放牧对内蒙古草原植被群落特征的影响（英文）

近年来,畜牧业的持续增长导致了内蒙古草原生态系统的严重退化。以往的放牧实验表明,放牧对全球植被类型存在着广泛的影响,但目前仍然缺乏研究来识别区域特定植被群落对放牧的响应。本文对内蒙古不同类型草地在不同放牧强度和放牧时长下的植被盖度(VC)、植被密度(PD)、总生物量(TB)、地上生物量(AGB)、地下生物量(UGB)和Shannon-Weaver指数(SI)进行了Meta分析。结果表明,放牧显著降低了VC、TB、AGB、UGB和PD值。放牧对内蒙古草原生物量产生的负面影响高于全球而低于全国平均水平。在中等放牧强度和时长条件下,内蒙古草甸草原TB值补偿性生长增加了40%。荒漠草原和草甸草原的SI与放牧强度呈负相关。放牧期间AGB、PD和SI的变化百分比与试验年的平均气温呈二次方关系。随着试验年年平均降水量的增加,放牧对UGB和SI的负面影响先减小后增大,放牧对VC的负面影响呈三次方关系。     

中国地区植被对温度变化趋势的响应（英文）

Though many studies have focused on the causes of shifts in trend of temperature, whether the response of vegetation growth to temperature has changed is still not very clear. In this study, we analyzed the spatial features of the trend changes of temperature during the growing season and the response of vegetation growth in China based on observed climatic data and the normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI) from 1984 to 2011. An obvious warming to cooling shift during growing season from the period 1984–1997 to the period 1998–2011 was identified in the northern and northeastern regions of China, whereas a totally converse shift was observed in the southern and western regions, suggesting large spatial heterogeneity of changes of the trend of growing season temperature throughout China. China as a whole, a significant positive relationship between vegetation growth and temperature during 1984 to 1997 has been greatly weakened during 1998–2011. This change of response of vegetation growth to temperature has also been confirmed by Granger causality test. On regional scales, obvious shifts in relationship between vegetation growth and temperature were identified in temperate desert region and rainforest region. Furthermore, by comprehensively analyzing of the relationship between NDVI and climate variables, an overall reduction of impacts of climate factors on vegetation growth was identified over China during recent years, indicating enhanced influences from human associated activities.     

西太平洋副热带高压与中国植被的关系（英文）

There is a lack of simple ways to predict the vegetation responses to the East Asian Monsoon(EAM) variability in China due to the complexity of the monsoon system. In this study, we found the variation of the Western Pacific Subtropical High(WPSH), which is one of the major components of the EAM, has a profound influence on the vegetation growth in China. When the WPSH is located more to the west of its climate average, the eastern and northwestern parts experience increased yearly-averaged normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI) and gross primary productivity(GPP) by 0.3%–2.2%, and 0.2%–2.2%, respectively. In contrast, when the WPSH is located more to the east of its climate average, the above areas experience decreased yearly-averaged NDVI and GPP by 0.4% to 1.6%, and 1.3% to 4.5%, respectively. The WPSH serves as a major circulation index to predict the response of vegetation to monsoon.     

植被发育斜坡土体大孔隙结构多尺度特征

植被发育斜坡土体中普遍存在大孔隙,在强降雨过程中大孔隙产生的优先流加快降雨入渗,影响斜坡稳定。大孔隙结构影响优先流过程和优先流的水动力特性。为探明植被发育斜坡土体大孔隙结构的多尺度特征,本文在分析土体大孔隙研究进展的基础上,提出适用于研究植被发育斜坡土体大孔隙的试验方法。以云南省段家营、头寨、象冲、东月各、白泥山和贵州八渡滑坡的植被发育斜坡土体为研究对象,采用挖掘法、染色示踪法、CT扫描法、SEM法定性和定量分析植被发育斜坡土体大孔隙的多尺度几何形态和分布特征。研究表明:挖掘法、染色示踪法、CT扫描法、内窥镜检查和SEM法适用于分析植被发育斜坡土体的大孔隙结构;植被发育斜坡土体的大孔隙有腐烂根系通道、根-土间隙、动物通道、团聚体间大孔隙、土-石间隙、干缩裂隙和成因不明大孔隙,其中前四种是主要类型;各种大孔隙相互交织组成大孔隙网络系统;受到植物物种、树龄、动物物种、土体生态系统和立地条件的影响,不同类型大孔隙的多尺度几何形态和分布特征不同。将先进技术手段与染色剂溶液降雨模拟示踪试验结合起来,研究大尺度的大孔隙三维几何形态和分布特征是未来的主要工作。     

中国东北地区自然植被水分利用效率对干旱的响应（英文）

Drought has become a problem that is universally faced by global terrestrial ecosystems. Northeast China is located in a region sensitive to global climate changes, and one of the main impacts of climate changes in Northeast China is manifested as drought in growing seasons. This study analyzes the spatio-temporal evolution law of the water use efficiency(WUE) of the main natural vegetation(i.e., cold-temperate coniferous forests, temperate pine-broad-leaved mixed forests, warm-temperate deciduous broad-leaved forests, and grasslands) in Northeast China based on public MODIS data products, including MCD12 Q1, MOD15 A2 H, MOD16 A2, and MOD17 A3 H, and meteorological data from 2002 to 2013. The influence of drought events on the WUE of different vegetation types and their response to drought events are also investigated. The study findings are as follows:(1) drought in Northeast China frequently occurs in the regions stretching from 114.55°E to 120.90°E, and the percentage of drought area among the forests is lower than that among the grasslands during these years;(2) the annual average WUE of the natural vegetation ranges from 0.82 to 1.08 C/kg~(-1) H_2O, and the WUE of forests(0.82 to 1.08 C/kg~(-1) H_2O) is universally higher than that of grasslands(0.84 to 0.99 C/kg~(-1) H_2O);(3) in 2008, the regions where the WUE in drought conditions is higher than that in normal water conditions account for 86.11% of the study area, and a significant linear positive correlation is found between the WUE in drought conditions and the WUE in normal water conditions, whereas the degree of drought does not influence the WUE of the natural vegetation in an obviously linear manner; and(4) the WUE for the cold-temperate coniferous forests and temperate pine-broad-leaved mixed forests with a high ET or low NPP is more likely to rise in drought conditions; the WUE for the grasslands with a low Evapotranspiration(ET), Net Primary Production(NPP), and Leaf Area Index(LAI) is more likely to rise in drought conditions; and the ET, NPP, and LAI have no significant influence on the WUE for the warm-temperate deciduous broad-leaved forests in drought conditions. This study contributes to improving the evaluation of the influence of drought on natural ecosystems.     

伏牛山地森林植被物候及其对气候变化的响应（英文）

This paper reports the phenological response of forest vegetation to climate change(changes in temperature and precipitation) based on Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS) Enhanced Vegetation Index(EVI) time-series images from 2000 to 2015. The phenological parameters of forest vegetation in the Funiu Mountains during this period were determined from the temperature and precipitation data using the Savitzky–Golay filter method, dynamic threshold method, Mann-Kendall trend test, the Theil-Sen estimator, ANUSPLIN interpolation and correlation analyses. The results are summarized as follows:(1) The start of the growing season(SOS) of the forest vegetation mainly concentrated in day of year(DOY) 105–120, the end of the growing season(EOS) concentrated in DOY 285–315, and the growing season length(GSL) ranged between 165 and 195 days. There is an evident correlation between forest phenology and altitude. With increasing altitude, the SOS, EOS and GSL presented a significant delayed, advanced and shortening trend, respectively.(2) Both SOS and EOS of the forest vegetation displayed the delayed trend, the delayed pixels accounted for 76.57% and 83.81% of the total, respectively. The GSL of the forest vegetation was lengthened, and the lengthened pixels accounted for 61.21% of the total. The change in GSL was mainly caused by the decrease in spring temperature in the region.(3) The SOS of the forest vegetation was significantly partially correlated with the monthly average temperature in March, with most correlations being negative; that is, the delay in SOS was mainly attributed to the temperature decrease in March. The EOS was significantly partially correlated with precipitation in September, with most correlations being positive; that is, the EOS was clearly delayed with increasing precipitation in September. The GSL of the forest vegetation was influenced by both temperature and precipitation throughout the growing season. For most regions, GSL was most closely related to the monthly average temperature and precipitation in August.     

改性钢渣对水溶液中砷（V）的吸附效率与特征（英文）

钢渣是转炉炼钢过程中产生的固体废弃物,其在工业、农业、环保等方面已得到广泛的应用。但转炉渣作为废水吸附剂,对阴离子污染物的去除效果有待提高。因而,本研究分别采用碱和酸对转炉渣进行改性,研究改性钢渣对溶液中As(V)的吸附效果和机理,以期提高转炉渣对阴离子的吸附效率。采用的吸附批处理试验用于研究最佳吸附条件;动力学与热力学模型、傅里叶红外交换光谱（FTIR）和X射线光电子能谱（XPS）用于研究改性钢渣对As(V)的吸附机理。实验结果表明,用15%硫酸改性钢渣对砷的吸附效果最好,而碱改性渣对砷的去除效果不理想。酸改性钢渣吸附As(V)的动力学符合拟二阶动力学模型,说明该吸附为主要以化学吸附为主。等温吸附模型拟合也表明,酸改性钢渣对砷的吸附过程以化学吸附为主,并且Langmiur模型拟合度最好。通过FTIR和XPS光谱分析表明,酸改性钢渣中的硅酸盐、铁酸盐可通过与溶液中As(V)发生离子交换,生成砷酸盐沉淀,从而达到去除效果。因此,改性钢渣可作为大范围砷污染水体的潜在吸附剂,实现工业固废的生态化利用。     

气候变化对里海水位的影响（英文）

目前,关于里海的两个主要问题是水位变化及其生态条件。历史上,里海的海水入侵和衰退对该区域的生活和生产有很大影响。应用地质数据、历史数据和考古数据,以及观测数据,本文对地质历史时期里海水位的变化、年度和季度变化以及短期的波动进行了研究。文章对解释里海水位波动的两种不同的方法进行了论述,并认为里海水位变化是受地质、水文气候和水量平衡以及人类活动等因素的影响的多级过程,其中主要影响因素为水文气候的变化。     

三江源植被净初级生产力估算研究进展（英文）

The Three-River Headwater Region(TRHR), known as the "Water Tower of China", is an important ecological shelter for national security interests and regional sustainable development activities for many downstream regions in China and a number of Southeast Asian countries. The TRHR is a high-elevation, cold environment with a unique, but typical alpine vegetation system. Net primary productivity(NPP) is a key vegetation parameter and ecological indicator that can reflect both natural environmental changes and carbon budget levels. Given the unique geographical environment and strategic location of the TRHR, many scholars have estimated NPP of the TRHR by using different methods; however, these estimates vary greatly for a number of reasons. To date, there is no paper that has reviewed and assessed NPP estimation studies conducted in the TRHR. Therefore, in this paper, we(1) summarized the related methods and results of NPP estimation in the TRHR in a systematic review of previous research;(2) discussed the suitability of existing methods for estimating NPP in the TRHR and highlighted the most significant challenges; and(3) assessed the estimated NPP results. Finally, developmental directions of NPP estimation in the TRHR were prospected.     

贵州普定喀斯特植被恢复进程研究（英文）

喀斯特地区由于其环境的特殊性,人为干扰后植被的恢复有很多不确定性。在普定进行标准木解析和年轮调查,对喀斯特地区植被恢复进程进行研究。结果表明,喀斯特植被在恢复过程中,乔木层表现为高度增加、地径增粗,高度、地径的增长分别呈现对数、乘幂曲线,乔木发育时间连续,生长位置随机分布;而在繁殖体大量存在的情况下,植被可以直接由草灌阶段恢复发育形成次生乔林,且恢复时间明显缩短。     

樟子松碳汇价值的长时间尺度模拟分析（英文）

森林生态系统具有重要的碳汇作用。目前,碳汇价格可以通过碳交易、碳税和固碳项目实际成本3种机制实现。本研究从森林植被碳汇功能发挥的过程出发,认为森林植被碳汇价值包括碳固定价值和碳蓄积价值两部分。在此基础上以樟子松(Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica)为例,采用固碳项目实际成本,模拟了森林植被在100年的生命历程中碳汇价值的动态变化过程。研究表明,单株樟子松碳固定的物理量和价值量动态过程曲线都呈倒"U"型;碳蓄积的物理量和价值量动态过程曲线都近似呈"S"型。在碳固定和碳蓄积价值叠加下,碳汇价值流量过程曲线近似呈"S"型,且逐渐趋近碳蓄积价值流量曲线。100年内,樟子松的碳汇总价值(资产价值)随着林龄逐渐增大,其中碳蓄积价值所占的比重逐渐增加。樟子松林分碳汇价值曲线与单株树木的曲线不完全相同,但是基本形态一致。     

2000-2014年秦巴山区植被覆盖时空变化特征及其归因（英文）

Using the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer-normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI) dataset,we investigated the patterns of spatiotemporal variation in vegetation coverage and its associated driving forces in the Qinling-Daba(Qinba) Mountains in 2000–2014.The Sen and Mann–Kendall models and partial correlation analysis were used to analyze the data,followed by calculation of the Hurst index to analyze future trends in vegetation coverage.The results of the study showed that(1) NDVI of the study area exhibited a significant increase in 2000–2014(linear tendency,2.8%/10a).During this period,a stable increase was detected before 2010(linear tendency,4.32%/10a),followed by a sharp decline after 2010(linear tendency,–6.59%/10a).(2) Spatially,vegetation cover showed a "high in the middle and a low in the surroundings" pattern.High values of vegetation coverage were mainly found in the Qinba Mountains of Shaanxi Province.(3) The area with improved vegetation coverage was larger than the degraded area,being 81.32% and 18.68%,respectively,during the study period.Piecewise analysis revealed that 71.61% of the total study area showed a decreasing trend in vegetation coverage in 2010–2014.(4) Reverse characteristics of vegetation coverage change were stronger than the same characteristics on the Qinba Mountains.About 46.89% of the entire study area is predicted to decrease in the future,while 34.44% of the total area will follow a continuously increasing trend.(5) The change of vegetation coverage was mainly attributed to the deficit in precipitation.Moreover,vegetation coverage during La Nina years was higher than that during El Nino years.(6) Human activities can induce ambiguous effects on vegetation coverage: both positive effects(through implementation of ecological restoration projects) and negative effects(through urbanization) were observed.     

区域多维发展综合测度方法及应用（英文）

National and international research on regional development has matured from the use of single elements and indicators to the application of comprehensive multi-element and multi-indicator measures.We selected 12 indicators from six dimensions for analysis in this study,including income,consumption,education,population urbanization,traffic,and indoor living facilities.We then proposed the polyhedron method to comprehensively measure levels of regional multidimensional development.We also enhanced the polygon and vector sum methods to render them more suitable for studying the status of regional multidimensional development.Finally,we measured levels of regional multidimensional development at county,city,and provincial scales across China and analyzed spatial differences using the three methods above and the weighted sum method applied widely.The results of this study reveal the presence of remarkable regional differences at the county scale across China in terms of single and multidimensional levels of regional development.Analyses show that values of the regional multidimensional development index(RMDI)are high in eastern coastal areas,intermediate in the midlands and in northern border regions,and low in the southwest and in western border regions.Districts characterized by enhanced and the highest levels of this index are distributed in eastern coastal areas,including cities in central and western regions,as well as areas characterized by the development of energy and mineral resources.The regional distribution of reduced and the lowest levels of this index is consistent with concentrations of areas that have always been impoverished.Correlation analyses of the results generated by the four methods at provincial,city,and county scales show that all are equivalent in practical application and can be used to generate satisfactory measures for regional multidimensional development.Additional correlation analyses between RMDI values calculated using the polyhedron method and per capita gross domestic product(GDP)demonstrate that the latter is not a meaningful proxy for the level of regional multidimensional development.     

历史文化区的可持续发展与游客满意度：影响因素与特征（英文）

如何实现历史文化区的可持续发展与保护是一个值得研究的课题。作为更新城市空间的重要途径,历史街区的旅游业开发是重新分配城市功能和增加城市活力的有效解决方案。本文以韩国仁寺洞为例,以550份问卷为基础,对历史街区的游客满意度进行了评估。该问卷包含33个评估指标,以李克特量表的形式衡量受访者对仁寺洞的主观判断和满意度。研究结果表明:(1)仁寺洞游客满意度评价共包括6个方面:历史元素的体现、传统与现代的交融、行业分布和类型、消费者需求、街道布局与功能、景观美化。(2)在综合影响因素分析中,"传统与现代的融合"的权重最高,而"行业分布和类型"的权重最低。(3)对公因素权重和公因素满意度的分析表明,"传统与现代的融合"和"街道布局与功能"是需要改进的部分,"消费者需求"也有很大的提升空间。研究结果将有助于增强历史街区的旅游体验,为历史街区的有效保护和可持续发展提供理论依据和实践经验参考。     

全国坡耕地水土流失综合治理工程实施效果分析研究（英文）

为了解"十二五"期间全国坡耕地水土流失综合治理工程实施情况,在资料收集、典型调研和专家咨询的基础上,从工程管理、工程建设、实施效益三个方面共选取24个指标,运用层次分析-灰色关联分析法对各省区工程实施效果进行综合分析评价。结果表明:(1)大部分省区工程建设得分0.65,得分较高,工程管理和实施效益得分多在0.45-0.65之间,总体得分偏低;(2)综合评价结果呈正态分布,四川省、云南省、贵州省综合得分分别为0.71,0.68和0.67,实施效果良好;吉林省、辽宁省得分分别为0.38和0.42,实施效果有待提升;其余各省得分均在0.45-0.65之间,效果中等;(3)评价结果在空间上呈现一定的地带性规律,西南岩溶区实施效果最好,其次是西南紫色土区、西北黄土高原区、北方土石山区和南方红壤丘陵区,东北黑土区实施效果有待提升。     

水汽对气候变化海拔依赖性的影响（英文）

气候变化的海拔依赖性在世界上大多数山脉地区已有报道,但导致这种变异的原因尚不明确。本研究利用中国四个不同的观测和再分析资料数据集,主要研究气候变暖对海拔的依赖性,结果表明:无论是在青藏高原地区还是中国其他地区,气候变暖的程度与海拔高度的一致性并不明显。但是,气候变暖与不同海拔水汽的变异具有很好的相关性。比湿度较低时,气温变化随比湿度的增加而升高;当比湿度上升到一定值,气温变化则随比湿度的增加而下降。而地表温度变化的最大值出现在比湿度2.0–3.0 g kg~(-1)范围内。因此,本研究揭示了水汽对气候变暖的海拔依赖性起到调节作用。     

山体效应对生态垂直格局的影响（英文）

The varied altitudinal gradient of climate and vegetation is further complicated by mass elevation effect(MEE), especially in high and extensive mountain regions. However, this effect and its implications for mountain altitudinal belts have not been well studied until recently. This paper provides an overview of the research carried out in the past 5 years. MEE is virtually the heating effect of mountain massifs and can be defined as the temperature difference on a given elevation between inside and outside of a mountain mass. It can be digitally modelled with three factors of intra-mountain base elevation(MBE), latitude and hygrometric continentality; MBE usually acts as the primary factor for the magnitude of MEE and, to a great extent, could represent MEE. MEE leads to higher treelines in the interior than in the outside of mountain masses. It makes montane forests to grow at 4800–4900 m and snowlines to develop at about 6000 m in the southern Tibetan Plateau and the central Andes, and large areas of forests to live above 3500 m in a lot of high mountains of the world. The altitudinal distribution of global treelines can be modelled with high precision when taking into account MEE and the result shows that MEE contributes the most to treeline distribution pattern. Without MEE, forests could only develop upmost to about 3500 m above sea level and the world ecological pattern would be much simpler. The quantification of MEE should be further improved with higher resolution data and its global implications are to be further revealed.     

哈萨克斯坦1982–2015年植被时空变化（英文）

归一化植被指数(NDVI)作为表征植被生长状况的关键性指标,能够有效的提供植被生长状况的信息。本研究基于1982–2015年哈萨克斯坦时间序列的GIMMS/NDVI数据,分析植被)生长的空间格局及变化趋势,研究结果表明:哈萨克斯坦自北向南分布着农田、草地、灌丛这三类主要的植被类型,呈明晰的地带性分布特征;植被指数由北到南逐渐降低,农田、草地和灌丛三类主要植被类型的NDVI均值水平依次为农田草地灌丛;1982–2015年间,NDVI呈现出先增长(1982–1992年)、再降低(1993–2007年)、然后又增长(2008–2015年)的变化趋势。NDVI显著下降的区域占土地总面积的24.0%,主要分布在西北部的农田与草地交错地带以及南部边缘的农田,草地退化面积占草地总面积的23.5%、农田退化面积占农田总面积的48.4%、灌丛退化面积占灌丛总面积的13.7%,植被改善的区域分布在中东部的农田以及农田与草地的交错带,显著提升的面积占土地总面积的11.8%。