with the host rocks (granites), which contain background contents of ore elements. The thermodynamic
simulations were conducted for the system H-O-K-Na-Ca-Mg-Al-Si-Fe-C-Cl-S-Zn-Pb-Cu, which is described by 54 minerals of constant
and variable composition and 78 aqueous species. The calculations for the mobilization zone were carried out for the temperature
range of 360–440°C (through 10°C) and pressures of 600–1200 bar (with a 100 bar step). At each of the indicated temperature
and pressure values, 100 waves (portions) of primary barren solution were subsequently passed through the granites. More than
20 complete models of the formation of filling veins (each model involving from 1000 to 1300 calculations) were constructed
for individual T-P points in the mobilization zone, which was modeled by a sequence of multiwave step flowing reactors with a step of 10°C from
350–420 to 100°C at a constant pressure within the range of 600–1100 bar. We studied the effect of different background contents
of Zn and Pb in granites on the efficiency of mobilization and ore formation and compared the relations in the naturally occurring
distribution of ore elements along the continuous cross sections through Pb-Zb veins with the results of thermodynamic simulation.
It was established that ore bodies with indicated bulk and local cross sectional contents of sphalerite could be formed in
a narrow range of conditions in the mobilization zone (410–440°C and 900–1200 bar) and elevated background contents of Zn
(more than 0.007 wt %) in the host granite. The maximum sphalerite contents (bulk and local in vein cross sections) are achieved
updip the model veins within the temperature range of 150–200°C.
Original Russian Text ? M.V. Borisov, D.A. Bychkov, Yu.V. Shvarov, 2006, published in Geokhimiya, 2006, No. 11, pp. 1218–1239. 相似文献
20.
The Samgwang mine is located in the Cheongyang gold district (Cheonan Metallogenic Province) of the Republic of Korea. It
consists of eight massive, gold-bearing quartz veins that filled NE- and NW-striking fractures along fault zones in Precambrian
granitic gneiss of the Gyeonggi massif. Their mineralogy and paragenesis allow two separate vein-forming episodes to be recognized,
temporally separated by a major faulting event. The ore minerals occur in quartz and calcite of stage I, associated with fracturing
and healing of veins. Hydrothermal wall-rock alteration minerals of stage I include Fe-rich chlorite (Fe/(Fe+Mg) ratios 0.74-0.81),
muscovite, illite, K-feldspar, and minor arsenopyrite, pyrite, and carbonates. Sulfide minerals deposited along with electrum
during this stage include arsenopyrite, pyrite, pyrrhotite, sphalerite, marcasite, chalcopyrite, galena, argentite, pyrargyrite,
and argentian tetrahedrite. Only calcite was deposited during stage II. Fluid inclusions in quartz contain three main types
of C–O–H fluids: CO2-rich, CO2–H2O, and aqueous inclusions. Quartz veins related to early sulfides in stage I were deposited from H2O–NaCl–CO2 fluids (1,500–5,000 bar, average 3,200) with T
htotal values of 200°C to 383°C and salinities less than about 7 wt.% NaCl equiv. Late sulfide deposition was related to H2O–NaCl fluids (140–1,300 bar, average 700) with T
htotal values of 110°C to 385°C and salinities less than about 11 wt.% NaCl equiv. These fluids either evolved through immiscibility
of H2O–NaCl–CO2 fluids as a result of a decrease in fluid pressure, or through mixing with deeply circulated meteoric waters as a result
of uplift or unloading during mineralization, or both. Measured and calculated sulfur isotope compositions (δ34SH2S = 1.5 to 4.8‰) of hydrothermal fluids from the stage I quartz veins indicate that ore sulfur was derived mainly from a magmatic
source. The calculated and measured oxygen and hydrogen isotope compositions (δ18OH2O = −5.9‰ to 10.9‰, δD = −102‰ to −87‰) of the ore-forming fluids indicate that the fluids were derived from magmatic sources
and evolved by mixing with local meteoric water by limited water–rock exchange and by partly degassing in uplift zones during
mineralization. While most features of the Samgwang mine are consistent with classification as an orogenic gold deposit, isotopic
and fluid chemistry indicate that the veins were genetically related to intrusions emplaced during the Jurassic to Cretaceous
Daebo orogeny. 相似文献