电磁监测台站观测的舒曼谐振背景变化

舒曼谐振是由闪电激发的电离层与地面之间的全球电磁震荡,在地球与电离层空腔中传播,由于共振作用,其电磁波能量明显高于其他频率电磁波能量.舒曼谐振具有稳定的频域参数和频谱结构,近几年的研究发现,地震发生前会使这些固有参数发生扰动,因此利用舒曼谐振异常来进行地震短临监测可能是一种行之有效的手段.要判断舒曼谐振地震电磁异常,了解舒曼谐振电磁场背景变化规律是前提.本文利用极低频电磁台站观测的天然电磁场数据,处理和分析了各台站观测的舒曼谐振频率电磁场功率谱随时间的变化,得到了舒曼谐振随季节和纬度的背景变化规律.并提出将舒曼谐振背景变化规律应用到地震短临监测预报中,能够为今后辨别地震监测中的舒曼谐振异常提供物理依据.     

ELECTROMAGNETIC ANOMALOUS PULSES BEFORE AND AFTER EARTHQUAKES(M>6.0) IN CHINA CONTINENT IN 2008

In this paper,we provided the electromagnetic anomaly phenomena prior to five earthquakes with magnitude M_W>6.0 occurring in China continent in 2008.The electromagnetic data in frequency bands 800~0.1Hz are recorded at two stations located in Urumqi,Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (URQ) and Tonghai,Yunnan Province (TH).The time series of four horizontal components of the electromagnetic field at the stations are converted to the spectra using Fast Fourier Transform.The relationship between the electromagnetic anomalous phenomena and the earthquake events is studied through analyzing the temporal variation of electromagnetic spectra and comparing them with earthquake events.This study provides the new examples for electromagnetic anomaly phenomena before the earthquakes.The following features can be found.①The obvious anomalous power spectrum density (PSD) of electromagnetic fields in frequency band of 128~0.5Hz appeared before earthquakes.The anomalous PSD is related to the earthquake magnitude and the epicenter distance.The anomaly size of magnetic PSD is about 1-3 orders of magnitude bigger than the background field before Wenchuan M_S8.0 earthquake.② The changes of parameters are also related with frequency of the signal;The ELF signal strength observed at seismic stations is significantly related with distance between the stations or the measured magnetic and electrical field components and the source of earthquake.We also found that the field strength attenuated faster in area closer to the source than in far area.It is clear that the magnetic signals have higher signal noise ratio than the electric data.③ The amplitudes are also related with the azimuth of the earthquake to station and with the frequency of the data.④ The anomalous pulses showed cluster phenomenon in time.     

PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS AND LOCAL CORRELA-TION TRACKING AS TOOLS FOR REVEALING AND ANALYZING SEISMO-ELECTROMAGNETIC SIGNAL OF EARTHQAUKE

This study provides new seismo-electromagnetic data processing methods to extract the anomalous signals by combining the principal component analysis(PCA)and local correlation tracking(LCT)methods. The PCA method can separate signals of different frequencies by projecting them to different axes according to their energy. So it can solve the problems of identifying the relatively weak signals in strong interference background to a certain extent. The LCT method is more suitable for non-stationary signal processing compared with classical cross-correlation method. This method is based on the good spatial correlation between the magnetic field components of different ELF stations to pick up the correlation coefficient, so as to achieve the purpose of weak anomalies signals identification. As a case study of the M4.6 Jinggu earthquake in Yunnan, China, we investigated the electromagnetic data observed by ELF stations near the epicenter. First, we applied the PCA method to the magnetic-filed data and got the temporal variation of percentage of each principal component. The results indicate that the contribution of the second principal components, which may relate with the earthquake, increased significantly about a week before the earthquake. Then, we applied the LCT method to the magnetic-filed data processing as well, and the results of both north-south and east-west magnetic field components showed that local correlation coefficient saw anomalies about a week before the earthquake, which had a good corresponding relationship with the former results by PCA method. Both means for the same earthquake case got a consistent conclusion, which not only enhanced the reliability of the results, but also confirmed the effectiveness of two methods applied in the earthquake-related electromagnetic anomalies extraction. We also discussed the possible relationship between these anomalies and the earthquake. Although there are no direct evidence and supporting theories in terms of the relationship between abnormal electromagnetic signals and earthquakes at present, the studies in this paper may strengthen the understanding of seismoelectromagnetic phenomena and promote further research.     

ELF电磁仪远程控制和数据传输及编译的实现

"十五"建设的ELF台站均敷设ACF-4M型电磁仪,记录到多次地震前后的电磁异常变化,但该仪器没有实现自动化。本文介绍ELF仪器的远程控制和数据传输以及原始数据转换的研制方案。由于ELF记录仪无法接入因特网,要远程触发ELF仪器必须有中间设备,首先远端计算机通过互联网控制局域网计算终端,通过局域网计算终端运行SM27.exe工作程序来触发并通过相应程序实现数据的传输;将ELF记录仪采集到的时间序列信号(*.SBF数据格式)、仪器本身的参数信息和采集状态信息依据其编码规则转换成通用的数据格式导出,将计算的功率谱、阻抗、阻抗相位文件以优势频率或任意频率形成时间序列文件进行分析,提高ELF观测资料的应用效率,加快观测电磁数据的使用效率。     

强震前后空间电磁场时空演化特征

本文利用DEMETER卫星观测到的电磁场数据, 统计分析了2005—2009年全球M_S≥7.0强震前后空间电磁场的时空演化特征． 在震中上空±10°范围内, 使用震前90天至震后30天的5年同期观测到的电磁场极低频/甚低频(370—897 Hz)功率谱密度数据构建了稳定的背景场观测模型, 提取了震中上空的空间电磁场相对于背景场的扰度幅度, 并统计分析了强震前后空间电磁场的时空演化特征． 统计结果显示: 45次M_S≥7.0强震中, 35次强震在地震发生前后磁场最大扰动幅度超过2.2倍标准差, 39次强震的电场最大扰动幅度超过2倍标准差; 最大的电磁扰动主要出现在震中±4°—±10°范围内． 另外, 震中上空的电磁场扰动幅度时序变化表现为3种不同类型的扰动特征, 且震前出现电磁异常的强震震中位置的分布特征与纬度存在一定关系; 而随机选择的非震区上空空间电磁场的扰动幅度则比较小, 未呈现出明显的特征．      

Global Lightning Activity on the Basis of Inversions of Natural ELF Electromagnetic Data Observed at Multiple Stations around the World

The monitoring of global lightning activity and its spatial and temporal variations is known to be very essential for the study of global warming, the subject of greatest concern to human beings on planet Earth today. As a method of remote sensing for the global lightning distribution, we have proposed an inverse problem by using the data of natural electromagnetic noise in the ELF (extremely low frequency) Schumann resonance (SR) band observed simultaneously at a few stations around the world. The fundamentals of this inversion problem (or ELF tomography) to the SR data have been presented and the first attempt to deduce the global lightning distribution by means of the real SR data has been performed, which has indicated a possibility of snapshots of well-known thunderstorm centers on the globe. This ELF tomography consists of two stages. The first stage is the inversion of the ELF field power spectra to the distribution of lightning intensity by distance relative to an observation point. The obtained distance profiles of intensity of sources at a few stations are used as tomographic projections for reconstructing a spatial distribution of sources in the second stage. Maps of the global lightning distributions constructed by the result of inversions of ELF background field spectra obtained from three stations around the world show that the most active regions vary meridionally on the diurnal time scale being connected mainly with continental areas in the tropics. We do hope that this kind of inversion method to multi-stationed ELF data will be of great importance in the future.     

对1989年以来华北北部6级左右地震前山西电磁异常的总结

概述了近１０ａ来分布于山西中北部电磁观测台站的综合状况,对这些台站在１９８９年山西大同—阳高６．１级,１９９６年内蒙古包头６．４级及１９９８年河北张北６．２级地震前后的观测资料进行了认真分析,在排除干扰和对出现的地震异常进行识别、核实的基础上,总结了其变化特征,给出了信度。对这３次地震的分析总结后,对今后电磁学科的工作提出了建议。     

Establishment of the ELF Network in Yunnan and Electromagnetic Precursory Monitoring Results of the Yangbi MS5.1 Earthquake on March 27, 2017

This paper summarizes the layout of the Yunnan seismic ELF electromagnetic observation network, site selection, ELF electromagnetic instrument system, data processing and other construction. The principle and method of using the ELF electromagnetic wave technique to monitor and predict earthquakes are expounded. The long term monitoring of ELF electromagnetic fields is carried out in the Yunnan earthquake prone area, and at the same time, the changes in electrical parameters and spatial electromagnetic fields of the regional crustal medium structure are monitored. The functions such as automatic, quasi real time, remote monitoring, network monitoring, data processing specialization, data service, data sharing and industrialization of the ELF electromagnetic observation data have been realized. In order to capture the deep electromagnetic precursory information of the earthquakes, service for earthquake prediction research, which has broad application prospects and development potential. Through the research of the seismicity of Yunnan in the trial run period of the project, the preliminary results of the extreme low frequency electromagnetic observation of the Yunnan earthquake in recent years are given. The electromagnetic precursors and the electromagnetic effects of the Yangbi earthquake are recorded. In the 3-month period before the earthquake, the power spectrum of the electric and magnetic fields, the apparent resistivity and the impedance phase in the observed signals are all abnormal, and gradually increased with time. The maximum value is reached 20 days before the earthquake, and an earthquake occurs when the change is restored to normal.     

2022年青海门源MS6.9地震前地电场频谱特征研究

应用最大熵谱法研究2022年1月8日青海门源M_S6.9地震震中周围松山、山丹、高台、瓜州地电场台站的观测数据，分析地震发生前后地电场功率谱密度变化。结果表明：(1)门源地震发生前，松山等4个台站的地电场低频成分功率谱密度值出现增大的现象；(2)4个台站在门源地震前谱值变化的时间基本同步；(3)结合微裂隙机制及“多点场”观点，对比分析认为震源孕育激发的电磁辐射是造成震前电磁异常现象的主要原因。     

几次大震前的地面和空间电磁场变化

本文应用非线性谱估计方法(MEM方法)、电/磁场脉冲能量统计方法,处理了四川汶川MS8.0 (2008)、新疆于田MS7.3 (2008)和青海玉树MS7.1 (2010) 地震及强余震附近的地面电/磁场和Demeter卫星电离层磁场观测数据,研究了地震电/磁场变化,得到:在震中附近及周围出现了震前地电/地磁场极低频成...     

极低频电磁观测数据噪声处理方法研究

“十五”期间,在全国各地震台站共安装了约12套ELF极低频电磁观测仪器,从记录到的观测资料来看,所有台站均不同程度地受到工频50 Hz及其谐波的干扰,同时还有一些不必要的信息存在,因此,对ELF观测数据进行滤波处理显得尤其重要。该文用MATLAB编程软件设计了FIR数字滤波器,运用理论数据和ELF实测数据对滤波器的性能进行了验证,分析了ELF时间序列经过带通滤波和陷波处理后的效果,发现其对台站ELF观测数据的处理有一定的应用价值。     

太原基准地震台和东山地震台地脉动信号分析研究

应用太原基准地震台和东山地震台2007年至今的数字化资料进行研究,得到太原台、东山台地脉动噪声RMS值和功率谱密度,及其相应的卓越周期,找出两个台主要干扰源的频带范围。另外,采用Matlab提供的FFT算法对整点地震记录进行频谱计算,对2010年6月5日发生的太原市阳曲Ms4.6地震前两个台记录的数字地脉动信号进行实时连续跟踪对比观测和试验,捕捉临震特殊频率波动现象,作为一种可能的"地震前兆"作探索性的研究。所得结果对去除数字地脉动信号背景干扰及分析预报工作具有借鉴作用。     

汶川8.0级地震前后电磁场的变化特征

2008年5月12日汶川M_s8.0地震前后,距震中320 km甘肃陇南汉王地震台的地电阻率、大地电场、ELF电磁等多种观测手段捕捉到这次地震前后的异常信息.本文采用解析方法,着重探讨汶川8.0级地震前后观测到的电磁场变化特征,从电磁现象来探讨汶川M_s8.0地震发生前后,电磁场长、中、短、临期的异常特征和变化规律.自2003年以来甘东南地区及甘川交界发生4次5.0级以上地震,从空间上看,有从南北地震带中段的西北向西南方向移动的特点,强度逐渐增强,其中,文县5.0和两次岷县5.0级以上地震可以视为汶川8.0级地震的前震;从时间上分析,震前陇南汉王地震台观测到电磁场出现了长趋势变化和短临异常变化,其特征：①2003～2008年,ZD8B地电仪观测的N54°W、N85°E和N73°W测道地电阻率均显示出长趋势变化和短期变化;②视电阻率各向异性度‘S′’年变化率在有震年（异常年）是无震年（正常年）的两倍;③ELF电磁仪观测到了（0.5～39 Hz）频率段的电场、磁场在汶川8.0级地震及余震序列中异常变化分别比正常月份大1～5个数量级,并记录到电磁同震现象;④大地电场仪（ZD9A-Ⅱ）在汶川震前17个小时也记录到高频临震变化信息.     

大地电场观测地震前兆异常提取技术研究

首都圈地区布设的11个地电场观测台于2001年9月已正式投入观测,现已积累了近7年的资料．使用大地电场观测系统中同一测向的长、短极距测值的比值方法,对其中的10个台和邻区2个台的资料进行了处理,发现该方法能够较好地排除来自大地电场及自然电场远场的变化信息,突出了可识别的地震前兆异常信息．研究结果表明,2006年7月4日河北文安MS5.1震前,多数台站的地电场观测资料出现比值异常变化,从而证明了这次地震前地电场观测存在着短临异常前兆变化信息,只是由于这些信息混杂于正常大地电场变化的背景中,使用常规的分析方法无法识别和提取．研究结果还表明,地电场观测的台址条件和台址到震中区的距离与震前地电场比值异常出现的时间和幅度有关．      

强震前ELF/VLF磁场的扰动特征统计研究

本文利用DEMETER卫星记录的变化磁场数据统计研究了2005—2009年北半球7级以上强震前后空间磁场的扰动特征.在震中±10°范围内利用震前2个月至震后1个月的5年同期观测的ELF/VLF[370~897 Hz]频段磁场功率谱密度数据构建了背景场,定义了表征空间磁场在地震时段相对于背景场的扰动幅度指标.统计研究发现26个强震中42%的地震主要表现为震前磁场扰度幅度逐渐上升,超过3倍标准差,随后在扰度幅度下降过程中发震.35%强震在地震前10天内最大扰动幅度超过3倍标准差,在扰度幅度处于最高值期间发震,震后磁场扰动幅度逐渐回落.23%的强震在震前震后无明显规律.随机事件测试发现在空间天气平静且无强震条件下随机地点上空的磁场无明显的时空演化规律,且随机地点上空的空间磁场相对于背景场的平均扰度幅度很小,最大扰度幅度从未超过2倍标准差,并且没有明显的随时间变化特征.     

Electromagnetic anomalies associated with 1995 Kobe earthquake

Occurrences of anomalous electro-magnetic phenomena at varied frequency ranges, covering ELF to VHF, have been reported in relation to the 17 January 1995 Kobe earthquake (M7.2), by several independent research groups. Prominent pre-seismic peaks, which could have been emitted from the focal area, were observed on 9-10 January in ELF, VLF, LF and HF ranges. Whether these changes were truly related to the earthquake is not certain, because atmospheric (thunderbolt discharge) activities also peaked on 9-10 January. The nomalous changes were markedly enhanced toward the catastrophe in agreement with many reports on unusual radio/TV noise. Anomalous transmission of man-made electromagnetic waves in VLF and VHF ranges was also detected from a few days before the earthquake, indicating the possibility that the ionosphere above the focal zone was disturbed at the final stage of the earthquake preparation process.     

盈江5.8级和缅甸7.2级地震前电磁异常

本文分析了2010年10月-2011年3月云南通海ELF地震台站观测的电磁场资料,研究发现该资料变化与2011年发生在中国大陆"3·10"盈江5.8级及"3·24"缅甸7.2级地震存在以下关系,(1)470～1 Hz的磁场自功率密度谱(PSD)在2011年盈江5.8和缅甸7.2级地震前出现了脉冲丛集异常,异常幅度分别比正常月份变化约1～3个数量级.异常的幅度与观测点的电极方位和信号的频率有密切的关系.(2)2011年3月10日盈江地震的异常变化是先从地壳的深部向浅部发展,在震前25天2.6 km处的电阻率开始发生变化,震前10天400 m处的电阻率变化,出现了勺形的变化形态,阻抗相位同步变化.3月24日的缅甸7.2级地震,震前10天深部、浅部的电阻率同步发生了大幅度变化,阻抗相位发生转折,这可能是强震的变化特性.     

电磁卫星地面对比观测原型系统地电场观测资料特征分析

通过对电磁监测试验卫星地面对比观测原型系统中古丰、寺滩和坪城地电场观测数据特征研究,结果表明：（1）3个台站的地电场观测数据均具有较为明显的正常日变化形态;（2）在磁暴发生期间,地电场各测向均记录到了同步的地电暴变化,其最大变幅均明显高于正常日变;（3）寺滩地电场记录到临震前的数据异常现象,在时间和空间上都与地震事件吻合较好。     

云南地区强震电磁波异常特征及其预报意义

从1992年11月开始实施了中日地震电磁波观测和研究项目，该电磁波观测资料真实完整地观测记录到丽江等29次近震电磁波异常的发展过程；对29个地震的特征作了对比观测研究，表明地震电磁波异常有3种发展类型，与之对应建立了3种地震电磁波预报规则；初步提出利用地震电磁波预报地震的模式；分析、讨论TOA电磁波监泅系统的优越性，并在一定程度上对发展地震电磁波观测找到了有效的前兆信息观测方法和监泅系统。这将对地震电磁波的观测和研究以及对地震短临预报起到一定的推动作用。     

汶川MS8.0级地震前后ULF电磁辐射频谱特征研究

本文基于电磁波频谱理论研究方法,对2008年四川汶川M_S8.0地震前后金河、剑阁及郑州二砂三个电磁波台站的观测资料进行FFT和小波变换分析,研究了电磁辐射数据快速傅里叶频谱变化特征和在不同尺度下小波变化的分解,发现在汶川地震前确实有异常信息存在.结果表明:(1) FFT动态谱图像说明,地震前电磁波频谱变化特征较明显,在时间、频段上均显示了阶段性进程特征,且随着震中距的增大,辐射能量越小,异常出现的时间越晚;(2) 小波分解显示了地震前电磁波异常信号低频部分出现的时间较早;距震中较近的台站,异常信息在高频部分相对明显;距震中稍远的台站,异常信息在低频部分相对明显.