振荡型Rossby孤立波与大气阻塞

从正压涡度方程出发,在弱非线性和弱其流切变条件下,导得了描述非线性大气长波活动的推广的Ｋｄｖ方程,并得到了方程的孤立波解及其色散关系。取近似于实际大气运动的物理参数作数值计算,得到了振荡型Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ孤立波的水平结构和移动特征,其结果较这建党的Ｋｄｖ孤立波更接近于实际大气中的阻塞流型。     

强迫耗散非线性系统的局域阻塞流型

本文将正压涡度方程约化为强迫耗散的KdV方程,求得了该方程的一个定常解.这个定常解描述了非绝热加热、耗散、非线性平流和线性频散共同作用所形成的阻塞流型.在确定性初条件、随机性初条件和随机热源扰动的情况下,积分时间大于60天的三组试验表明:该阻塞流型闭合高压中心位置维持定常,而阻高中心强度的演变显示出清晰的准两周或一个月左右的低频振荡现象.     

大气中局地阻高和偶极子阻塞的动力学特征

在局地阻塞形成前期的原地一般有比较弱的高压脊存在，在这个高压脊上可以逐形成局地阻塞高压或偶极子阻塞。本文将局地阻塞形成前期的弱高压脊环流看成是具有反气旋式切变的带状基本西风，在此基础上用Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ孤立波理论研究了局地阻高和偶极子阻塞的动力学特征及其区别，得到了一些结果。     

维向切变流中的非线性对称不稳定

讨论了维向切变流中的非线性对称不稳定问题。中采用绝热无粘的非线性对称扰动方程组，利用多尺度摄动方法分析其不稳定波动的有限振幅特性。研究结果表明：不稳定波的有限振幅在强度上呈现出振荡趋势。无论是超临界切变情况，还是次临界切变情况，对称扰动振幅都随时间呈现出周期性的变化，振荡周期的大小不仅与基本场稳定度参数及波的特性有关，而且还与初始扰动的振幅及其增长率有关。     

大气低频变异中的波流相互作用(阻塞形势)

文章通过对低频变异研究的历史回顾以及观测事实的诊断分析,结合预报实践中的经验,从天气、气候学的角度提出了对阻塞高压（以下简称阻高）流型形成及维持的分析和看法。文中强调了阻高上游的低槽加深东移、海温变化以及地形作用是促使阻高异常的重要因素。并从斜压（瞬变波）同阻塞流的配置关系的角度出发,研究了乌拉尔山阻高维持过程中的波与流相互作用,为从理论上进一步探讨阻高形成的机理初步奠定了基础。     

非线性临界层与副热带高压的形成

本文用无辐散正压涡度方程模拟非线性临界层。结果表明,在非线性临界层内,流函数场出现“Kelvin猫眼”现象。“猫眼”的流场呈准定常反气旋环流形势,“猫眼”的时空尺度、东移和形状变化与副热带高压有相似之处。因此,非线性临界层产生的“Kelvin猫眼”有可能是位于纬向东西风交界面附近的副热带高压形成的一种新的物理机制。     

旋转二维可压缩流动的谱和特征函数 Ⅰ:谱点的分布

本文对旋转二维可压缩流(正压原始方程模式)中的谱和谱函数进行了分析和数值计算。这一部份主要讨论谱的分布,结果表明:在正压原始方程中存在三支谱系。当基流为稳定时,这三支谱系均是实的,其中两支为离散谱,分别对应于顺风和逆风传播的重力惯性波(快波),另一支则对应于Rossby波(慢波)。当基流无切变时,慢波由离散谱点组成,慢波相速以基流速度为聚点;且基流为零和科氏参数为常数时退化为无穷维重迭谱点,与聚点重合当基流有切变时,慢波由离散谱和连续谱组成,其中离散谱还可能不存在。当基流速度接近或超过C_0时,最靠近“慢波”的二个或几个原来的重力-惯性波转化为混合型波。当基流为不稳定时,则存在复数的谱点(此时该谱点必定是离散谱)。理论分析和数值计算都得到了广义正压不稳定、超高速不稳定和混合类型的不稳定,而广义正压不稳定属于慢波。我们将在本文的第二部分中讨论相应的谱函数。     

旋转二维可压缩流动的谱和特征函数——Ⅰ:谱点的分布

本文对旋转二维可压缩流(正压原始方程模式)中的谱和谱函数进行了分析和数值计算。这一部份主要讨论谱的分布,结果表明:在正压原始方程中存在三支谱系。当基流为稳定时,这三支谱系均是实的,其中两支为离散谱,分别对应于顺风和逆风传播的重力惯性波(快波),另一支则对应于Rossby波(慢波)。当基流无切变时,慢波由离散谱点组成,慢波相速以基流速度为聚点;且基流为零和科氏参数为常数时退化为无穷维重迭谱点,与聚点重合当基流有切变时,慢波由离散谱和连续谱组成,其中离散谱还可能不存在。当基流速度接近或超过C_0时,最靠近“慢波”的二个或几个原来的重力-惯性波转化为混合型波。当基流为不稳定时,则存在复数的谱点(此时该谱点必定是离散谱)。理论分析和数值计算都得到了广义正压不稳定、超高速不稳定和混合类型的不稳定,而广义正压不稳定属于慢波。我们将在本文的第二部分中讨论相应的谱函数。     

夏季亚洲南部100毫巴流型的变化及其与西太平洋副热带高压进退的关系

通过对夏季亚洲南部100毫巴流型变化的研究,我们发现夏季我国西藏高原上空的反气旋是北半球副热带地区势力最强并稳定的大气活动中心。这个高空反气旋绕着其平均位置来回振动。在振动过程中,亚洲南部的100毫巴流型发生调整,并表现成两类基本的流型,其中第一类流型表现反气旋偏离高原,这时候在高原东西两侧(50°E和110°)各有新的反气旋建立,而在高原上则是低气压区;第二类流型表现在反气旋重新返回高原上空。在这两类流型转变期间,西太平洋副热带高压脊在中国大陆上出现一次进退过程,而且每年我国长江流域梅雨期的结束也与上述第一类流型的建立有联系。其次,我们对中国大陆上西太平洋副热带高压进退过程与100毫巴流型变化的关系进行了研究,发现两者关系甚密切。当100毫巴第一类流型出现时,西太平洋副热带高压北进西伸。而在第二类流型出现时,西太平洋副热带高压向东南撤退。根据这些关系并结合我国预报员有关副热带高压进退的预报经验,我们提出有关副热带高压进退预报的几个依据。     

阻塞过程的正、斜压涡度拟能场诊断研究

应用正、斜压涡度拟能方程，对1998年6月3～11日发生在鄂霍次克海的一次阻塞环流进行诊断。结果表明:阻塞区内总涡度拟能和正压涡度拟能具有显著的变化，它清楚地揭示了阻塞过程中酝酿、维持和崩溃阶段中的不同特征，而正、斜压动能所显示的阻塞过程的变化特征则不明显。正、斜压涡度拟能场相互转换及阻塞区内外正、斜压涡度拟能场的净通量机制是鄂霍次克海阻塞环流建立和维持的两项主要因子。其过程是:首先通过斜压涡度拟能净通量机制，使斜压涡度拟能增长；又通过正斜压涡度拟能场的转换机制将增长的斜压涡度拟能转为正压涡度拟能；与此同时，通过正压涡度拟能净通量机制使正压涡度拟能增长。这两种不同的机制相互结合，从而使正压涡度拟能增长和维持，形成阻塞环流。而斜压涡度拟能增长甚微。     

A BAROTROPIC QUASI-GEOSTROPHIC MODEL WITH LARGE-SCALE TOPOGRAPHY, FRICTION AND HEATING

Based on the barotropic equations including large-scale topography, friction and heat factor, a barotropic quasi-geostrophic model with large-scale topography, friction and heating is obtained by means of scale analysis and small parameter method. It is shown that this equation is a basic one, which is used to study the influence of the Tibetan Plateau on the large-scale flow in the atmosphere. If the friction and heating effect of large-scale topography are neglected, this model will degenerate to the general barotropic quasi-geostrophic one.     

Effect of nonlinear dynamic process on formation and breakdown of blocking

With the L-P approximate method (variation of parameter method), a barotropic channel model in β-plane is used to study the effect of nonlinear interaction between two waves with different scales on the formation of blocking. The approximate analytical solution, which can describe the process of the blocking formation, maintenance and breakdown, has been obtained by using the method of approximate expansion. The importance of nonlinear interaction between two waves with different scales is stressed in the solution. The result suggests that the nonlinear interaction is the main dynamic process of the blocking formation. Some required conditions of blocking formation are also discussed.     

赤道两层海洋模式中基本流的切变不稳定性

设计了一个热带赤道β-平面的两层海洋模式,在准长波近似下,应用最大截断模分析赤道波的基本形态,指出无论是正压模或斜压模Kelvin波、Rossby波及基本流所对应的“地形Rossby波”是最基本的波系,在基本流的一定切变条件下,它们之间可以耦合出一类不稳定波。在浅混合层近似和“快波近似”下,正压模和斜压模是可以分离的,因此可以分别分析它们的色散特征,由于它们的特征量不同,在同样波长(扰动的纬向尺度)下,扰动的增长率也不同,通过分析得出在一定参数下,斜压模扰动增长率为正压模的2倍。近似分析表明,混合层中流场的增长要快于温跃层,但温跃层的温度增长要比混合层明显。     

正、斜压流场演变及相互转换所伴随的偶极型阻塞生命史

将阻塞过程中的大气运动流场分解为正,斜压流场,研究了它们在乌拉尔山偶极型阻塞个例中的演变特征。揭示了正、斜压流场的演变及相互转换所源发的阻塞生命史的全过程。     

Study of initial vorticity forcing for block onset by a 4-dimensional variational approach

With the aid of a global barotropic model, the role of the interaction of the synoptic-scale disturbance and the planetary flow in block onset is examined by a 4-dimensional variational approach. A cost function is defined to measure the squared errors of the forecasted stream functions during block onset period (day 4 and day 5 in this study) over a selected blocking domain. The sensitivity of block onset with respect to the initial synoptic-scale disturbance is studied by examining the gradient of the defined cost function with respect to the initial (during the first 24 hours) vorticity forcing, which is evaluated by the adjoint integration. Furthermore, the calculated cost function and gradient are connected with the limited-memory quasi-Newton optimization algorithm for solving the optimal initial vorticity forcing for block onset. For two studied cases of block onset (northern Atlantic and northern Pacific) introducing the optimal initial vorticity forcing, the nonlinear barotropic advection process mostly reconstructs these blocking onset processes. The results show that the formation of blocking can be correctly described by a barotropic nonlinear advection process, in which the wave- (synoptic-scale) flow (planetary-scale) interaction plays a very important role. On an appropriate planetary-scale flow, a certain synoptic-scale disturbance can cause the blocking onset by the interaction between the synoptic scale perturbations and the planetary scale basic flows. The extended forecasts show that the introduction of the optimal initial vorticity forcing can predict the blocking process up to the 7th or 8th day in this simple model case. The experimental results in this study show that the 4-dimensional variational approach has a good potential to be applied to study the dynamics of the medium-range weather processes. This simple model case study is only an initial trial. Applying the framework in this study to a complex model will further our understanding of the mechanism of the atmospheric/oceanic processes and improve their prediction.     

The solitary wave of barotropic atmosphere on a sphere

In this paper, we have investigated large scale disturbance in barotropic atmosphere on a sphere. It demonstrates that: considering nonlinear effects of interaction between waves in barotropic vorticity equation, the wave packet of the disturbance is governed by the famous equation-nonlinear Schrodinger equation. For the solitary wave, two fac-tors are very important: one is spherical effect of the disturbance and the other is meridional shear of blocking high. In comparison with the results of local Cartesian coordinates, the former factor is the individuality of spherical soliton.     

Variations in Wave Energy and Amplitudes along the Energy Dispersion Paths of Nonstationary Barotropic Rossby Waves

The variations in the wave energy and the amplitude along the energy dispersion paths of the barotropic Rossby waves in zonally symmetric basic flow are studied by solving the wave energy equation,which expresses that the wave energy variability is determined by the divergence of the group velocity and the energy budget from the basic flow.The results suggest that both the wave energy and the amplitude of a leading wave increase significantly in the propagating region that is located south of the jet axis and enclosed by a southern critical line and a northern turning latitude.The leading wave gains the barotropic energy from the basic flow by eddy activities.The amplitude continuously climbs up a peak at the turning latitude due to increasing wave energy and enlarging horizontal scale(shrinking total wavenumber).Both the wave energy and the amplitude eventually decrease when the trailing wave continuously approaches southward to the critical line.The trailing wave decays and its energy is continuously absorbed by the basic flow.Furthermore,both the wave energy and the amplitude oscillate with a limited range in the propagating region that is located near the jet axis and enclosed by two turning latitudes.Both the leading and trailing waves neither develop nor decay significantly.The jet works as a waveguide to allow the waves to propagate a long distance.     

Barotropic Process Contributing to the Formation and Growth of Tropical Cyclone Nargis

This study reveals the barotropic dynamics associated with the formation and growth of tropical cyclone Nargis in 2008,during its formation stage.Strong equatorial westerlies occurred over the southern Bay of Bengal in association with the arrival of an intraseasonal westerly event during the period 22-24 April 2008. The westerlies,together with strong tropical-subtropical easterlies,constituted a large-scale horizontal shear flow,creating cyclonic vorticity and thereby promoting the incipient disturbance that eventually evolved into Nargis.This basic zonal flow in the lower troposphere was barotropically unstable,with the amplified disturbance gaining more kinetic energy from the easterly jet than from the westerly jet during 25-26 April. This finding suggests that more attention should be paid to the unstable easterly jet when monitoring and predicting the development of tropical cyclones.Energetics analyses reveal that barotropic energy conversion by the meridional gradient of the basic zonal flow was indeed an important energy source for the growth of Nargis.     

The effect of barotropic shear on baroclinic instability Part II: The initial value problem

The effect of barotropic shear on baroclinic instability has been investigated using both a linear quasi-geostrophic β-plane channel model and a multilevel primitive equation model on the sphere when a nonmodal disturbance is used as the initial perturbation condition. The analysis of the initial value problem has demonstrated the existence of a rapid transient growth phase of the most unstable mode. The inclusion of a linear barotropic shear reduces initial rapid transient growth, although at intermediate times the transient growth rates of the sheared cases can be larger than in the unsheared case owing to downgradient eddy momentum fluxes. Certain disturbances can amplify by factors of 4.5–60 times (for the L₂ norm), or 3–30 times (for the perturbation amplitude maximum), as large as disturbances based on the linear normal modes. However, linear horizontal shear always reduces the amplification factors. The mechanism is that the shear confines the disturbance meriodionally and therefore limits the energy conversion from the zonal available potential energy to eddy energy. The effect of barotropic shear on the transient growth is not changed much in the presence of either thermal damping or Ekman pumping. Nonmodal integrations of baroclinic wave lifecycles show that the energy level reached by eddies is not very sensitive to the structure of the initial disturbance if the amplitude of the initial disturbance is small. Although in some cases the eddy kinetic energy level reached by the wave integrated from nonmodal disturbance can be 25–150% larger than the normal mode integrations, barotropic shear, characterized by large shear vorticity with small horizontal curvature, always reduces the eddy kinetic energy level reached by the wave, confirming the results of normal mode studies.