地下水混合井流解析模型

建立了地下水定流量抽水的稳定混合井流模型和不稳定混合井流模型,后者包括未抽水条件的混合水位（初始混合水位）模型和定流量混合抽水模型。得出若干基本规律。并与前人的相关问题做了对比,证明了Sokol D.,Hantush M.S.,Бочевер Ф.М. 和 Веригин Н.Н.及 Neuman关于混合观测孔水位建议方程所需要的条件以及MODFLOW软件关于混合抽水井各层流量的分配与各层的导水系数成正比建议所需要的条件。     

淮北杨庄矿90—9孔流量测井资料解释

流量测井曲线解释工作是多含水层混合井流理论的具体应用,对流量测井曲线的定量解释可以得到所测钻孔中含水层层数、各单层含水层厚度。各含水层不同降深条件下的涌水量、各含水层静止水位及水文地质参数。该文利用幅值分配法对杨庄90—9孔流量测井转速曲线进行了定量解释,并取得了上述各项成果。     

单井稳定流抽水试验中水位恢复曲线的作用分析

单井稳定流抽水试验是目前煤炭勘探中获取水文地质参数、查明水文地质条件的主要方法之一。由于其获取的水文地质参数相对于非稳定流抽水试验简单直接而被广泛应用,但所计算的含水层渗透系数比实际往往偏小,且易忽视对水位恢复资料的分析研究与利用。通过对安徽淮南、淮北煤田近10年来水文地质勘探单孔稳定流抽水试验资料的分析与研究,论述了单井稳定流抽水参数计算的过程和存在的不足,强调了绘制水位恢复曲线的作用,提出了单井稳定流抽水渗透系数计算结果的采用方法和建议。进而使井田水文地质条件评价、矿井涌水量预测更加客观、真实。     

井中测流技术在水文地质工作中的应用

井中测流技术简介 鉴于目前抽水试验在多层含水层的分层止水和抽水等技术尚存在着一系列困难,只能把多层含水层的混合稳定水位和流量作为单一含水层的静止水位和流量来处理,不能正确评价各含水层的水动力参数。因此,自五十年代以来,各国地下水动力学家一直在研究井中测流技术(Down Hole Fl-     

稳定流抽水试验资料的非稳定流处理方法

本文从非稳定流理论出发,将稳定流抽水试验概化为包含零流量抽水时段的阶梯式非稳定流抽水试验,分析出井损仅存在于非零流量抽水的时段,据此确定了求参计算拟合的主要目标和井损的计算方法,进而编制了适合于直线边界,边界性质为定水头、隔水、边界不存在或边界无影响三种常见情况的计算程序。并结合实例,反演了水文地质条件,较为准确地计算了水文地质参数、井损及井损与抽水量的关系。     

华北东部平原深层抽水井水跃值计算方法及其规律研究

文章分析了目前常用的几种水跃值计算方法的适用性与不足,认为在华北东部平原地下水位变化强烈的漏斗区,这些方法均难以应用。同时提出了C—G法,即一次定流量抽水同步观测抽水井和观测井的水位,合理地解决了区域背景水位对水跃值计算的影响。研究表明,与修正后的多次定流量试验法——两次定流量抽水法相比,C—G法计算结果可靠。然后探讨了如何间接获取抽水期间抽水层区域背景水位动态资料的方法,校正背景水位波动对抽水水位的影响,采用自动水位计(DIVER)同步监测井中大气压对地下水位的影响。最后分析水跃值随时间和抽水井水位降深的变化规律。     

对“用非稳定流混合抽水试验确定含水层水文地质参数的方法”一文的意见

《水文地质工程地质》1980 第5期发表的《用非稳定流混合抽水试验确定含水层水文地质参数的方法》(以下简称《方法》)一文,提出了符合泰斯公式假定条件的两个自流水含水层(A层和B层),在已知A层静止水位(B层静止水位未知,混合静止水位亦可未知)情况下,通过三次定降深非稳定流混合抽水     

浅谈岩土工程勘察中抽水试验中的几个问题

抽水试验在岩土工程勘察中尤为重要,从理论与实践结合的角度,按稳定流和非稳定流阐述抽水试验过程中抽水孔与观测孔的布置、水位降深、水位观测、抽水稳定延续时间等问题进行讨论,力求达到节约时间,节约费用,提高水文地质参数的准确度。     

Dupuit模型的改进——具入渗补给

Dupuit（1863年）提出的模型是“圆岛状含水层稳定井流模型”,这个模型只有侧向湖海边界条件,而不涉及上边界降水入渗补给条件。因此,Dupuit模型只能在旱季用于地下水井流试验求取含水系统的参数,而不能够用于预测。文章发展Dupuit潜水井流模型,考虑地面均匀稳定入渗补给（蒸发排泄示为其负值）作用。以质量守衡原理为基础,假定渗流服从Darcy定律并满足Dupuit徦定,建立极坐标下的地下水流微分方程,再依边界条件建立相应的流量方程和水位方程。这些方程为具地面入渗补给条件下井流试验求取水文地质参数以及预测相应条件下地下水抽水的效果,提供了基础条件。讨论了引入Dupuit假定对本问题解析研究可以降维（略去z变量）带来好处的同时,在地下水分水岭附近及抽水井附近可能出现偏离Dupuit假定,建议在抽水试验求取含水层参数时,观测孔的部署要尽量回避这些区段。     

地下水不稳定混合抽水的模型及模拟方法

本文指出在混合井抽水量已知的情况下,不能预先分配各层的分流量,只能从刻画混合抽水的模型运转中获取。提出“窜流”是混合井孔的最基本特征,建立了符合混合抽水机理的渗流-管流耦合模型.文中提出“折算（层流）渗透系数K1”的概念及其表达式,解决了管流与渗流耦合的困难,并提出了混合井井流的模拟方法。     

Comparison of pumping at constant head and at a constant rate for determining the sustainable yield of a well

Determining the yield of a production well remains one of the main problems in hydrogeological studies. Starting from the results of a 3-year-long monitoring of a continuously exploited well functioning at constant head (i.e., at a variable discharge rate), a new pumping style has been examined using numerical models. The objective is to control the impact of pumping on the aquifer in accordance with the principle of sustainability. Different models were developed in a transient state and were calibrated using discharge data of the well during the recession periods. Successively, the trends of the residual outflow from the aquifer system with the well operating at variable discharge and at constant discharge were simulated. The results indicate that the ratio of the volume of water pumped from the well to the volume of residual outflow is a significant indicator of the sustainability of groundwater withdrawals. Modeling confirms that a constant discharge rate can be derived from the information gained through a preliminary production phase of a well at constant head. This approach appears to be particularly useful when the problem is determining the sustainable yield of a single well from aquifers with low hydraulic diffusivity.     

A synthetic study of geophysics-based modelling of groundwater flow in catchments with a buried valley

Groundwater models simulating flow in buried valleys interacting with regional aquifers are often based on hydrogeological models interpreted from dense geophysical datasets and scarce borehole data. For three simple synthetic cases, it is demonstrated that alternative methods of inversion of transient electro-magnetic (TEM) data can lead to very different interpretations of the hydrogeology inside and surrounding a buried valley. The alternative interpreted hydrogeological models are used in numerical modelling of groundwater flow to a pumping well. It is demonstrated that the alternative models result in quite different groundwater-model predictions of capture zone, recharge area, and groundwater age for the pumping well. It is briefly demonstrated that model calibration against hydraulic head data is not likely to improve the predictions or to identify the structural error of the interpreted hydrogeological models. It is therefore concluded that when TEM-based resistivity models are interpreted to construct the hydrogeological framework of a groundwater model, it must be done cautiously with support from deep borehole information. Too much reliance on geophysical mapping can lead to seriously wrong hydrogeological models and correspondingly wrong groundwater-model predictions.     

水平井的水力特征及其解析解的适用条件

利用自制的水平井砂槽模型, 进行了一系列不同流量条件下的水平井抽水试验, 结果表明: (1)在不同出流条件下, 水平井井管中可以同时出现层流-粗糙紊流多种不同流态; (2) 水平井出流条件下, 井管中的水头损失既不能忽略, 也不服从线性变化规律.它与井管中的水流流态有关.用“等水头井壁”或“等强度线汇”来刻画水平井井壁边界条件是不全面的.根据“等强度线汇”理论得到的解析解与试验结果对比发现, 本试验条件下解析解的近似适用条件是: 水平井管中的水流全部为层流(Re < 2 320)或者层流和层流-光滑紊流过渡区(Re < 4 000)同时并存的情况.当水平井管中出现光滑紊流区(Re> 4 000), 即同时有层流、层流-光滑紊流过渡态和光滑紊流或更多种流态时, 解析解已不再适用, 此时必须用新的层流-管流耦合模型来求解.      

自流井有限差分模拟的校正模型

自流井是井孔-含水层系统的一种典型水文地质现象, 但在地下水资源评价和管理模型中研究较少.目前地下水数值模拟对自流井的3种处理方法均不合理, 也缺乏验证.常规地下水流有限差分法既不能准确地求出抽水井的井中水位, 也不能准确地求出自流井的流量, 必须进行校正.考虑自流井周围的径向流, 通过与井点附近地下水流的解析解相结合, 提出了矩形网格有限差分模拟的自流井校正模型, 其中考虑了自流井周围含水层存贮量的释放.算例表明, 即使用千米级大尺度网格, 本校正模型也能够获得相当精确的自流井流量, 绝大多数情况下相对误差小于5%.      

侧向有限越流承压含水层中非完整井非稳定流模型及解析解

工程建设中当距离抽水井r=rb处水位基本没有变化或不受抽水影响时,或当此处存在止水帷幕时,含水层系统视为侧向有限延伸,rb为有限半径。为此,构建更加符合工程实际的侧向有限延伸的典型弱透水层-承压水层系统中非完整井非稳定流计算模型,同时考虑井径和井储效应的影响,应用Laplace变换和分离变量法得到了水位降深在拉氏空间下的解析解,并应用拉氏数值逆变换Stehfest法得到真实空间下的水位降深。新建立的解析解可以进一步退化为诸多已有解,并进一步将其与已知解和有限元数值解进行对比,验证了所得解的正确性和可靠性。基于新建解重点分析了侧向边界和井的完整性对承压水层水位降深的影响。结果表明:含水层系统的侧向有限边界仅对抽水后期的水位降深影响明显,含水层系统侧向无限延伸情况下的水位降深要大于情形1(在r=rb处为定水头边界)且明显小于情形2(在r=rb处为不透水边界)下的水位降深,rb越小,两者之间的误差越大;抽水井的完整性对整个抽水期间不同情形下的水位降深均有明显的影响,承压含水层顶板处的水位降深随着抽水井滤管的长度和埋深的增加而减小。     

Steady flow rate to a partially penetrating well with seepage face in an unconfined aquifer

The flow rate to fully screened, partially penetrating wells in an unconfined aquifer is numerically simulated using MODFLOW 2000, taking into account the flow from the seepage face and decrease in saturated thickness of the aquifer towards the well. A simple three-step method is developed to find the top of the seepage face and hence the seepage-face length. The method is verified by comparing it with the results of previous predictive methods. The results show that the component of flow through the seepage face can supply a major portion of the total pumping rate. Variations in flow rate as a function of the penetration degree, elevation of the water level in the well and the distance to the far constant head boundary are investigated and expressed in terms of dimensionless curves and equations. These curves and equations can be used to design the degree of penetration for which the allowable steady pumping rate is attained for a given elevation of water level in the well. The designed degree of penetration or flow rate will assure the sustainability of the aquifer storage, and can be used as a management criterion for issuing drilling well permits by groundwater protection authorities.     

Application of Numerical Modeling for Groundwater Flow System Analysis in the Akaki Catchment,Central Ethiopia

A three dimensional steady-state finite difference groundwater flow model is used to quantify the groundwater fluxes and analyze the subsurface hydrodynamics in the Akaki catchment by giving particular emphasis to the well field that supplies water to the city of Addis Ababa. The area is characterized by Tertiary volcanics covered with thick residual and alluvial soils. The model is calibrated using head observations from 131 wells. The simulation is made in a two layer unconfined aquifer with spatially variable recharge and hydraulic conductivities under well-defined boundary conditions. The calibrated model is used to forecast groundwater flow pattern, the interaction of groundwater and surface water, and the effect of pumping on the well field under different scenarios. The result indicates that the groundwater flows regionally to the south converging to the major well field. Reservoirs and rivers play an important role in recharging the aquifer. Simulations made under different pumping rate indicate that an increase in pumping rate results in substantial regional groundwater level decline, which will lead to the drying of springs and shallow hand dug wells. Also, it has implications of reversal of flow from contaminated rivers into productive aquifers close to main river courses. The scenario analysis shows that the groundwater potential is not enough to sustain the ever-growing water demand of the city of Addis Ababa. The sensitivity and scenario analysis provided important information on the data gaps and the specific sites to be selected for monitoring, and may be of great help for transient model development. This study has laid the foundation for developing detailed predictive groundwater model, which can be readily used for groundwater management practices.     

Calculation of groundwater head distribution with a close barrier during excavation dewatering in confined aquifer

When pumping is conducted in confined aquifer inside excavation pit(waterproof curtain),the direction of the groundwater seepage outside the excavation changes from horizontal to vertical owing to the existence of the curtain barrier.There is no analytical calculation method for the groundwater head distribution induced by dewatering inside excavation.This paper first analyses the mechanism of the blocking effects from a close barrier in confined aquifer.Then,a simple equation based on analytical solution is proposed to calculate groundwater heads inside and outside of the excavation pit with waterproof curtain(hereafter refer to close barrier)in a confined aquifer.The distribution of groundwater head is derived according to two conditions:(i)pumping with a constant water head,and(ii)pumping with a constant flow rate.The proposed calculation equation is verified by both numerical simulation and experimental results.The comparisons demonstrate that the proposed model can be applied in engineering practice of excavation.     

Flow and transport predictions during multi-borehole tests in fractured chalk using discrete fracture network models

Multi-borehole pumping and tracer tests on the 10 to 100-m scale were conducted in a fractured chalk aquitard in the Negev Desert, Israel. Outcrop and core fracture surveys, as well as slug tests in packed-off intervals, were carried out at this site to obtain the parameters needed for construction of a stochastic discrete fracture network (DFN). Calibration of stochastic DFNs directly to the multiple borehole test data was inadequate. Instead, two equivalent deterministic DFN flow models were used: the vertical-fractures (VF) model, consisting of only vertical fractures, and the fractures’ intersections (INT) model, consisting of vertical and horizontal fractures with enhanced transmissivity at their intersections. Both models were calibrated against the multi-borehole response of one pumping test and their predictions were tested against three other independent pumping tests. The average accuracies of all transient drawdown predictions of the VF and INT models were 65 and 66%, respectively. In contrast to this equality in average drawdown predictions of both models, the INT model predicted better important breakthrough curve features (e.g., first and peak arrival times), than the VF model. This result is in line with previously assumed channeled flow, derived from analytical analysis of these pumping and tracer tests. Ronit Nativ, deceased, may her memory be blessed.     

含水层和土壤的随机特征对水分运动的影响

将土壤或含水层的介质参数视为随机分布,建立了饱和非饱和水流运动的随机微分方程,利用随机数值求解方法,得到各种随机参数对水头分布和含水量空间变异性的影响。分析结果表明,随着渗透系数空间变异性和相关尺度的增大,含水层水头分布的变异性增大;对于区域内有抽水井分布的问题,在井点附近区域,z向水流速度空间变异性大,而在井点处变异性较小。当采用Gardner-Russo模型描述非饱和水分特征时,其非饱和土壤介质参数α的变异性对土壤负压和含水量变异性的影响大于饱和渗透系数,土壤含水量越小,含水量的空间变异性越大。初步讨论了根据随机数值方法研究地下水运动问题的可靠性分析方法。