The dynamics of mountain geosystems in southern Siberia

Using three key areas as an example we examine the tendencies toward changes of the mountain geosystems in southern Siberia caused by fluctuations of climate. Presented are the quantitative parameters of the dynamics of nival-glacial geosystems (glaciers, perennial snow clusters, icings, and stony glaciers). Portions of large-scale maps for the key areas generated for a subsequent monitoring of the mountain geosystems are presented.     

Distribution and morphometric characteristics of icing fields in Svalbard

Icing fields are common in Svalbard and very diverse with respect to shape. The occurrence and spatial structure of icing fields in front of glaciers were analysed using aerial photographs (at a scale of 1:50000) taken from 19 July to 25 August 1990–a unique set of images covering the whole archipelago in one summer season. Icing fields were observed in front of 217 glaciers. A total area of 12.3 km² appeared to be covered by the icings. This value, from late in the ablation season, is likely to be near the seasonal minimum. Of the 217 glaciers, 192 were selected for further analysis, carried out by stereoscopic observation of the aerial photographs. Striking difference in brightness of the icing fields in comparison to the surrounded terrain combined with field experience of the geomorphic setting of its occurrence made possible the complete inventory of the icing phenomena for the whole of Svalbard. Morphometric features were measured directly on photographs and on scanned portions of them. Results from field studies of melting and the decrease of the area of icing fields at the front of two glaciers are also presented. The shape and distribution of icings depend on a set of glaciological factors and on the glacial and geomorphologic setting. The duration of frigid temperatures in the winter when the icing fields were formed is also important. Results show that oval and circular shapes are characteristic for icing fields after surviving the ablation season. These fields have an important geomorphological influence on the outwash plains that currently develop in Svalbard.     

Snow accumulation, melt, mass loss, and the near-surface ice temperature structure of Irenebreen, Svalbard

This study examines the mass balance, accumulation, melt, and near-surface ice thermal structure of Irenebreen, a 4.1 km² glacier located in northwest Spitsbergen, Svalbard. Traditional glaciological mass balance measurements by stake readings and snow surveying have been conducted annually at the glacier since 2002, yielding a mean annual net mass balance of −65 cm w.e. for the period 2002–2009. In 2009, the annual mass balance of Irenebreen was −63 cm w.e. despite above-average snow accumulation in winter. The near-surface ice temperature in the accumulation area was investigated with automatic borehole thermistors. The mean annual surface ice temperatures (September–August) of the accumulation area were −3.7 °C at 1 m depth and −3.3 °C at 10 m depth. Irenebreen is potentially polythermal, with cold ice and a temperate surface layer during summer. This temperate surface layer is influenced by seasonal changes in temperature. In winter, the temperature of all the ice is below the melting point and temperate layers are probably present in basal sections of the glacier. This supposition is supported by the presence of icings in the forefield of Irenebreen.     

The Characteristics and Formation of A High-Arctic Proglacial Icing

Well‐known from permafrost hydrology, icings (naled or Aufeis) are also frequently encountered at the margins of high‐latitude glaciers. The morphology of a proglacial icing at Scott Turnerbreen in the Norwegian Arctic archipelago of Svalbard is described, and the process of formation is considered in detail. Ground thermal‐regime modelling indicates an equilibrium permafrost depth of at least 200 m in the studied catchment, and it appears unlikely that groundwater contributes to icing formation. Meltwater flow through ice‐marginal drainage channels is accompanied by estimated heat fluxes of up to about 190 W m^?2, suggesting that stored meltwater may continue to percolate through thawed sub‐channel sediments when surface runoff is absent during winter. A hydraulic conductivity of 6.9 × 10^?3 m s^?1 is implied, which is consistent with other studies of glacier drainage systems. The long residence time of winter‐draining meltwater, and solute rejection by refreezing water, account for high observed concentrations of solute in interstitial water in the icing. It has often been asserted that the presence of a proglacial icing indicates that a glacier is polythermal. However, as Scott Turnerbeen is entirely non‐temperate, the presence of an icing cannot always be treated as a reliable guide to the thermal regime of a glacier.     

Changes in Soil Salinity in the Ekhiin-Gol Oasis (Mongolia) According to Monitoring Data of 1977 and 2001

IntroductionNatural oases in the Gobi Desert arespecific ecosystems forming in the zones offresh(or slightly saline)groundwater dischargeconfined to tectonic faults[1].Until recently,theirenvironmental peculiarities remained poorlystudied.Before the 1980s,the only data on thenatural oases in the Transaltai Gobi and theirvegetation conditions were published by LavrenkoandYunatov[2].More ample and versatile data on the oasesecosystems were obtained by the Soviet-MongolianBiological Expeditio…     

Globalising Swedish countrysides? A relational approach to rural immigrant restaurateurs with refugee backgrounds

The main purpose of the article is to connect rural immigrants’ business ventures and development in Sweden to relational perspectives on their proximate and distant family and co-ethnic networks at structural and individual levels. Accordingly, the authors employ a relational approach and draw on in-depth interviews. In the context of urban–rural relationships’ meanings for the restaurateurs’ business benefits and constraints, they address two questions: (1) What does embeddedness in proximate and distant family and co-ethnic networks mean for the interviewed restaurateurs and for their businesses? and (2) How do previous and anticipated transitions in the restaurateurs’ families influence their business decisions and migration trajectories? The results suggest that the interviewees employed transnational dimensions in their social embeddedness and that they maintained material and emotional relationships with their countries of origin. This relational approach thus contributes to a better understanding of what the studied businesses mean for the entrepreneurs and the selected localities. The restaurateurs contribute to a globalisation of Swedish countrysides, but their socio-economic potential for countering rural depopulation in Sweden is not fully realised. Additionally, the study illuminates how individuals influence, and are influenced by, place-to-place mobilities on a daily basis and during their life course.     

Back and forth with hopes and fears: Sri Lankan men's narratives on gender and mobility in transnational livelihoods

Although in the past Sri Lanka has had a higher number of women migrant workers, recent statistics show that the gap between the percentages of female and male migrants is decreasing. Since 2007, male migrants have outnumbered female migrants. The article explores how Sri Lankan men have responded to the increased economic needs of their families and lack of proper income-generating activities within the country by engaging in transnational livelihoods, as well as how their roles and identities are contested and negotiated through labour migration. The study is based on men's narratives on their reasons for migration and their experiences of transnational labour migration. The concepts of hope and life course are used to analyse the intertwined relationships of gender and mobility in transnational livelihoods. The author identifies that men's mobility is motivated by their hopes of fulfilling traditional gender norms as providers and protectors of their families in combination with their new identity as successful men. Further, the study provides evidence that men's mobility is not only gendered but also a repeated act during their life course. The study contributes to strengthen research on mobility and gender by adding men's perspectives on transnational labour migration.     

黄土高原和鲁西南案例区乡村居民对全球气候变化认知

基于甘肃省会宁县黄河灌溉区、旱作农业区和山东省单县农业区的问卷调查,分析了案例区乡村居民对全球气候变化认知的一般特征、减缓全球气候变化的能力认知、义务认知和支付意愿及其区域和社会人口差异。研究发现:案例区乡村居民普遍关注全球气候变化,但对全球气候变化概念和发生原因的理解较肤浅。一定程度上,受访者通过当地气候变化及其影响来理解全球气候变化;受访者认为中央政府和国际组织应为减缓全球气候变化负主要责任,个人和家庭在减缓气候变化方面能力有限、支付意愿低,不同文化程度和职业受访者认知差异明显;存在原因认知决定责任者归属和能力认知、进而决定支付意愿的因果链,作者据此提出了政策建议。     

基于T-GIS的广州市居民日常活动时空关系

随着人文主义思潮的兴起和居民生活水平的提高,关于生活质量的改善问题日益受到重视,以研究个体活动时空关系为重点的时间地理学研究也得到发展。T-GIS 能较好地反映和记录个体活动动态过程,为时间地理学的研究提供了新的技术手段。近年来在工业化、城市化、信息化、住房与就业市场化等多重因素的共同作用下,中国城市的内部空间结构发生了急剧的演化,城市居民的日常活动也发生变化,居民微观行为和日常活动组织及社会空间的研究正成为解释城市空间重构及其机制的重要研究视角。本研究结合T-GIS 和时间地理学基本理论,以广州市为案例,利用居民出行日志的问卷调查数据,开发基于ArcGIS 的居民行为链时空分析工具,揭示了典型时间断面居民的空间分布特征和居民日常活动社会分异的的时空关系。结果表明,居民出行行为具有很强的时空关联性。城市中心区在一天不同时间都保持较强的吸引力,成为居民日常活动中各类活动的主要空间载体;城市空间的拓展,改变了部分居民特别是居住在外围街区居民的日常生活习惯;居民的日常活动时空关系存在一定的阶层分化,低阶层日常总体上离开居住地活动的时间最长,但日常活动的活动空间最小,人均月交通费用最低,主要活动空间位于城市中心区和部分传统单位生活区周边;高阶层日常总体上离开居住地活动的时间最短,其活动范围却最大,主要活动空间位于新城市中心区及其周边地区,人均月交通费用最高;中阶层的活动空间相对均衡,交通费用适中。这种时空关联性的分析,有助于揭示居民的日常活动与城市内部空间结构的关系,拓展基于日常活动过程的城市社会空间研究及交通需求评估,为城市规划和管理提供可靠的依据。     

地方依恋对城市居民社区参与的影响研究 ——以广州为例

基于2015年广州市1 273份居民问卷调查和半结构性访谈数据,结合逐步LPM回归和中介效应模型,探讨地方依恋和社区参与两者关系中存在的中介效应及其传导机制,并系统对比本地居民与外来移民之间的差异。研究发现：① 社区居民的地方依恋能够直接提升其社区参与期望;② 社区参与行为作为一个中介变量,在地方依恋对社区参与期望的影响中发挥中介效应;③ 对比本地居民,外来移民的社区参与行为和期望程度相对较低;④ 外来移民的社区参与行为对其社区参与期望影响的中介效应相对较弱。揭示了中国城市居民社区参与中存在户籍制度壁垒,需要进一步通过社区公共服务均等化措施,提升居民尤其是外来移民的获得感、幸福感和安全感。     

北京市区老年人口休闲行为的时空特征初探

大城市老龄化及由此带来的城市社会问题已引起社会的普遍关注。北京、上海等一些大城市市区,老龄人口的比重已经占到城市市区总人口的20～30%,部分老龄化社区也初见端倪。然而,目前学术界对老年人口问题的研究,主要集中在老年人口的贫困、医疗保健以及老龄公寓等经济和社会问题方面。对老年人口的精神慰藉及休闲健身活动的要求缺乏研究。本文通过对北京市区50个退休老人四季休闲行为的跟踪调查,采用时间地理学的研究方法,揭示大城市老年人口日常生活行为、休闲活动的基本特征及其时空分异规律,为大城市规划中的休闲空间的组织与布局提供科学依据。     

西部大开发引进海外华人华侨"资源"的思考

作者通过实地调研了解到海外华人华侨“资源”已经对中国西部开发发挥作用,以下三个方面是进一步引进华人华侨“资源”开发西部的主要方向：一是以其浓厚乡情为引导,在教育,扶贫,救灾等方面继续做突出贡献：二是发挥新移民中的高层次人才对其家乡如川,渝等地的高科技领域中的开拓作用。三是原籍北西部海外华人华侨也已经在西部投资办企业,作者认为,凭借西部地区丰富的资源,只要营造良好投资环境,进一步引进原籍非西部地区海外华人华侨“资源”的前景十分广阔。     

Ecological differences of south polar skua populations from Fildes Peninsula of King George Island and eastern Larsemann Hills, Antarctica

A study has been done on the comparison of nesting and feeding behavior, population variances as well as breeding success between two populations of south polar skua (Catharacta maccormicki) from near Great Wall station on Fildes Peninsula and near Zhongshan station in Eastern Larsemann Hills, Antarctica. There are evident differences in their population ecology. The foraging habit is much related to regional ecosystem and food resources near their territorial area. Dependence on human food waste influences skua's diet,which considerably affects their behavior even population variation in both areas. The skuas in Zhongshan Station,could shorten and/or regulate the timing for their egg laying and hatching, and take precedence of one chick brooding, for keeping their breeding success, and subsequent species continuation.     

煤矿区居民的环境污染感知——以陕西省韩城矿区为例

选择陕西省韩城矿区的下峪口矿和燎原矿为研究区域,通过实地访谈和454份有效问卷,利用秩和检验等统计方法,探讨了居民对环境污染的感知的影响因素。主要结论是:(1)矿区居民对环境普遍不满意,他们认为最严重的环境污染是大气污染,其次是噪音污染。矿区环境污染的最主要原因是煤炭加工(洗选、炼焦),采煤并不是最主要的环境污染原因。(2)在居民属性与环境污染感知方面发现:性别对环境污染的感知无明显的影响。年龄和居住时间对大气污染、水污染和噪音污染的感知有显著正向影响。文化程度对水污染、噪音污染和环境卫生感知有显著负向影响,这与文化集团性有关。居住空间对水污染和噪音污染有显著负向影响,说明水污染和噪音污染感知表现出空间层次性。研究结果可以为矿区的环境治理、政策制定等提供参考。     

不同受教育水平女性流动人口的就业差异研究——以福建省为例

通过对福建省女性流动人口的调查,获取不同受教育水平的女性流动人口的就业信息,对受教育水平为"文盲半文盲"、"小学"、"初中"、"高中/中专"和"大专及以上"5组女性流动群体的就业特征以及差异进行研究。结果表明:受教育水平越高的流动女性的就业层次越高、通过正式的市场找到工作的比例越高、获得较高收入水平的比例也越大;受教育水平越低的流动女性的工资越容易遭到拖欠,劳动强度越大,工作越不稳定,获得职业技术培训的比例越低且受培训愿望越不强烈。因此,有必要从提高女性流动人口整体素质,拓宽就业信息网络,规范劳动用工市场等方面采取相关政策以提高女性流动人口的就业能力、保护其就业权益。     

地理空间的尺度-结构分析模式探讨

本文以地理学、景观生态学有关尺度的研究为基础,应用层次理论,在大、中、基本三种尺度上,就有关地理空间研究的一个重要方面-地理空间的尺度-结构分析模式进行了探讨.初步建立了一种有关地理空间结构与功能表达的空间等级序列,该等级序列能够反映地球表层在不同尺度上的空间结构组成以及它们之间的相互转换关系,以其为基础开展地理空间研究有利于发现不同地理现象的内在成因及其发生机理(在基本尺度上),有利于发现区域不同地理现象的表现形式及其变化过程的动力学机制(在中尺度上).与传统地理学对于地理空间研究的宏观有余而微观不足的特点相比,该等级序列能够实现地理学的"宏观机制"研究与"微观机理"研究的结合,是现代地理科学有关"定性与定量综合集成"研究的基础.     

Theoretical analysis and engineering solution of parasitical spectrum in the CINRAD transmitter

To deal with the universal problem of parasitical frequency spectrum in China New Generation Weather Radar transmitter, this paper establishes mathematical models for parasitical signals existing in radar transmitters and analyzes their effects on weather radar performance. Based on an engineering analysis of their possible sources, a step-by-step method to eliminate parasitical spectrum is presented, which is applied to troubleshooting experimental weather radar. Eventually, parasitical spectrum is basically eliminated. As a result, improved spectrum purity and reduced phase noise is achieved. Moreover, accuracy for velocity estimate as well as ground clutter suppression ability of the radar system is enhanced.     

Understanding pastoral mobility: the case of Senegalese Fulani

Based on a case study from Sahelian Senegal, this paper analyses how various actors perceive the importance of pastoral mobility and presents issues of importance for understanding the use of mobility among Fulani of Ferlo. One knowledge system is a scientific one, the 'new rangeland paradigm'. According to this, pastoral mobility is a means to balance variability in dryland resources; hence, 'nature' is the point of departure. Another knowledge system is local pastoral knowledge. For the pastoralists, the well-being of their animals is the point of departure and mobility is used to ensure that the livestock are in good condition. The paper shows that it is important to distinguish between mobility of pastoralists and of their herd; even though the pastoralists of northern Senegal have become semi-sedentary, their herds are still quite mobile. The pastoralists are willing to move around within a small territory, which they consider their place, but are unwilling to employ large-scale mobility themselves. Mobility is not of importance for their ethnic identity and some use paid herders to care for their livestock. By looking at both knowledge systems, we achieve a better understanding of pastoral mobility and how this may change in the future.     

RURAL-URBAN CLASSIFICATION AND MUNICIPAL GOVERNANCE IN INDIA

Rural‐urban classification constitutes an important framework for the collection and compilation of population data in many countries. While “urban” is often specifically defined, “rural” is treated simply as a residual category. The criteria defining urban also differ from country to country. This paper argues that these rural and urban statistical categories are also highly significant for local governance, increasingly so in recent years given the emphasis on local governance and its restructuring. In India, constitutional amendments have given constitutional status to local bodies in the federal structure of the country. Local bodies are thus now expected to draw up their own plans and initiate development works, which requires them to generate their own resources and lessen their dependence on central government funding. It is thus necessary to reorganize urban space into viable spatial units in terms of their revenue base. While rural‐urban classification is the task of the Census of India, state governments are responsible for granting municipal status to urban centres. This paper examines the criteria and limitations of the rural‐urban classification followed by the Census, its congruence with the dynamics of state‐accorded municipal/non‐municipal status and some implications for municipal governance in India.     

Port Cities as Areas of Transition: Ethnographic Perspectives. Waltraud Kokot,Mijal Gandelsman-Trier,Kathrin Wildner,and Astrid Wonneberger,editors

Research on the impact of the built environment on obesity and access to healthful foods often fails to incorporate information about how individuals interact with their environment. A sample of 198 low-income WIC recipients from two urban neighborhoods were interviewed about where they do their food shopping and surveys were conducted of food stores in their neighborhoods to assess the availability of healthful foods. Results indicate that participants rarely shop at the closest supermarket, traveling on average 1.58 miles for non-WIC food shopping and 1.07 miles for WIC shopping. Findings suggest that access to healthful foods is not synonymous with geographic proximity.