滇东南南秧田矽卡岩型钨矿床成矿演化

南秧田矽卡岩型白钨矿床是滇东南老君山钨锡多金属成矿区的重要组成部分之一。该矿床由多个白钨矿体组成,以层状、似层状矽卡岩型矿石为主,矽卡岩矿物组合以透辉石+钙铁辉石+钙铝榴石+角闪石+绿帘石为主。南秧田钨矿床的形成经历了矽卡岩阶段,石英-白钨矿阶段和方解石阶段,通过对不同阶段矿石矿物和脉石矿物的流体包裹体显微测温分析表明:矽卡岩中的流体包裹体的均一温度范围为221~423℃,石英-白钨矿的均一温度为177~260℃,晚期方解石脉的温度最低,为173~227℃。矽卡岩中的流体包裹体的盐度w(Na Cleq)为0.18%~16.34%,石英-白钨矿的盐度w(Na Cleq)为0.35%~7.17%,晚期方解石脉的盐度w(Na Cleq)为0.35%~2.24%。激光拉曼探针测试表明,3个阶段的流体包裹体组分主要为H2O,还有少量的N2,只有在石英-白钨矿阶段的流体包裹体组分除了H2O以外,还有少量的CH4。矿床从早期到晚期成矿阶段表现为一个降温的过程,说明钨成矿温度较宽泛。成矿期含矿矽卡岩的δ13CPDB值为-5.7‰~-6.9‰,δ18OSMOW值为5.8‰~9.1‰,表明成矿流体主要是岩浆水,其次为含有机质的碳酸盐岩地层和大气降水,反映出典型岩浆热液交代作用的特征。     

滇东南南秧田超大型钨矿床流体包裹体及H、O同位素研究

滇东南南秧田钨矿床位于老君山钨锡多金属成矿区内,大地构造位置位于扬子板块、华夏板块与三江褶皱系的结合部位。钨矿体主要呈似层状赋存于南秧田组,根据不同的矿物组合及穿插关系,可划分出三种矿石类型,即矽卡岩型矿石、石英脉型矿石和碳酸盐型矿石。对南秧田不同矿化类型白钨矿中流体包裹体的岩相学观察后发现该矿床主要发育4类流体包裹体:富液相两相包裹体(Ⅰ类)、富气相两相包裹体(Ⅱ类)、含子矿物三相包裹体(Ⅲ类)和纯气相包裹体(Ⅳ类)。矽卡岩型矿石白钨矿中流体包裹体的均一温度变化于176~311℃,盐度变化于0.2%~10.9%NaCleqv。石英脉型矿石白钨矿中流体包裹体的均一温度变化于200~395℃,盐度变化于0.4%~11.3%NaCleqv。碳酸盐型矿石白钨矿中流体包裹体的均一温度和盐度分别变化于201~395℃和2.6%~11.3%NaCleqv。显微测温结果表明成矿流体属中高温度、中低盐度流体。激光拉曼探针分析表明,白钨矿中流体包裹体组分主要为H2O,含少量的CH4。矽卡岩阶段成矿流体δD值范围为−80.2‰~−78.3‰,δ18O水值为6.8‰,石英脉阶段成矿流体的δD和δ18O水值分别为−93.7‰~−79‰和6.5‰~7.1‰,表明成矿流体主要来自于岩浆水,并可能经历了强烈的去气作用,或者存在不同程度地层有机质、大气降水和孔隙水的混入。流体包裹体均一温度和盐度呈正相关关系及H、O同位素特征综合分析,本研究认为岩浆水与大气降水混合是引起白钨矿沉淀的主要因素。     

新疆阿尔泰南缘乌吐布拉克铁矿成矿机制研究

乌吐布拉克中型铁矿床赋存于上志留统-下泥盆统康布铁堡组变质火山-沉积岩系中,矿体呈似层状、透镜状,矿体及其周围发育大量矽卡岩矿物组合。早期矽卡岩阶段包裹体均一温度为256～534℃,盐度为11.90%～>73.96%NaCleqv,密度为0.56～0.96g/cm3,表明成矿流体为高-中温、高-中盐度、高-中密度的NaCl-H2O体系;退化蚀变阶段包裹体均一温度为188～313℃,盐度为12.30%～>39.76%NaCleqv,密度为0.83～1.05g/cm3,表明成矿流体为中温、中-低盐度、高-中密度的NaCl-H2O体系。石英-硫化物-碳酸盐阶段包裹体均一温度为162～320℃,盐度为2.90%～15.57%NaCleqv,密度为0.70～1.02g/cm3,成矿流体为NaCl-H2O-CO2±CH4或N2型流体。石榴子石氢氧同位素表明早期矽卡岩阶段成矿流体主要来源于岩浆水,石英及方解石的氢氧同位素暗示石英-硫化物-碳酸盐阶段存在低温、低盐度的大气降水的加入。方解石的碳、氧同位素表明流体中碳主要来自深部岩浆。硫化物硫同位素表明硫来源于岩浆硫。成矿机制可能为早三叠世岩浆热液交代上志留-下泥盆统康布铁堡组火山岩形成矽卡岩矿物,在矽卡岩退化蚀变过程中形成铁矿体。     

安徽金寨银水寺铅锌矿床流体包裹体和同位素地球化学特征

银水寺铅锌矿床位于大别造山带北缘,是该区最大的矽卡岩型矿床。矿体主要发育在中元古界庐镇关岩群仙人冲组大理岩与郑堂子组千枚岩之间的层间破碎带以及正长花岗斑岩与大理岩的接触带中。矿床先后经历了四个成矿阶段,矽卡岩阶段(Ⅰ)、石英.白钨矿阶段(Ⅱ)、石英.硫化物阶段(Ⅲ)、碳酸盐阶段(Ⅳ)。矽卡岩阶段(Ⅰ)主要发育绿帘石、阳起石、石英、绿泥石、磁铁矿及少量金属硫化物等;石英.白钨矿阶段(Ⅱ)主要发育石英、方解石、萤石及少量白钨矿和金属硫化物;石英.硫化物阶段(Ⅲ)广泛发育闪锌矿、方铅矿、黄铜矿等金属硫化物及石英、方解石、萤石、绿泥石等;碳酸盐阶段(Ⅳ)主要发育方解石、石英及少量黄铁矿。矿床中发育三种类型流体包裹体,包括富CO2水溶液包裹体(AC类)、气液两相水溶液包裹体(L类)和含子晶多相包裹体(S型)。根据流体包裹体岩相学、显微测温、激光拉曼研究结果,矽卡岩阶段主要有富CO2包裹体和气液两相水溶液包裹体,均一温度为314~400℃、盐度变化范围较大(1.1%~19.3%NaCleqv);石英.白钨矿阶段发育气液两相水溶液包裹体、含子晶多相包裹体和富CO2包裹体,后两者均一温度相近(263~349℃)、盐度差异较大(32.8%~41%NaCleqv和0.8%~6.1%NaCleqv),表明流体发生了沸腾作用;石英.硫化物阶段主要发育气液两相水溶液包裹体,均一温度为230~332℃,盐度为0.2%~8.9%NaCleqv;碳酸盐阶段只发育气液两相水溶液包裹体,显示低温(162~245℃)、低盐度(0.2%~5.6%NaCleqv)的特征。矿床不同成矿阶段石英、绿帘石中流体包裹体中水H-O同位素研究结果表明,δ18Ofluid值从早到晚逐渐减小,其中矽卡岩阶段为–1.3‰~4.7‰、石英.硫化物阶段为–5.1‰~–3.1‰,表明银水寺矿床早期成矿流体主要为岩浆来源,并在成矿过程中不断有大气降水的加入。石英流体包裹体中CO2的C同位素测试结果表明,矽卡岩阶段δ13CV-PDB值为–9.2‰,石英.硫化物阶段为–25.8‰~–15.4‰,表明早期成矿流体中碳质主要来自岩浆,石英-硫化物阶段有大量有机碳加入,其可能与流体和富含有机质的地层反应有关。矿石中主要金属硫化物的δ34S值(1.7‰~4.4‰)显示了深源硫的特征。Pb同位素变化范围集中(206Pb/204Pb=16.55~16.705,207Pb/204Pb=15.369~15.459,208Pb/204Pb=37.463~37.767),显示壳幔混源的特点。随着成矿作用的进行,岩浆流体与碳酸盐围岩地层发生水岩交代反应形成矽卡岩,该过程造成了成矿矽卡岩阶段磁铁矿和少量闪锌矿的沉淀;断裂活动造成热液体系压力下降,流体发生沸腾,CO2、HF进入气相并逃逸促使矿床中钨的沉淀;同时大气降水沿裂隙灌入,混合作用导致流体的温度、盐度降低,Cl–浓度下降,造成矿床中铅锌的大面积沉淀。     

滇西芦子园远程矽卡岩Pb-Zn-Fe(Cu)多金属矿床流体包裹体初探及矿床成因探讨

滇西镇康芦子园是"三江"成矿带保山地块内迄今发现的唯一超大型Pb-Zn-Fe(Cu)多金属矿床,是区内系列同类层控热液铅锌矿床的典型代表。矿体呈似层状、脉状及透镜状产于寒武系碳酸盐岩建造的矽卡岩和大理岩层间破碎带,矿石构造以条带状、浸染状和脉状-网脉状为主要特征;围岩蚀变复杂、分带明显,由下至上依次为石榴子石-透辉石-透闪石-阳起石化带→绿泥石-绿帘石-阳起石-蔷薇辉石化带→碳酸盐-大理岩化带。矿床成矿流体从早期到晚期经历了多个矿化阶段。本文选取了该矿床早矽卡岩阶段、晚矽卡岩阶段、石英硫化物阶段和石英碳酸盐阶段的多种脉石矿物及闪锌矿进行了系统的流体包裹体研究。结果显示,早矽卡岩阶段发育微溶CO_2富液相和纯液相水溶液包裹体,并含大量K~+、Na~+、Ca~(2+)、F~-和Cl~-和少量SO_4~(2-),气相成分主要为H_2O、CO_2及少量CH_4和N_2,包裹体均一温度为233.6~315.6℃,盐度为10.6%~17.6%NaCleqv;晚矽卡岩阶段发育含CO_2和子矿物三相包裹体,均一温度214.9~388.0℃,盐度5.9%~16.4%NaCleqv;石英硫化物阶段发育含CO_2的水溶液包裹体,气相成分为CH_4、H_2O和少量CO_2,均一温度150.0~285.0℃,盐度为2.5%~13.8%NaCleqv;石英碳酸盐阶段为单一成分的水溶液包裹体,均一温度为105.0~187.5℃,盐度为0.5%~12.3%NaCleqv。结合H-O同位素研究表明,成矿流体最初来源于具中高温、中高盐度、高K、Na,富CO_2、Cl、F等特征的深部岩浆热液,在石英硫化物阶段开始有大气降水混入,演化为中阶段中低温、低盐度、贫CO_2的热液流体,至成矿晚阶段转化为以大气降水占主导。该矿床成矿环境的改变、流体混合以及流体的沸腾作用可能是导致成矿物质富集沉淀的重要机制。综合矿床地质特征、成矿流体包裹体和HO同位素研究认为,该矿床为与陆陆碰撞造山和深部隐伏岩体有关的远程矽卡岩成矿系统。     

胶东邢家山矽卡岩型钼矿床成矿流体与成矿机制

邢家山矿床是胶东地区发现的大型矽卡岩型钼多金属矿床。通过野外调研,将成矿过程划分为四个阶段:早矽卡岩阶段、晚矽卡岩阶段、石英硫化物阶段和石英-碳酸盐阶段。对不同阶段流体包裹体研究表明,存在液体包裹体(L)、气体包裹体(V)和含子矿物包裹体(S)三类。激光拉曼探针显示流体的气体分类型为H_2O-H_2S,早和晚矽卡岩阶段均一温度集中在375～450℃,盐度存在14%～15%NaCleqv和大于30%NaCleqv两个端元;石英-硫化物阶段均一温度集中在260～340℃,盐度存在8%～12%NaCleqv和大于50%NaCleqv两个端元;石英-碳酸盐阶段流体包裹体均一温度集中在170～200℃,盐度小于10%NaCleqv。该矿床成矿流体具有高温高盐度的特征,且富含H_2S等还原性气体,从矽卡岩阶段到碳酸盐阶段成矿温度和盐度总体有降低的趋势。邢家山钼矿δ~(18) O_(H_2O)值为0.04‰～8.18‰,δ~(13) C_(V-PDB)值为-3. 35‰～-0.73‰,δ~(18) O_(V-SMOW)值为5. 93‰～8. 42‰,δ~(34)S值为6.5～10. 8‰。邢家山矿床成矿流体主要来源于岩浆,后期有大气降水的加入,流体沸腾是成矿的主要机制。     

云南麻栗坡南秧田白钨矿床流体包裹体、稳定同位素特征及其成矿意义

对南秧田层状矽卡岩型白钨矿石中石榴石及电气石石英脉型白钨矿石中石英流体包裹体岩相学特征研究表明,与成矿有关的包裹体主要有富液相、富气相和含子晶的流体包裹体3种类型.矽卡岩型矿石中石榴石及共生石英的包裹体均一温度为128～250℃,盐度w(NaCl) =0.7％ ～8.1％;电气石石英脉型白钨矿石中石英的流体包裹体均一温度范围为181～ 325℃,盐度w(NaCl)=1.57％ ～ 15.76％.两种类型矿石成矿溶液密度为0.75～0.95g/cm3,表明形成这两种类型矿石的成矿流体均属于中温、中-低盐度、低密度的流体.氢氧同位素结果显示其主要来源于地层水(变质水),后期受到了岩浆水的叠加改造作用.硫同位素落入沉积岩、变质岩及蒸发硫酸盐的硫同位素组成范围内.     

云南南秧田钨矿床流体包裹体特征及其意义

对南秧田矽卡岩型钨矿床的石英和石榴石流体包裹体的岩相学特征研究表明,与成矿有关的包裹体主要有3类:富液相、富气相和含子晶的多相包裹体。石英包裹体均一温度范围为232～337℃,盐度w(NaCl)=0.53%～9.98%;石榴石包裹体的均一温度范围为228～306℃,盐度w(NaCl)=6.45%～14.04%。激光拉曼探针分析表明,南秧田白钨矿的成矿流体中气相成分以H2O为主,含少量CO2、CH4、H2S和N2等气体,液相成分以H2O为主,属NaCl-H2O流体体系。成矿溶液的密度为0.72～0.87g/cm3,表明形成这种矽卡岩型矿床的成矿流体均属于中温、低盐度、低密度的流体。成矿压力为18～32MPa,成矿深度约为0.6～1.2km。石英包裹体水的δD为-72.16‰～-65.10‰,δ18O为7.98‰～8.45‰,钨矿床中硫化物δ34S为6.6‰。成矿流体主要来自燕山晚期的岩浆热液作用。     

湖南渣滓溪锑钨矿床流体包裹体特征及其意义

湘中锑矿带中的渣滓溪锑钨矿床,是我国典型的大型脉状充填型锑矿床,前人对其成矿流体研究较少,该矿的矿石沉淀机制和成矿过程,目前尚不清楚。本次采用红外显微测温和传统显微测温相结合的方法,对渣滓溪矿区的白钨矿、辉锑矿及与其共生的石英中的流体包裹体,进行了系统的岩相学和显微测温研究。研究表明,该区矿物中发育的流体包裹体有四种类型,纯液相包裹体、富液相的气液包裹体、富气相的气液包裹体和纯气相包裹体。该区白钨矿中流体包裹体的均一温度为147～285℃,盐度为2.4%～6.0%NaCleqv,与其共生的石英中流体包裹体的均一温度为147～314℃,盐度为3.1%～6.2%NaCleqv;辉锑矿中流体包裹体的均一温度为124～269℃,盐度为0.4%～4.5%NaCleqv,与其共生的石英中流体包裹体的均一温度为114～298℃,盐度为0.2%～5.9%NaCleqv,成矿流体为一种中温、低盐度,以H2O为主的热水溶液。该区钨矿石中的白钨矿和石英、锑矿石中的辉锑矿和石英分别具有相似的均一温度和盐度。钨矿石和锑矿石具有不同的沉淀机制,前者是由于流体混合作用导致的,而后者则是由于流体沸腾引起的。湘西浅变质岩中的锑矿床和湘中碳酸盐岩中的锑矿床,两者锑矿石的形成过程与沉淀机制明显不同:前者的矿石矿物与脉石矿物的均一温度和盐度基本一致,是从同一溶液中沉淀的,流体沸腾作用导致锑矿石发生沉淀;而后者的矿石矿物与脉石矿物的均一温度和盐度明显有别,是不同流体作用的产物,锑矿石的形成是流体混合作用所致。     

南岭东段岩前矽卡岩型钨矿成矿流体研究

南岭东段以石英脉型钨矿集中产出而闻名于世,岩前钨矿是该地区新近发现的中型矽卡岩型钨矿。本文在详细矿床地质和成矿期次研究基础上,对矽卡岩型矿体各成矿阶段的代表性矿物石榴子石、白钨矿、石英、方解石及矽卡岩附近白钨矿 黑钨矿石英脉中石英的流体包裹体进行了系统的岩相学、显微测温、激光拉曼光谱分析和氢氧同位素地球化学研究。岩前钨矿流体包裹体类型主要为富液相两相水溶液I型包裹体和含CO2三相水溶液Ⅳ型包裹体,石榴子石和石英中I型包裹体中偶见子晶。白钨矿 黑钨矿石英脉中的石英相比矽卡岩型矿体中的石英具有更多的Ⅳ型包裹体。早期矽卡岩阶段的流体参数为温度300~510℃、压力32~108 MPa、平均盐度7.64%、平均密度0.69g/cm3,白钨矿主成矿阶段(晚期矽卡岩阶段)的流体参数为温度230~300℃、压力21~64 MPa、平均盐度6.99%、平均密度0.87g/cm3,石英 硫化物 碳酸盐阶段的流体参数为温度100~230℃、压力10~62 MPa、平均盐度5.81%、平均密度0.95g/cm3。白钨矿 黑钨矿石英脉的形成温度集中于110~320℃,其上限高于矽卡岩型白钨矿的温度上限,推断石英脉型黑钨矿形成温度更高。岩前钨矿成矿流体在从高温至低温的演化过程中,盐度逐渐降低、密度逐渐增大、压力逐渐降低,整体为低盐度、低密度的流体。氢氧同位素分析表明,成矿流体来源主要为岩浆水,晚期有少量大气水的加入。岩前钨矿成矿机制主要包括流体不混溶作用、流体与围岩相互反应、流体自然冷却、流体混合和压力下降,其中以CO2逸失为特征的流体不混溶作用为重要的成矿机制。岩相学观察、显微测温、激光拉曼光谱分析证实了矽卡岩型矿体及白钨矿 黑钨矿石英脉中石英的包裹体中都含有CO2。I型包裹体与Ⅳ型包裹体共存、高盐度包裹体与低盐度包裹体共存及部分I型包裹体中含子晶证明岩前钨矿成矿过程中存在流体不混溶作用。成矿过程为：成矿初期,岩浆上侵分异出富钨岩浆热液,热液与碳酸盐质围岩发生了剧烈的接触交代作用,引起了围岩中Ca2+的释放以及pH和氧逸度的升高,同时发生了大规模隐爆作用并导致了CO2流体不混溶作用。CO2参与形成了可作为W运移载体的碱金属水溶液,另外其逸失导致pH升高和氧逸度降低。成矿初期的含矿热液为高温、高压、高盐度、富钨、富钙、富挥发份、pH相对较高、偏还原之后偏氧化的流体,在温压下降及氧逸度降低的条件下白钨矿大量沉淀。白钨矿 黑钨矿石英脉由于靠近矽卡岩,所以热液中含Ca2+,但Ca2+的含量还不足以形成单一的白钨矿,所以出现了白钨矿和黑钨矿共存。对岩前钨矿成矿流体的研究进一步厘定了该区矽卡岩型钨矿的成因机制,同时有益于拓展南岭东段钨矿的找矿方向。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.