胶州湾沉积物工程特性及其开发利用

一、概述 胶州湾位于山东半岛东南海岸，是黄海的一个海湾，也是我国伸入陆地的优良海湾，自然条件非常优越。它东西宽15涅，南北长18涅，岸线全长88涅，满潮时面积达五百七十多平方公里。东有崂山，西有珠山，隔海相峙，陆域多为低山环抱，     

胶州湾沉积物中氨基酸对有机质降解及细菌源贡献的指示作用解析

基于对胶州湾表层沉积物中总可水解氨基酸（THAA）的含量、组成、构型及分布特征的系统研究,通过氨基酸碳氮归一化产率（THAA-C%,THAA-N%）、降解因子DI、反应活性指数RI以及D型氨基酸占比（D-AA%,摩尔百分比）等指标结合碳氮比（TOC/TN）、碳稳定同位素（δ13C）探析了胶州湾沉积物中有机质的来源与降解状态,利用细菌源有机质及胞外肽酶活性（EEA）探讨了微生物在有机质迁移转化过程中的作用与贡献。结果表明,胶州湾表层沉积物中氨基酸平均含量为（7.60±3.64）μmol/g,在陆源与海源混合影响下,其水平分布呈现湾内高于湾外、湾内东部高于西部的特点,表明湾内东部陆源输入对沉积物THAA具有较高贡献。THAA-C%、THAA-N%、DI、RI以及D-AA%等指示因子均显示胶州湾表层沉积物中有机质的降解程度呈现湾外高于湾内、湾内东部高于西部的变化趋势,有机质来源、微生物活性与上覆水水深共同影响了有机质的降解程度。胶州湾表层沉积物中细菌源有机碳的贡献率为（29.35±18.73）%,其水平分布显示出湾内西部与湾外相近且高于湾内东部的特点。细菌胞外肽酶活性（EEA）平均为（0.81±1.31）nmol/（g·h）（以MCA计）,整体分布趋势与细菌贡献率相反,呈现湾内东部高于湾内西部和湾外的特性。沉积物中有机质的不同海源、陆源占比决定了有机质的可降解性,而有机质的降解程度进一步影响了细菌源有机质的贡献与胞外肽酶活性。     

胶州湾表层沉积物放射性核素含量与矿物组成

用HPGeγ谱分析方法测定了胶州湾表层沉积物中放射性核素含量。样品中^40K、^137Cs、^210Pb、^226Ra、^228Ra、^228Th和^238U的平均含量分别为688，3．28，61．0，26．5，40．3，44．8，39．2Bq／kg；东部海区沉积物^40K和^137Cs含量比其余海区低，但^210Pb、^226Ra、^228Ra、^228Th和^238U比其他海区高；除湾东部样品中的^210Pb、^226Ra、^228Ra、^228Th和^238U之外，粒径小于0．063mm部分中的放射性核素含量高于粒径大于0．063mm部分。除东部海区外，湾内其余海区表层沉积物中放射性核素含量和矿物组成基本一致，说明东部海区的沉积物的物质来源与其余海区不同。胶州湾表层沉积物与流域土壤放射性核素含量水平一致，所以胶州湾沉积物主要物源为流域陆源碎屑。表层沉积物中放射性核素含量与矿物组成具有相关性。铀和钍放射系衰变不平衡，总体样品和粒径小于0．063mm部分，铀系中^210Pb相对于^226Ra过剩，^226Ra相对于^238U亏损，^228Th相对于^228Ra过剩。     

环境长期变化对胶州湾浮游植物群落结构的影响

主要依据1991年5月-1995年11月和1997年2月-2004年11月连续多年每季度月（2、5、8、11月）采用“浅水Ⅲ型”浮游生物网在胶州湾10个站位自海底至表垂直拖取的浮游植物样品,同时搜集自1954年以来约50年有关胶州湾环境因子及浮游植物的历史监测资料,分析研究胶州湾环境因子长期变化及其对浮游植物群落结构的影响.结果表明,近50年来由于大规模人类活动给胶州湾环境带来很大影响,大量工农业生产废水和生活污水源源不断进入湾内,造成水域营养盐含量迅速增加,近3年来NO3-N和NH4-N比1962年分别提高14.5倍和9.5倍,沿岸带的开发导致胶州湾水域面积不断缩小,纳潮量下降,水域环境容量和自净能力减弱,水域环境趋向退化.环境因子的变化对胶州湾浮游植物群落结构造成明显的影响,近50年来,浮游植物数量呈增加趋势;优势种更替明显,原先一些优势种不再居优势地位,而比较喜肥的种类如中肋骨条藻数量显著增加,成为最重要的优势种;浮游植物多样性指数有所下降,表明胶州湾浮游植物群落处于演化之中,同时由于营养盐含量迅速增加,为赤潮的形成与发展提供了丰富的物质基础,自1997年以来,赤潮几乎连年暴发,并有愈演愈烈的发展趋势,反映出胶州湾生态环境已呈现异常的征兆.     

胶州湾沉积物中氮与磷的来源及其生物地球化学特征

通过对比分析和相关分析对沉积物中氮、磷含量、OC∶TN、TN∶TP进行了研究,探讨了胶州湾沉积物中氮、磷的来源及其生物地球化学特征.研究表明,胶州湾表层沉积物中总氮、总磷的变化趋势一致,即从湾内到湾外含量依次降低,其中总氮依次为0.41、0.25、0.20mg/g,总磷的含量依次为0.29、0.24、0.22mg/g.在整个柱状样中总氮、总磷平均含量的变化也和表层基本一致,有机氮在大部分层次占总氮的50%-70%,无机磷所占总磷的比例一般大于60%.根据沉积物OC∶TN比、氮、磷的垂直分布可以判断湾内和湾口沉积物中的氮主要是陆源的,海洋自生的氮分别占28.9%和13.1%,湾外的氮主要是自生的,海洋自生的氮占62.1%.与氮相比,磷主要是陆源的,但在湾外海洋自生磷的比例明显高于湾内.悬浮颗粒物的组成也证明了湾内沉积物中氮、磷主要是陆源的.沉积物中OC∶TN值的垂直变化也反映了近年来胶州湾物质来源的变化特征,即河流来沙急剧减少,沿岸倾倒垃圾不断增多,后者已经取代前者成为胶州湾主要的沉积物来源.另外,沉积物中TN和TN∶TP的垂直变化也和近年来胶州湾水体中营养盐含量的变化相一致.胶州湾不同地区氮、磷的沉积通量相差很大,湾口的沉积通量最大,而湾外的沉积通量最小;在表层沉积物中,氮的矿化速率高于磷,有机磷的矿化速率大于无机磷,但有机氮的矿化速率并不一定大于无机氮.OC、pH、Eh、Es等环境因素影响氮、磷的矿化,但在不同海区影响程度并不相同.     

渤海湾和胶州湾表层沉积物中甾醇的分布和来源

测定了渤海湾和胶州湾22个表层沉积物样品中甾醇类化合物的含量,分析了其分布特征和来源.研究表明,所测定的8种甾醇类化合物在两海区表层沉积物中的含量和分布具有很大的区域差异,其含量为0～4.303 μg/g,渤海湾甾醇总含量为0.287～18.579μg/g,高于胶州湾0.084～10.584 μg/g.8种化合物中只有谷甾醇在全部样品中检出,而粪便甾醇仅存在于受人类活动影响较大和有生活污水输入的近岸区域.而代表陆源高等植物来源的特征甾醇化合物豆甾醇和谷甾醇则在河口区表层沉积物分布较高.另外,根据表层沉积物中不同甾醇化合物的组成、含量和分布特征,可以很好地指示河流输入以及大量生活废水的排放对近岸海区的污染状况,从而可以作为近岸环境污染监测和评价的重要指标.     

莱州湾沉积物有机质来源

应用C/N、δ13C、δ15N解析了莱州湾沉积物有机质来源,发现湾内有机质主要存在海洋、河口浮游植物以及陆地有机质3种来源。通过C/N、δ13C定量示踪,发现海洋浮游植物是湾内沉积物有机质的最主要来源,相对含量在41.6%—58.5%之间。河口浮游植物有机质、陆源有机质相对含量波动较大,分别在3.8%—43.8%、0—53.5%之间。海洋浮游植物有机质在整个海湾都表现出较高含量。近岸河口附近海域往往表现出高含量的河口浮游植物有机质特征,陆源有机质含量较高区域大都集中在黄河口周围海域,高河口浮游植物有机质以及高陆源有机质特征在黄河口周围海域均有出现。     

胶州湾表层沉积物粒度特征及其沉积环境

通过对胶州湾44个表层沉积物样品粒度组分进行分析,探讨了该区表层沉积物粒度特征和沉积物类型;并以沉积物组分分布和粒度特征为依据对沉积物进行聚类分析,结合其周边河流以及海底地貌分布,对其沉积环境进行了划分。结果表明,研究区沉积物类型主要有砂质粉砂、粉砂、粉砂质砂和泥;沉积物主要粒级为1.1Φ~7.1Φ,优势粒级为5Φ~7Φ,平均值为5.7Φ,粉砂的平均含量达到58.6%,砂、黏土的平均含量为23.6%和17.3%。将研究区沉积环境划为4类：湾顶及东部近岸浅水区域(I),大沽河—洋河水下三角洲区域(Ⅱ),湾西南部及中部深水区域(Ⅲ)和沧口砂脊周边及湾口区域(Ⅳ)。     

胶州湾浅水区鱼类种类组成及其季节变化

根据2009年3月～2010年2月在胶州湾潮下带浅水区进行的逐月鱼类定置网调查,分析了胶州湾浅水区鱼类种类组成及其季节变化.结果表明:本调查共鉴定出鱼类44种,隶属于9目24科39属.渔获鱼类皆为硬骨鱼类,以鲈形目(Perciformes)的种类最多,有11科23属25种.在各科中,以虾虎鱼科(Gobiidae)鱼类种类最多,共9属10种.按适温类型分,暖温性鱼类共23种(占52.27％),暖水种14种(占31.82％),冷温种7种(占15.91％);按栖息水层组成分,底层鱼类36种(占81.82％),中上层鱼类8种(占18.18％);按产卵类别分,产浮性卵鱼类21种(占47.73％),黏着沉性卵鱼类11种(占25％),附着性卵鱼类9种(占20.45％),卵胎生鱼类3种(占6.82％).各生态类型鱼类种类组成季节变化明显,种类组成的平均季节更替率达63.3％.本调查在胶州湾浅水区发现40余种幼鱼,尤其仍存在鮻、许氏平鲉、钝吻黄盖鲽和短吻红舌鳎等经济种类,表明胶州湾仍是重要的鱼类产卵和育幼场,应加强对其生态环境和渔业资源的保护,以期保护渔业生物多样性和实现渔业资源的可持续利用.     

胶州湾沉积物中有机硫来源及成因机制的研究

有机硫是海洋沉积物中重要的硫形态,其中成岩有机硫对有机质保存和微量元素形态具有重要影响。利用化学提取及硫稳定同位素研究了胶州湾沉积物中碱可提取的腐殖酸硫(HA-S)、富里酸硫(FA-S)以及铬不可还原有机硫(non-CROS)的垂直分布、来源及形成机制。结果表明,non-CROS、HA-S以及FA-S的含量范围分别为19.1~52.6、3.35~7.82和27.3~38.6μmol/g,均处于其他许多近海沉积物中含量的低值区,且3者均为海洋生物有机硫和成岩有机硫的混合物。HA-S和nonCROS以海洋生物有机硫为主,其份数分别为65%~68%和67%~77%,而FA-S则以成岩有机硫为主(54%~73%)。相对于生物有机硫,成岩有机硫更易被碱和酸性Cr(Ⅱ)溶液提取,因此腐殖质硫和non-CROS都不能全面反映沉积物中有机硫的组成和来源。黄铁矿和腐殖质中成岩有机硫含量随深度的同步增加表明黄铁矿形成并未明显地竞争性抑制有机质硫化。     

Geochemical records of phosphorus in Jiaozhou Bay sediments-Implications for environmental changes in recent hundred years

Phosphorus is a key element and plays an important role in global biogeochemical cycles. The evolution of sedimentary environment is also influenced by phosphorus concentrations and fractions as well as phosphate sorption characteristics of the marine sediments. The geochemical characteristics of phosphorus and their environmental records were presented in Jiaozhou Bay sediments. Profiles of different forms of phosphorus were measured as well as the roles and vertical distributions of phosphorus forms in response to sedimentary environment changes were investigated. The results showed that inorganic phosphorus (IP) was the major fraction of total phosphorus (TP); phosphorus which is bound to calcium, iron and occluded phosphorus, as well as the exchangeable phosphorus were the main forms of IP, especially calcium-phosphorus, including detrital carbonate-bound phosphorus (Det-P) and authigenic apatite-bound phosphorus (ACa-P), are the uppermost constituent of IP in Jiaozhou Bay sediments. Moreover, the lead-210 chronology technology was employed to estimate how much phosphorus was buried ultimately in sediments. And the research showed that the impacts of human activities have increased remarkably in recent years especially between the 1980s and 2000. According to research, the development of Jiaozhou Bay environment in the past hundred years can be divided into three stages: (1) before the 1980s characterized by the relatively low sedimentation rate, weak land-derived phosphorus inputs and low anthropogenic impacts; (2) from the 1980s to around 2000, accelerating in the 1990s, during which high sedimentation rates, high phosphorus abundance and burial fluxes due to the severe human activities impacted on the whole environmental system; (3) after 2000, the period of the improvement of environment, the whole system has been improved including the decreasing sedimentation rates, concentration and the burial fluxes of phosphorus.     

近百年来大亚湾沉积物有机质的沉积记录及对人为活动的响应

通过对沉积物中粒度组成、总有机碳（TOC）、总氮（TN）、碳氮比（TOC/TN）和碳、氮稳定同位素丰度（δ13C、δ15N）等的分析,结合沉积年代学信息与端元混合模型结果,解析了百年尺度下大亚湾沉积物中不同来源有机质的演变过程及控制因素。结果表明,大亚湾沉积物特性在20世纪70年代末至80年代初发生了显著改变:在此之前,TOC、TN、δ13C和δ15N表现稳定,陆源与海源有机碳的比例维持在3∶7,而自此之后,TOC与TN含量显著升高,TOC/TN持续下降,在1980—2000年和2010年至今都出现了陆源有机碳比例升高,海源有机碳比例降低的现象。上述显著变化表明大亚湾海洋环境自20世纪70年代末至80年代初已经发生了重大变化。近20年来GDP与沉积柱中TN和δ15N呈现出的显著正相关,与TOC/TN呈现出的显著负相关,表明沿岸经济的迅猛增长,水产养殖业的快速发展,周边人口的急速增加等人为活动,是造成大亚湾生态环境变化的重要原因。未来的研究应更密切关注人为活动对海湾生态环境的影响,通过法律法规约束行为,加强海湾生态环境保护与修复治理工作。     

胶州湾潮间带沉积物有机碳和叶绿素的埋藏特征

于2004年9月,在胶州湾潮间带河套和红石崖两个区域(分别代表近河和近海区域)分别采集沉积物柱状样品,并分析了样品中有机碳和叶绿素含量。结果表明:(1)胶州湾潮间带沉积物有机碳和总氮质量比分别为1.0～3.0g/kg和0.1～0.3g/kg,随沉积物埋藏深度表现为波动变化,但无明显规律性;(2)胶州湾潮间带沉积物从表层到底层叶绿素a质量比的总体趋势是逐渐降低最后趋于稳定,叶绿素a质量比变化为0.3～5.2g/kg;(3)胶州湾潮间带沉积物中的有机质应属于混源有机质。本实验结果对探讨胶州湾潮间带近河和近海区域沉积物中有机碳和叶绿素的埋藏和降解规律有重要意义。     

胶州湾环境保护法律问题研究

胶州湾正面临着严重的环境问题,如湿地减少,海域面积不断缩小、纳潮量持续减小;水域污染严重,水质日益恶化;生物资源衰退等,针对这些问题,对涉及胶州湾的各级法律法规进行分析研究,找出了现行法律的欠缺之处:法律体系不完善、海洋执法水平较低、司法救济不足。立法方面,国家立法和地方立法不完善,尚未形成健全有效的胶州湾保护法律体系;执法方面,既往的执法工作取得了积极有效的成果,但执法能力仍然有待提高;司法方面,受制于我国司法体系,司法救济并没有真正到位。针对这些不足提出解决胶州湾法律问题的对策建议,主要有:健全海洋法律体系、提高海洋执法能力、健全司法救济制度。期望为青岛市整治胶州湾环境问题、合理开发利用胶州湾、保护胶州湾海洋环境提供参考。     

Forms and functions of inorganic carbon in the Jiaozhou Bay sediments

Inorganic carbon forms and their influencing factors, mutual transformation and contribution to carbon cycling in the Jiaozhou Bay sediments were discussed. The results show that inorganic carbon in sediments could be divided into five forms:NaCl form, NH₃·H₂O form, NaOH form, NH₂OH·HCl form and HCl form. Thereinto, NH₂OH·HCl form and HCl form account for more than 70% of total inorganic carbon. There was close relationship among every form of inorganic carbon and their correlativity was clearly different with different sedimentary environment except the similar strong positive correlation among NH₂OH·HCl form, HCl form and total inorganic carbon in all regions of the Jiaozhou Bay. All forms of inorganic carbon were influenced by organic carbon, pH, Eh, Es, nitrogen and phosphorus in sediments, but their influence had different characteristics in different regions. Every form of inorganic carbon transformed into each other continuously during early diagenesis of sediments and the common phenomenon was that NaCl form, NH₃·H₂O form, NaOH form and NH₂OH·HCl form might transform into steady HCl form. NaCl form, NH₃·H₂O form, NaOH form and NH₂OH·HCl form could participate in carbon recycle and they are potential carbon source; HCl form may be buried for a long time in sediments, and it may be one of the final resting places of atmospheric CO₂. Inorganic carbon which entered into sediments was about 4.98×10¹⁰ g in the Jiaozhou Bay every year, in which about 1.47×10¹⁰ g of inorganic carbon might be buried for a long time and about 3.51×10¹⁰ g of inorganic carbon might return into seawater and take part in carbon recycling.     

桑沟湾及附近海域表层沉积物碳氮同位素分析及有机质来源

Naturally existing stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes are important in the study of sedimentary organic matter sources. To identify the sources of sedimentary organic matter in Sanggou Bay and its adjacent areas, which is characterized by high-density shellfish and seaweed aquaculture, the grain size, organic carbon(OC), total nitrogen(TN), carbon and nitrogen isotopic composition(δ13C and δ15N) of organic matter in the surface sediment were determined. The results showed that, in August, sedimentary OC and TN ranged from 0.17% to 0.76% and 0.04% to 0.14%, respectively. In November, OC and TN ranged from 0.23% to 0.87% and 0.05% to 0.14%, respectively. There was a significant positive correlation between OC and TN(R=0.98, P0.0001), indicating that OC and TN were homologous. In August, the δ13C and δ15N of organic matter varied from-23.06‰ to-21.59‰ and 5.10‰ to 6.31‰, respectively. In November, δ13C and δ15N ranged from-22.87‰ to-21.34‰ and 5.13‰ to 7.31‰, respectively. This study found that the major sources of sedimentary organic matter were marine shellfish biodeposition, seaweed farming, and soil organic matter. Using a three-end-member mixed model, we estimated that the dominant source of sedimentary organic matter was shellfish biodeposition, with an average contribution rate of 65.53% in August and 43.00% in November. Thus, shellfish farming had a significant influence on the coastal carbon cycle.     

Multivariate analysis of fluorescence and source identification of dissolved organic matter in Jiaozhou Bay, China

Hierarchical clustering analysis and principal component analysis (PCA) methods were used to assess the similarities and dissimilarities of the entire Excitation-emission matrix spectroscopy (EEMs) data sets of samples collected from Jiaozhou Bay, China. The results demonstrate that multivariate analysis facilitates the complex data treatment and spectral sorting processes, and also enhances the probability to reveal otherwise hidden information concerning the chemical characteristics of the dissolved organic matter (DOM). The distribution of different water samples as revealed by multivariate results has been used to track the movement of DOM material in the study area, and the interpretation is supported by the results obtained from the numerical simulation model of substance tracing technique, which show that the substance discharged by Haibo River can be distributed in Jiaozhou Bay.