甘肃北山柳园地区花岗岩类的年代学、地球化学特征及构造意义

北山柳园地区分布大量的花岗岩类岩石,岩石类型有花岗闪长岩、二长花岗岩、钾长花岗岩和斑状花岗岩.锆石SHRIMP U-Pb定年分析结果为花岗闪长岩的侵位年代为423±8 Ma辉铜山以东(HT-)钾长花岗岩和二长花岗岩的侵位分别为436±9 Ma和397±7 Ma.该区花岗质岩石都具有大离子亲石元素和轻稀土元素相对富集,K、Ni、Ta、P和Ti负异常的特征,属于准铝质到过铝质的高K花岗岩.花岗闪长岩无Sr和Eu负异常的特征,εNd(t)=-2.5～-0.8,其岩浆源于岩石圈地幔或是软流圈与岩石圈地幔相混合的岩浆熔融,并受到了含有火山弧组分的年轻地壳的混染.钾长花岗岩和二长花岗岩具有Sr和Eu负异常的特征,εNd(t)值分别为+1.4、-4.0～-2.0和-2.7～-0.3.HT-钾长花岗岩岩浆主要源于由于岩石圈地幔岩浆作用而导致上覆年轻地壳物质的部分熔融;花牛山附近(HN-)钾长花岗岩岩浆主要源于软流圈地幔部分熔融,可能受到了部分年轻地壳物质的混染;二长花岗岩岩浆主要源于年轻地壳的部分熔融.柳园地区4类花岗岩类岩石都是后碰撞构造背景下的岩浆产物,岩浆形成可能与俯冲板片断离有关.     

大兴安岭新林镇岩体的同位素特征及其地质意义

新林镇岩体位于大兴安岭北部,主要由花岗闪长岩、石英二长岩、二长花岗岩、碱长花岗岩组成,局部见到细粒辉长岩和闪长岩包体。岩石地球化学和岩石学特征表明,该杂岩体属于高钾钙碱性I型花岗岩。两个花岗闪长岩的锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年结果分别为(132±3)Ma和(131±3)Ma,属于早白垩世岩浆活动的产物。样品的Sr-Nd同位素组成比较均一,而Hf同位素特征变化较大,其εHf(t)变化介于1.32~8.32之间,Hf模式年龄与Nd模式年龄一致,表明花岗质岩浆主要起源于元古代增生的地壳物质,在岩石形成过程中有地幔组分的贡献。岩体的同位素特征将额尔古纳地块地壳增生时间限定在新元古代,而兴安地块地壳增生发生在新元古代—显生宙,暗示它们具有不同的地壳演化过程。     

西天山那拉提地区古生代花岗岩的年代学和锆石Hf同位素研究

西天山那拉提地区发育强烈的古生代花岗岩浆活动,依据野外地质特征和形成时代,将该区花岗岩分为早古生代—晚泥盆世花岗岩和石炭纪花岗岩两类。前者变形较强,发育弱的片麻理构造,岩石类型主体为闪长岩-石英闪长岩-花岗闪长岩-二长花岗岩,LA-ICPMS锆石U-Pb定年揭示其形成时代为366～485Ma,εHf(t)和t2DM的研究揭示花岗岩主要有3种来源:一是t2DM介于1.2～1.6Ga的中元古代地壳源区;二是t2DM介于0.7～1.6Ga的中新元古代地壳混合源区;三是t2DM与岩石形成年龄接近或略大的以亏损地幔新生地壳为主的地壳源区。后者变形很弱,LA-ICPMS锆石U-Pb定年揭示其形成时代为320～352Ma。晚泥盆世—石炭纪花岗岩主要源区亦有3种:一是t2DM介于1.0～1.7Ga的中新元古代混合源区;二是t2DM约为0.4Ga左右的早古生代新生地壳源区;三是早石炭世早期与岩浆形成年龄一致的亏损地幔和古老地壳混合源区。那拉提早石炭世花岗闪长岩当εHf(t)为最高的正值时(14.21),其t2DM与岩石形成年龄一致,表明在349Ma时存在一次地幔物质的加入。综合西天山地区区域地质演化和花岗岩的野外地质特征、时代格架、锆石Hf同位素揭示的源区特征,认为那拉提地区现划分的古元古代地层中存在0.7～0.8Ga、1.6～1.8Ga中新元古代增生地壳。石炭纪花岗岩为碰撞后大陆伸展作用的产物,早石炭世大规模地幔物质的加入代表了大陆伸展作用的强烈发育期。     

扬子克拉通西缘康定杂岩中花岗质岩石的成因及其构造意义

扬子克拉通西缘康定杂岩中的片麻状花岗岩主要由英云闪长岩、花岗闪长岩、灰白色细粒二长花岗岩和少量的粉红色粗粒二长花岗岩组成.其中英云闪长岩和花岗闪长岩形成于797～795Ma,灰白色细粒二长花岗岩SHRIMP锆石定年产生一个206Pb/238U权重平均767±24Ma,被解释为该期花岗质岩浆的结晶年龄.英云闪长岩、花岗闪长岩和灰白色细粒二长花岗岩和其中的闪长岩包体表现为右斜式稀土配分模式,具有很高的(La/Yb)N比值,无Eu异常,在原始地幔标准化的多元素蜘蛛网状图上表现了明显的Nh、Ta、P和Ti负异常.而粉红色粗粒二长花岗岩却表现了平坦的稀土配分模式,具有强烈的负Eu异常和强烈的Nh、Ta、sr、P和Ti负异常,但是富集大离子亲石元素.所有这些片麻状花岗岩具有εNd(t)=-0.57～+5.67,绝大部分样品εNd(t)>0.结合地质学、岩石学、地球化学和Sm-Nd同位素特征,康定杂岩中英云闪长岩、花岗闪长岩和灰白色细粒二长花岗岩形成于来自亏损地幔的初生地壳玄武质岩石和相关的杂砂岩在高压条件下的部分熔融,而粉红色粗粒二长花岗岩的岩浆导源于表壳岩低压条件下的部分熔融.结合这些片麻状花岗岩的岩石成因和构造鉴别,表明扬子克拉通西缘康定杂岩中新元古代片麻状花岗岩形成于安第斯型活动大陆边缘.     

黑龙江跃进山矽卡岩型铜金矿床花岗闪长岩的年代学和地球化学特征

对跃进山铜金矿床与矽卡岩型矿化有关的花岗闪长岩开展了LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年、锆石Lu-Hf同位素及岩石地球化学研究。结果表明,花岗闪长岩中26个锆石测点的~(206)Pb/~(238)U加权平均年龄为(118.96±0.77) Ma (MSWD=0.29);岩体中锆石的ε_(Hf)(t)值均为正值(+1.4～+3.2),且具有较年轻的Hf二阶段模式年龄(t_(DM2)=1.09～0.98 Ga);花岗闪长岩表现为富Al、高K和Na以及低Ti、P、Ca的钙碱性I型花岗岩地球化学特征,显示出轻稀土富集、重稀土元素亏损的稀土元素组成特征;样品锆石的ε_(Hf)(t)的值为偏低的正值,表明岩浆物质来源应为壳幔混源。结合岩石地球化学投图以及区域构造背景演化认为,花岗闪长岩和花岗斑岩均属于后碰撞-火山弧花岗岩,研究区的成矿成岩作用与太平洋板块强烈俯冲背景下的下岩石圈地幔拆沉有直接关系。     

新疆谢米斯台地区乌兰萨拉岩体地球化学、年代学及全岩Sr-Nd和锆石Hf同位素研究

谢米斯台地区位于新疆西准噶尔北部,该地区中酸性岩浆活动强烈。本文对谢米斯台地区乌兰萨拉岩体进行了地质、地球化学、年代学及全岩Sr-Nd和锆石Hf同位素研究。结果表明,乌兰萨拉岩体是一个由碱长花岗岩和花岗闪长岩组成的复式岩体。碱长花岗岩形成时代为晚志留世(422.7±2.0Ma),岩石高硅、富碱,属于准铝质-弱过铝质高钾钙碱性花岗岩;球粒陨石标准化配分模式图显示"V"字型配分样式,Eu负异常强烈,相对富集Ga、K、Rb、Th、U和Pb,亏损Ba、Sr、P、Ti、Cr和Ni等;岩石具有低(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)i值(0.7017~0.7038),正的ε_(Nd)(t)值(+4.49~+6.58)和锆石ε_(Hf)(t)值(+10.0~+14.2),Hf同位素模式年龄(t_(DM2))为500~771Ma。花岗闪长岩形成时代为早泥盆世(411.7±1.7Ma),属于准铝质,高钾钙碱性-钾玄岩系列花岗岩;球粒陨石标准化配分模式图显示右倾型配分样式,无明显Eu异常,相对富集LREE、LILE(Rb、Ba、K)、Th、U和Pb,亏损Nb、Ta、P和Ti等;岩石具有低的(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)i值(0.7041~0.7046),正的ε_(Nd)(t)值(+1.66~+3.87)和锆石ε_(Hf)(t)值(+4.4~+13.9),Hf同位素模式年龄(t_(DM2))为516~1120Ma,岩石Nd同位素和锆石Hf同位素出现一定程度的解耦。综合研究认为,乌兰萨拉岩体碱长花岗岩属A_2型花岗岩,花岗闪长岩属I型花岗岩,两者都是由新生下地壳发生部分熔融而形成,前者经历了一定程度的分离结晶作用,后者受到亏损玄武质岩浆(俯冲板片脱水交代地幔楔产生的上涌岩浆)的底侵,它们均形成于陆缘弧环境。     

冈底斯印支期造山事件:花岗岩类锆石U-Pb年代学和岩石成因证据

对冈底斯中部地区二云母花岗岩和花岗闪长岩进行了LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年、主量元素、微量元素和锆石Hf同位素组成的测定.结果表明, 二云母花岗岩的岩浆结晶年龄为(205± 1)Ma, 岩石属于强过铝质花岗岩, A/CNK= 1.16~ 1.20, K₂O/Na₂O= 1.67~ 1.95.岩石富Rb、Th和U等元素, Eu/Eu* = 0.29~ 0.41, (La/Yb)_N= 22.62~ 35.08.锆石ε_Hf(t)= -12.4~ -1.8.二云母花岗岩的岩浆产生于地壳中泥质岩类在无外来流体加入的情况下云母类矿物脱水反应所诱发的部分熔融作用, 其岩石形成机制类似于喜马拉雅新生代淡色花岗岩.花岗闪长岩的岩浆结晶年龄为(202± 1)Ma, 岩石属于准铝质(A/CNK= 0.96~ 0.98), K₂O/Na₂O= 1.42~ 1.77, Eu/Eu* = 0.54~ 0.65, (La/Yb)_N= 6.76~ 13.35.锆石ε_Hf(t)= -8.2~ -5.5.根据花岗闪长岩的地球化学特征和锆石Hf同位素组成, 花岗闪长岩的岩浆来自于地壳中基性岩类的部分熔融.冈底斯印支晚期强过铝质花岗岩的确定, 表明了冈底斯在印支晚期以前曾发生地壳的缩短与加厚作用, 从而进一步明确了冈底斯印支早期的造山事件及冈底斯经历了多期造山作用的演化.      

小兴安岭南段翠峦杂岩体成因及构造环境：来自地球化学及锆石Hf同位素的证据

通过对黑龙江省小兴安岭南段中奥陶世翠峦杂岩体的年代学、岩石地球化学、锆石Hf同位素特征的研究,探讨岩体的形成时代、成因、物质来源和构造背景。采用LA−ICP-MS锆石U−Pb定年,获得花岗闪长岩和二长花岗岩样品的年龄分别为463±2 Ma和462±2 Ma,时代为中奥陶世。全岩地球化学研究表明,岩石均具有高Si、高K富碱,贫Ti、Mg、Fe、P等特征。大离子亲石元素K、Rb富集,高场强元素Ti、Nb、Ta、P和HREE亏损,具有显著的负Eu异常（δEu=0.38~0.64）,以上都显示岩浆的壳源特征。花岗闪长岩锆石的εHf(t)=2.4~ 3.4,数值集中且均分布于球粒陨石线之上,暗示岩浆源区为新生陆壳物质的部分熔融;地壳模式年龄TDMc=1070～1128 Ma,证实该地区存在中元古代地壳增生事件。本次研究认为,翠峦杂岩体形成于洋陆板块俯冲的构造环境。     

大别山木子店地区细粒二长花岗岩脉的年龄和成因——锆石U-Pb年龄和Hf同位素制约

用LA-ICP-MS技术对北大别木子店地区细粒二长花岗岩脉中的锆石进行原位U-Pb年龄和Hf同位素测定,结果表明,该花岗岩形成于128.9±0.7Ma,为早白垩世岩浆活动的产物,在锆石中发现古元古代和新元古代的锆石核;锆石ε_(Hf)(t)介于-25.1~-19.2之间,平均值为-22.7,二阶段模式年龄T_(DM2)主要介于2115~2505Ma之间,2个继承锆石分析点分别给出了-10.5和6.5的ε_(Hf)(t)值,对应的二阶段模式年龄T_(DM2)分别为1151Ma和1709Ma。木子店地区细粒二长花岗岩脉的锆石年龄和Hf同位素特征表明,花岗岩为古元古代古老地壳物质部分熔融形成,岩石源区可能有中元古代地幔物质及太古宙古老地壳物质的贡献,形成于大别造山带从挤压向伸展的转换阶段。     

新疆东准噶尔野马泉花岗岩体的年龄和地球化学特征

新疆东准噶尔野马泉花岗岩体是一个主要由花岗闪长岩、二长花岗岩和碱长花岗岩组成的复式花岗岩体。三种岩石的锆石U-Pb年龄在误差范围内有很好的一致性(～300Ma),指示野马泉岩体是在晚石炭世侵位的,也属于东准噶尔地区后碰撞阶段的岩浆作用产物。元素地球化学组成表明,花岗闪长岩、二长花岗岩和碱长花岗岩均属于准铝质,其主量元素和微量元素如CaO、Al2O3、Na2O、K2O、Rb、Sr与SiO2之间有明显的线性关系,三种岩石在不相容元素蛛网图和稀土元素配分模式上均表现出相似的特征,Eu负异常程度也随着SiO2含量的增加而提高。此外,野马泉岩体不同岩石有非常近似的Hf同位素组成,其εHf(t)值为+11.8～+12.7。因此,年龄结果和地球化学特征说明,野马泉复式花岗岩体很可能是由同源岩浆通过一定的岩浆演化形成的。     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料,就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因,其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应,以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上,讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

塘口水电站坝基岩体透水性和渗漏问题分析

塘口水电站大坝基础座落在断层和裂隙较发育的龟裂纹灰岩上,岩体完整性差、透水性强,多年运行后,大坝灌浆廊道和排水廊道出现多处集中性漏水,为确保大坝安全和电站正常发电,根据渗漏性质和成因,采用对灌浆廊道补充帷幕灌浆,对排水廊道进行固结+帷幕+回填灌浆。通过灌浆处理后,效果良好,表明灌浆工程有效的将导致坝基渗漏的上下游的裂隙通道封闭,并顺利的经受了随后的汛期洪水考验,大坝安全得到保障。     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Calculation of the Inverse of the Covariance

In reservoir characterization, the covariance is often used to describe the spatial correlation and variation in rock properties or the uncertainty in rock properties. The inverse of the covariance, on the other hand, is seldom discussed in geostatistics. In this paper, I show that the inverse is required for simulation and estimation of Gaussian random fields, and that it can be identified with the differential operator in regularized inverse theory. Unfortunately, because the covariance matrix for parameters in reservoir models can be extremely large, calculation of the inverse can be a problem. In this paper, I discuss four methods of calculating the inverse of the covariance, two of which are analytical, and two of which are purely numerical. By taking advantage of the assumed stationarity of the covariance, none of the methods require inversion of the full covariance matrix.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Artemia in the Salt Lakes of Russia:the Productivity of Populations,the Reserves of the Cysts and the Fisheries

正Artemia cysts are an extremely important component of aquaculture diets.It is well established that the cultivation of fish and shellfish derive substantial health and growth advantages when Artemia are included in the diets of the