胶州湾海洋黄色物质的生化成分分析

在实验室对胶州湾现场水样进行了处理、分析,获得了黄色物质溶液中六种生化成分在胶州湾的水平分布和测定数据,其中测得胶州湾黄色物质溶液中总脂质含量的平均值为21.03mg/dm3,游离氨基酸为1.75mg/dm3,总糖为1.41mg/dm3,氨基多糖为14.23μg/dm3,而胡萝卜素和酚分别为1.13和0.004μg/dm3.黄色物质在胶州湾海水中约为24.20mg/dm3.计算给出了胶州湾黄色物质中总脂质占86.90%,总糖占5.82%,游离氨基酸占7.22%,氨基多糖占0.06%,而胡萝卜素和酚所占比例甚小,与总脂质、氨基酸和总糖相比,约相差几个数量级.分析认为,胶州湾黄色物质以陆源输入为主,其生化成分分布受河流淡水入海流路和湾内环流等影响而被进一步扩散、输送.     

胶州湾黄色物质反演模式建立及在黄、东海海域的适应性检验

利用胶州湾现场黄色物质吸收系数测量数据,建立了胶州湾水域黄色物质反演的三种统计模式。与Bricaud和Pegau所建立的模式进行比较发现,胶州湾黄色物质均值模式中的S值比Pegau和Bricaud模式中的S值要小近一倍。为了进一步检验所建模式的真实性、可靠性,利用2003年3月12日—4月6日在黄、东海海域(120°30′05″E,35°59′46″N—123°27′04″E,36°00′04″N;122°12′50″E,30°45′40″N—125°00′26″E,30°00′10″N)81个站点的现场数据分别对已建的胶州湾模式和国外相应模式进行了比较、验证。结果表明,用胶州湾400均值模式、440均值模式、Bricaud模式和Pegau模式获得的黄色物质吸收系数计算值与现场同步实测值的误差平均值分别为-14.37%、-35.20%,0.19%和19.95%。对比值进行计算,给出胶州湾400均值模式、440均值模式、Bricaud模式和Pegau模式计算值与实测值的平均比值分别为0.85012、0.63932、0.98180和1.17541。同时,也给出胶州湾海域S值的变化区间为0.00166≤S≤0.02403。分析认为,胶州湾400均值模式和Bricaud模式优于胶州湾440均值模式和Pegau模式,在黄、东海海域有较好的适应性。     

基于归一化遥感反射比反演水中石油含量模式研究

自然水体中石油污染含量的时空间分布是数字地球领域水体环境研究的一个重要参数,利用遥感技术提取水中石油含量也是数字地球研究领域的一个热点问题。基于2009—2013年进行的六次石油类污水野外配比实验数据,结合2013年6月—2014年4月晴天获取的中国辽宁盘锦辽河油田Landsat 8/OLI遥感数据,在对配比实验测定值、Landsat 8/OLI传感器模拟值和Landsat 8/OLI传感器过境值等三类遥感反射比数据进行归一化处理的基础上,通过对波段特征进行分析,发现含油水样与无油水样在绿色、红色和近红外波段的遥感反射比存在明显的差异,由此提出了水体石油污染归一化遥感反射比指数NDPRI(Normalized Difference Petroleum Remote Sensing Reflectance Index),该指数可用来判断水体是否存在油污染,进一步建立利用NDPRI来反演水中石油含量遥感模式。结果表明:(1)含油水样和无油水样在蓝色波段的归一化遥感反射比差别不大;(2)含油水样在绿色和红色波段的归一化遥感反射比明显低于无油水样;(3)无油水样在近红外波段的归一化遥感反射比呈现下降趋势,而含油水样的归一化遥感反射比随着石油类浓度含量的增加而明显抬升,呈现出较好的线性关系;(4)含油水样,其NDPRI小于0.45,此阈值作为是否有油污染的判断值。最后,利用2014年4—8月污水厂获取的现场实测数据对模式进行验证,相对误差为13.5%,表明所建立的模式具有良好的石油含量反演精度。     

基于遥感图像分析的极区海冰漂移研究

自然水体中石油污染含量的时空间分布是数字地球领域水体环境研究的一个重要参数,利用遥感技术提取水中石油含量也是数字地球研究领域的一个热点问题.基于2009-2013年进行的六次石油类污水野外配比实验数据,结合2013年6月-2014年4月晴天获取的中国辽宁盘锦辽河油田Landsat 8/OLI遥感数据,在对配比实验测定值、Landsat 8/OLI传感器模拟值和Landsat 8/OLI传感器过境值等三类遥感反射比数据进行归一化处理的基础上,通过对波段特征进行分析,发现含油水样与无油水样在绿色、红色和近红外波段的遥感反射比存在明显的差异,由此提出了水体石油污染归一化遥感反射比指数NDPRI (Normalized Difference Petroleum Remote Sensing Reflectance Index),该指数可用来判断水体是否存在油污染,进一步建立利用NDPRI来反演水中石油含量遥感模式.结果表明:(1)含油水样和无油水样在蓝色波段的归一化遥感反射比差别不大;(2)含油水样在绿色和红色波段的归一化遥感反射比明显低于无油水样;(3)无油水样在近红外波段的归一化遥感反射比呈现下降趋势,而含油水样的归一化遥感反射比随着石油类浓度含量的增加而明显抬升,呈现出较好的线性关系;(4)含油水样,其NDPRI小于0.45,此阈值作为是否有油污染的判断值.最后,利用2014年4-8月污水厂获取的现场实测数据对模式进行验证,相对误差为13.5％,表明所建立的模式具有良好的石油含量反演精度.     

三门湾夏季浮游植物现存量和初级生产力

该海区的生物、化学、水文等项目进行调查。用HQM-1型有机玻璃采水器采集水样,大面观测站仅采集表层(0～1m)水样,用于测定叶绿素a质量浓度和光合作用速率。在N2和N11两个连续观测站,每隔3h采集表层和5m层的水样,用于分析叶绿素a质量浓度及营养盐浓度。同时,用浅 型浮游生物网由近底层向表层垂直拖网采集浮游植物样品,所采样品被装入容积为600cm3的塑料瓶中,并加入20cm3的福尔马林溶液固定保存,供对浮游植物细胞计数和种属鉴定之用。营养盐样品用经酸预清洗过的孔径为0.45μm的醋酸纤维膜过滤,滤液用饱和HgCl2溶液固定后,低温避光保存。图…     

海水中228Th、234Th、228Ra的联合富集与测定

采用大体积现场泵方法同时采集不同粒级的^228Th、^234Th及溶解态的^228Th、^234Th、^228Ra．以小体积MnO2共沉淀-β计数法测定海水中的总^234Th活度（A＇TTh）；用Goflo采水器采集6～10dm^3海水，继而过滤收集颗粒物质并测定其^234Th的活度（A’PTh）；以α能谱测定分离纯化后的^228Th；对^228Ra则是采用测定其子体^228Ac的β放射性方法．采用此流程分析了南海2004年2月航次A1站住的样品，获得了较好的结果．     

福建外来船舶压舱水中浮游植物种类组成与丰度及其影响因素的初步研究

2006～2008年间对进入福建沿海4个主要港口的12艘国际航船所携带的压舱水进行浮游植物种类组成和丰度分布的调查.此调查共检测出浮游植物7个门86属239种（含变种和变型）,77μm孔径网滤样和20μm孔径网滤样的平均藻类丰度分别为1.2×10^2cells/dm^3（变动在0～9.1×10^2cells/dm^3间）和3.4×10^3cells/dm^3（变动在0～3.0×10^4cells/dm^3间）.同时对其中6艘船舶的压舱水样品用f/2培养基培养,共有13种硅藻和1种甲藻被成功培养.文中还分析了压舱水中浮游植物丰度与盐度、水龄的关系,并结合历史资料讨论了压舱水里各类浮游植物的分布.     

江苏废黄河口光学后向散射浊度计的沉积物标定

以往的光学后向散射浊度计(Optical Backscatter,OBS)标定,多用其输出的浊度值进行研究,此研究目的是对OBS的原始输出的值进行了标定。利用在江苏北部废黄河口获得的表层沉积物样品和水样悬沙数据,分别对OBS的原始输出的值进行了室内标定和现场标定。结果表明:OBS值与悬沙含量呈强的线性关系,特别是在近岸悬浮体含量较高的水域。此外,室内用表层沉积物标定结果获得的悬沙含量值比实有含沙量高。像OBS的浊度值一样,OBS的原始输出的值能应用于悬沙的分析。这说明,即使没有浊度标定文件,使用OBS获得的数据也可以进行悬沙含量分析。     

黄、东海海洋黄色物质的卫星反演

在对物理特性分析的基础上, 建立了黄、东海海域卫星离水辐射率黄色物质反演模式, 并利用2003年4月15日SeaWIFS卫星获得的黄、东海海域离水辐射率(Lw)数据反演给出了黄海中部—东海南部(北起33°52′N, 南到22°00′N; 西起122°36′E, 东止125°28′E)海域的黄色物质分布图。结果分析表明, 研究区给出的黄、东海海域黄色物质吸收系数在0.003—0.13m-1范围内, 与大西洋北海测得的黄色物质吸收系数比较接近, 但明显低于波罗的海和地中海, 更低于世界各地沿海海湾。平均而言, 比在太平洋点测黄色物质吸收系数值高约80%, 达0.09m-1左右。在水平分布上, 黄海海域的黄色物质吸收系数明显高于东海海域, 沿岸水域明显高于远海水域。受长江水系和黄海环流以及沿岸排污等要素的影响, 在长江口以外和黄海中、南部水域及其沿岸附近有明显的高吸收系数值聚集区。同时发现, 在黄海西部沿岸, 由于有较高反射率的高泥沙含量的影响, 对该区黄色物质的反演产生了较大的影响, 特别在苏北沿岸和长江口水域尤其如此。而在韩国、日本西海岸、浙江及福建沿岸水域则比较正常的给出了黄色物质的分布。     

海洋CDOM光吸收研究中若干问题的探讨

本文结合在厦门湾的现场调查和实验室分析，对目前海洋CDOM研究中的若干问题，从空白扣除、吸收系数和光谱斜率S值的估算方法、不同粒径滤膜对CDOM光学性质的影响等方面进行了探讨，并就河口混合过程中S值理论保守行为的判断进行了分析。结果表明，测定水样时，应以过滤后的纯水作为空白，CDOM的吸收系数应进行校正以消除样品中非CDOM信号的影响。进行CDOM的S值估算时，不论是高浓度的河流端还是低浓度的海端水样，当波长范围相同时，非线性回归所得S值均大于线性回归。当波长范围不同时，对任何一种回归方法，S值随长波区成分增多而降低，线性回归方法其降低程度尤其明显，总之波长范围对非线性回归处理的影响很小，S值通过对校正后的吸收系数进行非线性回归处理，同时波长范围选300—500nm较为适宜。决定河口混合时S值变化的因素不仅仅是河海两个端元CDOM的S值，还有它们CDOM浓度的相对大小，滤膜对近海Ⅱ类水域CDOM光吸收的影响是不可忽略的，以采用0．20μm左右的滤膜过滤水样为宜。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

《Acta Oceanologica Sinica》Vol. 33(2014) contents

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INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,