Detecting repture precursors and determining the main fracture spread direction of rock with dynamic rock resistivity change anisotropy

In the past, domestic and abroad scientific workers have done a great number of researches of experiment forthe relationship between electrical resistivity change and stress on rock (Geoelectric Testing Group, Department ofGeophysics, Peking University and Research Division, Seismological Brigade of Lanzhou, 1978; Zhang, 1981;Chen, et al, 1983, Zhao, et al, 1983, Zhang, Lu, 1983; Zhang, et al, 1985; Brace, Orange, 1968, Kurite, 1986;Teisseyre, 1989), such as simulating the dynamic cour…     

Rhenium-osmium isotope constraints on the age and source of the platinum mineralization in the Lower Cambrian black rock series of Hunan-Guizhou provinces,China

The bottom of the Lower Cambrian series is an important bed typical of boundary event. The bed had been enriched with many useful elements such as Ni, Mo, Cu, Pb, Zn, Au, Ag, Ru, Rh, Pd, Os, Ir and Pt, many rare and dispersed elements such as Cd, Se, Tl, …     

2021年第1期目录

专稿 论水生野生动物的主动保护与被动保护（1-10） 杨海乐,危起伟 淡水贝类观察——生物阐释水污染和毒理的创新手段（11-27） 陈修报,杨健,刘洪波,姜涛 综述 天然胶体的水环境行为（28-48） 王沛芳,包天力,胡斌,钱进 湖泊富营养化响应与流域优化调控决策的模型研究进展（49-63） 刘永,蒋青松,梁中耀,吴桢,刘晓钰,冯秋园,邹锐,郭怀成 研究论文 ——富营养化与水华防控 19882018年滇池氮磷比的时空演变特征与原因解析（64-73） 高伟,程国微,严长安,陈岩 基于水华蓝藻固有光学特性的主要类群定量识别方法（74-85） 褚乔,张壹萱,张玉超,马荣华,胡旻琪 西藏巴松错浮游植物功能群垂直分布特征及其与环境因子的关系（86-101） 安瑞志,潘成梅,塔巴拉珍,杨欣兰,巴桑 鄱阳湖丰水期着生藻类群落空间分布特征（102-110） 钱奎梅,刘霞,陈宇炜 夏季东太湖光合有效辐射衰减特征及其对沉水植物恢复的指示（111-122） 徐德瑞,周杰,吴时强,戴江玉,吴修锋 喀斯特湿地水葫芦（Eichhornia crassipes）生长及表型可塑性特征对不同富营养化水体的响应（123-137） 滕秋梅,孙英杰,沈育伊,张德楠,徐广平,周龙武,张中峰,黄科朝,何文,何成新 ——水环境保护与修复 城市场次降雨径流污染负荷快速估算方法（138-147） 何胜男,陈文学,廖定佳,周瑾,穆祥鹏 Fenton体系处理黑臭河道沉积物的效果初探（148-157） 罗春燕,巩小丽,张巧颖,陈煜,杜瑛珣 鄱阳湖网箱养殖区沉积物有机质来源分析（158-167） 王毛兰,熊鑫,何昶,赵茜宇,刘景景 不同丰枯情景下长江三角洲非通江湖泊（滆湖、淀山湖和阳澄湖）有色可溶性有机物组成特征（168-180） 石玉,李元鹏,张柳青,郭燕妮,周蕾,周永强,张运林,黄昌春 ——水生态与生物多样性保育 水位对洞庭湖湿地4种典型沉水植物的影响（181-191） 刘向东,侯志勇,谢永宏,于晓英,李旭,曾静 水位波动的幅度与频率对刺苦草(Vallisneria spinulosa)生物量和形态特征的影响（192-203） 丁明明,黎磊,金斌松,陈家宽 河流大型底栖动物对环境压力的响应:以太湖、巢湖流域为例（204-217） 张又,蔡永久,张颖,高俊峰,李宽意 19882016年洞庭湖大型底栖动物群落变化及驱动因素分析（218-231） 王丑明,张屹,田琪,黄代中,高吉权,刘云志,龚正,陶世新,孟星亮 西江广东鲂（Megalobrama terminalis）繁殖生物学及繁殖策略（232-241） 刘亚秋,李新辉,李跃飞,陈蔚涛,李捷,朱书礼 ——水文与水资源保护 基于系统动力学的巢湖流域水资源承载力动态预测与调控（242-254） 张礼兵,胡亚南,金菊良,吴成国,周玉良,崔毅 太湖流域梅雨的划分及其典型年异常成因分析（255-265） 吴娟,梁萍,林荷娟,吴志勇,钱琦雯 近100年来长江与洞庭湖汇流河段水文特征演变（266-276） 肖潇,毛北平,吴时强 长江中游沙质河段床沙级配调整过程计算（277-288） 李林林,夏军强,周美蓉,邓珊珊 洪泽湖水沙变化趋势和冲淤时空分布及驱动因素（289-297） 贲鹏,虞邦义,张辉,胡勇 三峡水库中段库底水体CH4浓度变化及其主要影响因素（299-308） 秦宇,苏友恒,李哲,刘正勉,张渝阳 ——流域与可持续发展 近30年来鄱阳湖生态系统服务变化（309-318） 陈旻坤,徐昔保 研究简报 淡水磷酸盐氧同位素前处理方法的优化（319-328） 薛珂,张润宇,安宁,陈敬安,邹银洪,刘勇,张志     

雨中诘问

2009年7月13日下午14——16时左右,北京最大降水量达74毫米,西三环主路被淹,丰益桥下积水水深达1米左右,造成西三环,西四环,南三环,南四环等地区发生大面积拥堵,截至晚22点左右(除丰益桥)方恢复正常。2011年7月23日下午,北京突降暴雨,最大降水量达到173.2毫米,造成地铁1号线,4号线部分线路雨水倒灌,暂停运营,同时,西二环,西三环,西四环,丰益桥,南四环,南五环发生大面积拥堵,多架航班延误,对此,人民日报发表评论文章《再遇暴雨,北京有谱了》。2012年7月21日,最大降雨量     

国土资源调查评价“三字经”

土地始,万物生,资源盛,乾坤定。 中华大,人口众,底子薄,发展硬。 民求富,企求昌,国求强,度宜正。 勿盲目,勿短视,勿浪费,勿破坏。     

Distribution of empirical recurrence intervals for segment-rupturing earthquakes on active faults of the Chinese mainland

IntroductionInassessingtheprobabilitiesoftime-dependentandlong-termseismichazardsforsegmentsofactivefaults,itisnecessarytohavetheprobabilitydensity,f(O,fordescribingtherecurrenceintervaldistributionforsegment-rupturingearthquakes.Fromf(nandthefollowingequation,theconditionalprobability,pc,whichincreaseswiththetime,Te,elapsedsincethelatestearthquake,isabletobecalculated(Nishenko,Buland,1987,WorkingGrouponCaliforniaEarthquakeProbabilities,1995;Wen,1995,1998)fwhereATisthetimeintervalforthefor…     

AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON BEDMAKING AND CATASTROPHIC PROCESSES IN ISLAND BRAIDED CHANNEL

LINTRODUCTIONAstudyonevolutionandpredictionofthefluvialgeomorphicsystemhasdevelopedinthe1970's(Scheideggef,1975),andisstillapplied.Fromthemiddleofthe1980'son,researchofcatastrophicprocessesinthefluvialgeomorphicSystem(catatrophism,hazards)hasbeenfocusedon(SchummandChorley,1983,ShenandSchumm,1981,Chorley,SchununandSugden,1985).WhenafluvialgeomorphicSystemislocatedatthelinearregionofanollequilibriumstatebutveryclosetoequilibriumone,theboundaryconditionprotectstheSystemfromequilibrium,an…     

A numerical study of 1-D nonlinear P-wave propagation in solid

IntroductionBecauseoftheextensivedistributionofruptures,micro-cracksandcrystalfracturesintheearth,therelationshipsbetweenthestressandstrainarenolongerlinear,infact,theyarenonlinear.Inordertoinvestigateandusethenonlinearcharacteristicsofsolidmediumintheearth,weshouldconsidertheinfluenceofnonlinearresponseduringthecourseofseismicmodelingandinversion.Thisisoneoftheimportantstudyfieldsthathavebeenpaidgreatattentionsinthere-centyearsintheworld(Minster,etal,1991;ZHANG,TENG,1993).Thenonlinearchar…     

The crystal structure of (Fe_4Cr_4Ni)_9C_4

The Luobusha podiform chromite deposit occursin the Luobusha ophiolite exposed at the In-dus-Yarlung Zangbo suture[1]. The wall rocks of chro-mitites are harzburgites. Many mantle minerals werefound in chromitites and harzburgites. Among of them,there are 120 grains of diamond[2], many elementalmetals (mainly Au, Cu, Fe, Ni, Cr, Al, W, Zn, Pb, Sn,Os, Ir, Ru, C, etc.) and their intermetallic compounds.Besides diamond and graphite, the element C isalso combined with Fe, Cr, Ni, Ti and …     

Study on relationship between deep and shallow structures along north boundary fault of Yanqing-Fanshan basin

IntroductionTheYanqing-Huailaibasin,whichconsistsoftheYanqing-FanshanandHuailai-Zhuolusub-basins,ismainlycontrolledbythenorthboundaryfaultsofthesub-basins.AsabasictectonicunitattheintersectionofthenortheasternendoftheNNE-trendingShanxigrabensystemandtheNW-trendingZhangjiakou-Penglaifaultzone,ithaskepttheintensivetectonicactivityintheQuaternary(YANG,1982;XU,DENG,1988;XU,MA,1992;FANG,etal,1993;Pavlides,etal,1999).Overthepastdecade,manyresearchershaveconductedstudiesonthedetailedstr…     

淋巴结结核的影像学表现特点分析

目的:分析淋巴结结核的CT和MRI表现特点,并与病理学对照,探讨两种检查方法的应用价值。方法:回顾性分析2010年1月至2014年12月间34例经手术、穿刺病理或临床证实为淋巴结结核患者的CT或MRI影像学资料,分别从生长方式（融合/非融合）、边缘（光滑/欠光滑）、境界（清晰/欠清晰）、密度及信号、增强后强化方式（均匀/不均匀/环形规则/环形不规则）这5个方面对所受累淋巴结进行分析。结果:34例患者中共累及223枚淋巴结,其中颈部淋巴结67.7%,纵隔内淋巴结27.7%,肺门淋巴1.8%,肺内淋巴结0.5%,腹腔淋巴结0.5%,腹膜后淋巴结1.8%。所有受累淋巴结中,8.5%呈融合性生长,83.9%形态规则,79.4%边缘光滑。CT上发现的171枚病变淋巴结以等密度较多（53.8%）、低密度次之（43.3%）,MRI上发现的66枚病变淋巴结中98.5%为等T1长T2信号。所有CT及MRI观察到的病变淋巴结中,除57%的病灶密度或信号均匀外,仅伴钙化的为12.6%,仅伴部分坏死的26.9%,另外有3.6%同时伴钙化及坏死;增强扫描的204个病变淋巴结中,1%钙化显著、未见明显强化,38.7%均匀强化,伴坏死者内见不强化的低密度区,11.3%呈环形规则强化（均位于颈部）,8.3%环形不规则强化（纵隔内82.4%）,5.9%可见病变淋巴结内有分隔样强化（均位于颈部）。结论:CT与MRI对于淋巴结结核具有重要诊断价值,两者均能清晰显示病变部位、形态以及边缘情况,MRI对于病变边缘及周围情况显示较CT更明确,尤其是增强后,对于包膜及邻近组织受累情况的显示也更加敏感。      

Methods of Investigation of the Metabolism of Anaerobic Microorganisms

At present the development together with an intensification of anaerobic processes calls for methods of observation and control. It is very important to know intermediate metabolites of anaerobic microorganisms and the activity of methanogenic ones. Presented analytical methods are GLC analyses of lower fatty acids, alcohols, aldehydes and ketones and components of biogas. The chromatography using steam as a mobile phase is also mentioned. The method of determining the fluorescent coenzyme F₄₂₀ was tested and modified. This coenzyme is specific for methanogenic microorganisms and is closely linked with their activity. The determination of the total activity of the hydrogenase system of anaerobic microorganisms by means of the rate of the consumption and evolution of molecular hydrogen was also presented. The applicability and effectivenes of these methods were verified on natural samples. All the methods mentioned above give satisfactory results with available equipment, materials and techniques.     

山东数字地震台网子台背景噪声位移值的分布特征

利用山东数字地震台网的实时记录波形资料,采用在频率域积分方法,计算出各台站背景噪声的位移值。然后进行统计分析,得出了山东地区背景噪声位移值的空间分布和时间变化特征：台站背景噪声幅值与不同地区地质环境、岩性密切相关,位于第四系黄土覆盖层较厚的鲁西聊城、菏泽地区,鲁西北德州地区和鲁北东营、滨州地区各子台的背景噪声位移值较大,鲁中、鲁南山区和胶东半岛地区的基岩台站背景噪声位移值较小;同时,白天噪声值大于夜间噪声值,但深井观测台站的背景噪声值相对稳定。此项研究为绘制台网监测能力图提供基础数据,并为计算各台站的场地响应及震级修正值等测震学研究提供基础资料,促进台网的改建和发展。     

山西夏县中心地震台温泉水化学特征

采集夏县中心地震台温泉水及周边水点样品进行水化学组分特征分析。利用矩形图、Na-K-Mg三角图等方法,初步分析温泉水的水质类型、水-岩平衡状态、热储温度以及循环深度等,并结合氢氧同位素组成特征,初步分析温泉水补给来源。研究表明,夏县中心地震台温泉水化类型属于Na-Cl·SO₄型,水-岩反应属于部分成熟水,热储温度为148.8℃,循环深度为3.91 km,补给源主要为大气降水,温泉为断裂型温泉。以上结果可为该台流体异常分析提供基础研究资料,为夏县地区水化研究奠定基础。     

江西省地震局虚拟专用网(VPN)建设

叙述了在FreeBSD环境下构建基于PPTP的VPN网关的过程和技术，分析了基本概念、实现方式以及在江西省地震信息网的实际应用等。     

Evaluation of Negative Economic-Environmental Externalities of Overextraction of Groundwater

In recent decades, increased extraction of groundwater for human and agriculture consumption has led to a substantial drop in groundwater level in large areas of across the world. Declining groundwater levels is a serious problem in itself and has multiple economic, social, cultural, political, security-related, and environmental externalities. The negative economic-environmental externalities of overextraction of groundwater in the Orzouiyeh plain in the Kerman Province, Iran, were evaluated using methods such as replacement cost, production function, market prices, shadow price, and the value of the input marginal product. After evaluating externalities, the Positive Mathematical Programming method was used to evaluate different water policies to reduce the consumption of groundwater. The total economic losses due to the externalities were calculated to equal 2.8 U.S. million dollars. The damages caused by environmental externalities were calculated to equal 436.1 U.S. million dollars. The results related to the positive planning model show that the best policy among different options, such as deficit irrigation policy or combined policies, involves implementation of pressurized irrigation systems.     

A method of evaluation of measured light intensities and degrees of polarization of a unit volume of turbid air

Summary In order to interpret scattered light measurements a comparison with theoretical values is necessary. It is demonstrated by means of an example the possibility to obtain a first view on the measurement results. From calculated values of various aerosol size distribution models as well as from measurements were computed: 1) the angular quotients of scattered light intensity (i.e., quotients of intensity at two scattering angles and the same wavelength) and 2) the wavelength quotients (i.e., quotients of intensity at two wavelengths and the same scattering angle). The comparison between measured and theoretical values informs us of the exponent of the aerosol size distribution and its boundary radius.Finally, it is shown that maesurements of polarization may be explained by a similar method.     

裂隙岩体渗透性空间分布的指示克里格估值

本文较详细介绍了指示克立格估值的基本方法和原理，以指示变异函数为基本工具分析了向家坝坝址区裂隙岩体渗透性空间分布的结构特征，表明该址区裂隙岩体渗透性存在明显的各向异性特征；在此基础上用指示克立格法对未采样点处进行估值，估值结果显示坝址区裂隙岩体渗透性存在明显的壳状渗透结构特征.通过这一实际应用，表明指示克立格法可以较好地描述裂隙岩体渗透性的空间分布规律.     

对齐误差对测试地震计自噪声的影响

本文在理论上研究了对齐误差对测试地震计自噪声的影响。指出对齐误差影响到2台仪器记录间的计算互功率谱密度,进而影响到被测仪器记录间相干函数计算,最终影响到被测仪器的自噪声计算。发现当存在对齐误差时,在信噪比较高频段计算得到的自噪声水平比仪器的实际自噪声水平要高,在一般的实际测试中可能高20 dB以上。为了消除对齐误差对自噪声测试的影响,提出通过投影逆变换把观测记录变换到标准坐标系下,再用变换后的观测记录来计算地震计自噪声。给出了基于以上思路和传感参数对比测试方法的地震计自噪声计算处理流程,合成数据、实际测试数据的处理检验计算结果表明,本文方法可以有效克服地震计自噪声测试中对齐误差的影响。     

Influence of a method of evaluation of the curvature of flexible vegetation elements on vertical distributions of flow velocities

Methods of computing the deflections of flexible vegetation elements under the dynamic pressure of water were presented in the paper. Two methods, based on Euler-Bernoulli beam theory, were discussed, one designed for small deflections and the other, generalized one, also for larger deflections. The choice of the method for computations of deflections was discussed from the perspective of the computation of flow velocities above flexible vegetation. Computational results were compared with laboratory experiments and it was found that the simplified, computationally less expensive method may be used in many practical situations without deterioration of the results.