广东省乡村聚落空间分布的影响机制及研究内容框架展望（英文）

Based on land use classification data of remote sensing images, using kernel density, the minimal cumulative resistance model of road traffic accessibility, and a logistic regression model, the characteristics of the spatial pattern and the main factors influencing it were quantitatively examined in Guangdong Province from 1990 to 2013. The framework of the research concerning rural settlement evolution and its effect mechanisms were also discussed and generalized for the future. The results are as follows:(1) The spatial distribution of rural settlements showed spatial directivity of low altitude, low slope, and adjacent to rivers, as well as to villages and towns; thus a special pattern was formed, which was dense on the plains, sparse in mountainous areas, and included two core high density regions of rural settlements in the Chaoshan plain in the east and the Zhanjiang plain tableland region in the west. The spatial distribution of rural settlements was located along the rivers, valleys, and roads with traffic in the mountainous regions surrounding the Pearl River Delta region.(2) In addition to the spatial orientation of the open road, it was important to show that the accessibility of road traffic to the township has had the greatest influence on the spatial distribution of the rural settlements. The connected transport network between towns and villages is significant for rural transformation as a comprehensive increase in township production and service capacity will be the key to optimizing the town-village system in rural areas.(3) Elevation and slope were two basic but influential factors that have affected the distribution, scale, and form of rural settlements. The attributes of the physical geography are the first elements in optimizing village layout and planning spatial reconstruction.(4) In the current Internet and social media era, the reconstruction of market network system orders connects with the global market network system in rural areas. The rural life service circle will be constructed with the township at its core to explore the theory and practice of spatial reconstruction, including its production, life and ecology, and socio-cultural heritage and protection. It will also allow for exploration of the rural settlements' evolution, rural spatial production, rural social networks, group behavior, social autonomy, and social and cultural fields, which will bethe core focus of China's rural spatial reconstruction research against a background of globalization.     

旅游地乡村聚落演变与土地利用模式——野三坡旅游区三个旅游村落案例(英文)

Rural tourism has become an important driving force of rural urbanization in China. As the main reception base and important tourism attraction, tourism village is the core element of the tourism destination system. Integrating the method of PRA(Participatory Rural Assessment), GIS technology and high-resolution remote sensing images, this study aims to analyze the spatial morphology evolution of rural settlements induced by tourism through a comparative study of three tourism villages in Yesanpo tourism area. The results suggest the emergence of a "core-periphery" pattern of the spatial evolution of rural settlements. The closer to the core scenic spot, the higher degree of land-use intensity the village shows, as well as the more mature tourism function and greater change in landscape pattern. In particular, Gougezhuang shows an increase of the floor area ratio from 0.17 to 0.44, with the most mature tourism function and the lowest authenticity index of 0.448. Liujiahe has gone through the largest increase in construction land area from 17.3564 ha to 34.1128 ha, with moderately mature tourism function and relatively stable authenticity index of 0.566. Shangzhuang has the lowest construction land scale and intensity, with the poorest tourism function and most well-preserved landscape authenticity index of 0.942. Overall, in terms of the spatial morphology, the three villages show the characteristics of "modern town", "semi-urbanization" and "traditional village" respectively, in corresponding to three land development types: "intensive reconstruction type", "enclave extension type" and "in situ utilization type". The spatial evolution patterns of these three villages imply the spatial characteristics of the touristization of traditional villages in different stages, and also have great representative value for the management of rural settlements in tourism areas in China.     

Land consolidation: An indispensable way of spatial restructuring in rural China1简

The implementation of new type industrialization and urbanization and agricultural modernization strategies lacks of a major hand grip and spatial supporting platform, due to long-term existed ＂dual-track＂ structure of rural-urban development in China as well as un- stable rural development institution and mechanism. It is necessary to restructure rural pro- duction, living and ecological space by carrying out land consolidation, so as to establish a new platform for building new countryside and realizing urban-rural integration development in China. This paper develops the concept and connotation of rural spatial restructuring. Basing on the effects analysis of industrialization and urbanization on rural production, living and ecological space, the mechanism of pushing forward rural spatial restructuring by carry- ing out land consolidation is probed. A conceptualization of the models of rural production, living and ecological spatial restructuring is analyzed combining with agricultural land con- solidation, hollowed villages consolidation and industrial and mining land consolidation. Fi- nally, the author argues that a ＂bottom-up＂ restructuring strategy accompanied by a few ＂top-down＂ elements is helpful for smoothly pushing forward rural spatial restructuring in China. In addition, the optimization and restructuring of rural production, living and ecological space will rely on the innovations of regional engineering technology, policy and mechanism, and mode of rural land consolidation, and more attentions should be paid to rural space, the foundation base and platform for realizing urban-rural integration development.     

美丽中国与国土空间规划关系的地理学思考

The concept of‘Beautiful China'is a new goal of ecological construction in the new era of socialism and aims to meet the needs of people as they strive for a better life.National land spatial planning is one major component of the Chinese state's overall planning for various spatial types.The concept of‘Beautiful China'is thus a leading goal of Chinese development in the second centenary.The background of this concept aims for‘ecological beauty'as well as the combined beauty of‘economy-politics-culture-society-ecology.'The construction of‘Beautiful China'therefore necessitates a differentiated evaluation index system that is built on the basis of local conditions.This concept is intimately related to land spatial planning and the idea of Beautiful China guides an important direction for this planning which itself provides an important mechanism and spatial guarantee for construction.The establishment of land spatial planning nevertheless needs to strengthen further discussion of the regional system of human-land relationship,point axis system,main functional division,sustainable development,resources and environmental carrying capacity as well as new urbanization,and the rural multi-system.The aim of this paper is to summarize current thinking in land spatial planning,scientifically analyze the natural geographical conditions,the socioeconomic development,the interrelationship of the land space,plan the goal,vision and path of land space,encourage the public to participate in and carry out dynamic evaluation,build an intelligent system platform for land and spatial planning to realize the goal of‘Beautiful China'from a geographical perspective.And they can also present key ideas relating to the compilation and implementation of land spatial planning.     

基于粗糙集理论的地学空间关系规则分析及其应用——以珠江三角洲为例

Spatial relations,reflecting the complex association between geographical phenomena and environments,are very important in the solution of geographical issues. Different spatial relations can be expressed by indicators which are useful for the analysis of geographical issues. Urbanization,an important geographical issue,is considered in this paper. The spatial relationship indicators concerning urbanization are expressed with a decision table. Thereafter,the spatial relationship indicator rules are extracted based on the application of rough set theory. The extraction process of spatial relationship indicator rules is illustrated with data from the urban and rural areas of Shenzhen and Hong Kong,located in the Pearl River Delta. Land use vector data of 1995 and 2000 are used. The extracted spatial relationship indicator rules of 1995 are used to identify the urban and rural areas in Zhongshan,Zhuhai and Macao. The identification accuracy is approximately 96.3%. Similar procedures are used to extract the spatial relationship indicator rules of 2000 for the urban and rural areas in Zhongshan,Zhuhai and Macao. An identification accuracy of about 83.6% is obtained.     

1987–2010年中国新增建设用地占用耕地格局演变研究（英文）

Over the past few decades,built-up land in China has increasingly expanded with rapid urbanization,industrialization and rural settlements construction.The expansions encroached upon a large amount of cropland,placing great challenges on national food security.Although the impacts of urban expansion on cropland have been intensively illustrated,few attentions have been paid to differentiating the effects of growing urban areas,rural settlements,and industrial/transportation land.To fill this gap and offer comprehensive implications on framing policies for cropland protection,this study investigates and compares the spatio-temporal patterns of cropland conversion to urban areas,rural settlements,and industrial/transportation land from 1987 to 2010,based on land use maps interpreted from remote sensing imagery.Five indicators were developed to analyze the impacts of built-up land expansion on cropland in China.We find that 42,822 km2 of cropland were converted into built-up land in China,accounting for 43.8% of total cropland loss during 1987–2010.Urban growth showed a greater impact on cropland loss than the expansion of rural settlements and the expansion of industrial/transportation land after 2000.The contribution of rural settlement expansion decreased;however,rural settlement saw the highest percentage of traditional cropland loss which is generally in high quality.The contribution of industrial/transportation land expansion increased dramatically and was mainly distributed in major food production regions.These changes were closely related to the economic restructuring,urban-rural transformation and government policies in China.Future cropland conservation should focus on not only finding a reasonable urbanization mode,but also solving the "hollowing village" problem and balancing the industrial transformations.     

The effects of Taobao villages' spatiotemporal agglomeration on urbanization: A case study of Quanzhou,Fujian

The agglomeration of the rural e-commerce industry represented by Taobao villages has reshaped the existing urban and rural spatial organization and proposed a new urbanization model. This study identified the spatiotemporal characteristics of Taobao villages in Quanzhou city and built panel regression models to examine the impact of these villages on urbanization level, which is measured via nighttime light(NTL). The results show that(1)while the number of Taobao villages in Quanzhou city has i...     

Book review

正Human geography does matter!It is about the quality of our life because it contributes to spatial organization of society,regional and urban planning,social justice,improved accessibility to different places and public services.Human geography is closely connected with     

中国主体功能区空间结构的多尺度解析

The spatial structures of China’s Major Function Zoning are important constraining indicators in all types of spatial planning and key parameters for accurately downscaling major functions.Taking the proportion of urbanization zones,agricultural development zones and ecological security zones as the basic parameter,this paper explores the spatial structures of major function zoning at different scales using spatial statistics,spatial modeling and landscape metrics methods.The results show:First,major function zones have spatial gradient structures,which are prominently represented by latitudinal and longitudinal gradients,a coastal distance gradient,and an eastern-central-western gradient.Second,the pole-axis system structure and core-periphery structure exist at provincial scales.The general principle of the pole-axis structure is that as one moves along the distance axis,the proportion of urbanization zones decreases and the proportion of ecological security zones increases.This also means that the proportion of different function zones has a ring-shaped spatial differentiation principle with distance from the core.Third,there is a spatial mosaic structure at the city and county scale.This spatial mosaic structure has features of both spatial heterogeneity,such as agglomeration and dispersion,as well as of mutual,adjacent topological correlation and spatial proximity.The results of this study contribute to scientific knowledge on major function zones and the principles of spatial organization,and it acts as an important reference for China’s integrated geographical zoning.     

干旱内陆河流域人居环境适宜性评价——以石羊河流域为例(英文)

The study employs slope,aspect,relief degree of land surface,land use,vegetation index,hydrology and climate,as evaluation indexes to set up the Human Settlements Environmental Index(HEI) model to evaluate the environmental suitability for human settlements in the Shiyang River Basin.By using GIS spatial analysis technology,such as spatial overlay analysis,buffer analysis and density analysis,the environmental suitability of the human settlement spatial situation and spatial pattern are established to analyze their spatial distribution.The results show that the index of suitability for human settlements in the Shiyang River Basin is between 17.13 and 84.32.In general,suitability for human settlements decreases from the southwest to the northeast.Seen from an area pattern,the suitable region is mainly distributed in the Minqin oasis,Wuwei oasis and Changning basin,which are about 1080.01 km 2 and account for 2.59% of the total area.Rather and comparatively suitable region is mainly distributed around the counties of Gulang,Yongchang and north of Tianzhu,which is about 1100.30 km 2.The common suitable region is mainly distributed outside the counties of Yongchang,Jinchuan and most parts of Minqin County,which are about 23328.04 km 2,accounting for 56.08% of the total area.The unsuitable region is mainly distributed upstream and to the north of the river,which is about 9937.60 km 2,accounting for 23.89% of the total area.Meanwhile,the least suitable region is distributed around the Qilian Mountains,which are covered by snow and cold desert and lie in the intersecting area between the Tengger Desert and Badain Jaran Desert.The total area is about 6154.05 km 2,accounting for 14.79% of the total area.Suitable regions for human habitation are mainly distributed around rivers in the form of ribbons and batches,while others are scattered.The distribution pattern is identical to the residential spatial pattern.In addition,the relationships between HEI and other factors have been analyzed.There is a clear logarithmic correlation between the residential environment and population,that is,the correlation coefficient between the evaluation value and population density reaches 0.851.There is also a positive correlation between the residential environment and economy,which reaches an evaluation value of 0.845 between the residential environment and GDP.Results also show that the environment is out of bearing with the existing population in Shiyang River Basin.Spatial distribution of population is profoundly affected by severe environmental problems,such as the expanded deserts,the hilly terrain and the changing climate.Surface water shortage and slow economic growth are bottlenecks for suitable human settlement in the Shiyang River Basin.Combining these problems with planning for construction of new country and the exploitation of local land,some residential areas should be relocated to improve the residential environment.     

Rural resident household food consumption patterns in the Ganzhou district of Zhangye city: an analysis based on ELES Model

Demand for food plays an important role in the adjustment of prices for agricultural products and for adjusting agricultural structure.By using the extended linear expenditure system(ELES),we analyzed the food consumption structure of rural residents in the Ganzhou district of Zhangye city,and determined the basic food-consumption demand,the marginal propensity of consumption,the income elasticities of demand,and the own-price and cross-price elasticities of local rural residents,all of which illustrate the influencing factors on food consumption of rural residents and for forecasting the food-consumption structure.Those analyses show the following:the rural residents’ expenditure on household basic food consumption reaches about 7,050.35 Yuan;the marginal propensities of consumption of fruits and vegetables are relatively high(0.062 and 0.106,respectively),followed by meat(0.044);the demands for various foods are increasing as income increases,with the largest income elasticity of demand corresponding to fruits(1.354) and the lowest to cereal(0.310);fruits and vegetables have relatively high own-price elasticities(respectively-0.879 and-0.442),with the cereal having the lowest one(-0.184).An increase in cereal prices would greatly affect demand for other products;with the rising size of rural households,the consumption for meat is decreasing whereas it is increasing for cereal.The improvement of household education levels will lead to the increase of fruit consumption(E = 0.297),which indicates that people will pay more attention to diet and nutrition structure with the improvement of education.Further,although the amount of cereal expenditure is continually growing,the share will be declining with the increase of household income in 2006-2012.For all these reasons,therefore,the government should encourage the cultivation of economic crops and guide the development of stockbreeding to ensure the stability of cereal output.In order to attain the balance between supply and demand,it is important to rationally a     

中国城市新区的空间生产及其演化逻辑（英文）

New Urban Districts(NUDs) are the important spatial carriers to promote urban expansion or transformation. Since the 1990 s, they have been playing a more and more crucial role in China's urbanization. For NUDs in the strict sense we found that: 96% to the east of Hu Line; 56% within the municipal districts; 64% within 36 km from their every city center and below the area of 423 km~2. The regional distribution follows significant spatial difference as "Eastern Region(50%) – Central Region(42%) – Western Region(8%)", and the provinces with the largest number of NUDs are Guangdong, Henan, Zhejiang, Liaoning, and Jiangsu. Furthermore, their interesting constructed process highlights the typical characteristics of spatial production and spatial dialectic. This paper uses the theory of the production of space, and discovers that the growth of NUDs is a rapid ternary dialectical process of spatial production: "representations of space" is guided by the top-down governmental power; "spatial practice" is reflected in the hierarchical and regional difference of spatial elements, such as the type, pattern, distance and area of NUD; "spaces of representation" embodies the tension between governmental power and urban development rights, as well as the countermeasure mechanism. The extensibility of spatiotemporal sequences ensures the unity and continuity of spatial(re)production of NUDs. However, this is also facing a series of challenges like the management coordination of administrative division and the increasing unbalanced or inadequate development. Thus, critically rethinking the evolution of NUD is the key basis for achieving sustainable urban renewal and regional orderly development in the new era.     

近两百年江苏省城乡建设用地数量估算与空间重建（英文）

Land cover is the most evident landscape signal to characterize the influence of human activities on terrestrial ecosystems.Since the industrial revolution,the expansion of construction land has profoundly changed the status of land use coverage and changes.This study is proposed to reconstruct the spatial pattern of construction land(urban construction land and rural settlement land)for five historical periods over the past 200 years in Jiangsu Province with 200 m′200 m grids on the basis of quantitative estimation.Urban construction land is estimated based on data about city walls,four gates along walls,and other socio-economic factors.Rural settlement land is calculated based on the rural population and per capita housing allowance.The spatial pattern of historical construction land is simulated based on the distribution of modern construction land in 1985 with a quantitative-boundarysuitability control method and thorough consideration over connectivity of different land use types.The study concludes that:(1)the amount of construction land in Jiangsu Province is estimated at 963.46 km~2 in 1820,1043.46 km~2 in 1911,1672.40 km~2 in 1936,1980.34 km~2 in1952 and 10,687.20 km~2 in 1985;and(2)the spatial distribution of construction land features the great proclivity to water bodies and main roads and the strong polarization of existent residence.The results are verified directly and indirectly by applying the trend verification of construction land changes and patterns,the correlation analysis between rural settlement land and local arable land,and quantitative accuracy test of the reconstructed construction land to actual historical survey maps covering four sample regions in 1936.     

Territorial spatial zoning based on suitability evaluation and its impact on ecosystem services in Ezhou city

Exploring the spatial zoning of urban territories and their ecological effects under different decision preferences is an important approach to promote the sustainable utilization of regional resources. This paper constructs an index system for evaluating the suitability of territorial space development from the perspectives of urban development, agricultural production, and ecological conservation. It predicts and simulates the trade-offs between territorial space development and protection in ...     

利用高分辨率卫星影像分析工业城市的土地利用

The spatial differentiation of land use changes of Tuticorin is studied using high resolution LISS III satellite imagery and Maximum Likelihood algorithms. The classification accuracy of 95.2% was obtained. In this study,the land use of Tuticorin is classified as settlement,salt pan,agricultural land,wasteland,water bodies and shrubs. The settlement area is increased to 4.6 km2 during the year 2001 and 2006. The settlement area change is mainly driven by growth of industries and migration of people from peripheral villages. Shrub is increased to 3.63 km2 in the six year period. Water logging due to growth of shrubs in Tuticorin leads to several environmental and health hazard. This study warrants proper urban planning for Tuticorin for sustainable use of resource and environment.     

汶川地震灾后人口与居民点空间配置的适宜性评价

The suitability evaluation of population and settlements spatial layout in the mountainous areas is an important basis on which the scale of population and settlement after Wenchuan Earthquake is determined. Based on the statistical data of field research, this paper chooses 1264 towns in 51 counties as the scope of evaluation, selects eight indices in the evaluation index system which includes post-disaster population scale, population density, urbanization rate, the percentage of migrant workers, death rate by earthquake, the percentage of minorities, elevation-slope integrated terrain and comprehensive geological condition. Besides, this paper uses AHP supported by entropy technique and fuzzy membership function model to calculate the suitability evaluation index and then divides the disaster areas into five types: highly suitable area (area accounted for 11.03%), relatively highly suitable area (15.29%), moderately suitable area (29%), less suitable area (30.08%) and unsuitable area (14.6%). According to the result of suitability evaluation, this paper puts forward several suggestions for the reconstruction as follows: the urban system and the building of new countryside should be guided by the suitability evaluation subareas; post-earthquake reconstruction avoids zones near Longmenshan fracture and high-mountain gorge areas as far as possible; the scale of population and settlement should not exceed the capacity of resources and environment; population should be resettled as close as possible by considering adequately the heterogenicity and homogeneity of regional nationality culture characteristics; densely resettle the people at plains and hilly areas; encourage the migrant workers settle in the working place with their families voluntarily; and urban system reconstruction such as industry layout and important projects of lifeline should be guided by the spatial layout suitability evaluation.     

Designing a spatial pattern to rebalance the orientation of development and protection in Wuhan

Patterns of spatial development and protection form a basic category of geoscience,and redesigning them is a popular subject of research in regional sustainable development that is important for ecological civilization construction.The authors here report a case study of Wuhan city using the circuit theory model and minimum cumulative resistance(MCR)model to rebalance its spatial protection and development.The results show the following:(1)Using the density of the gross domestic product(GDP),density of population,rate of urbanization,and access to transportation as evaluation indicators,seven core areas of development in Wuhan were identified,accounting for 59%of the total number of streets,that exhibited a “circular-satellite”spatial structure.(2)According to the importance of ecosystem services,ecological sensitivity,land use type,and slope of the terrain,the resistance surface of spatial development in Wuhan had a stereoscopic spatial form of an“inverted pyramid,”with high surroundings and a low center.The area of low resistance accounted for 6.64%of the total area of Wuhan.(3)Based on coupling analysis using the MCR and spatial morphological characteristics of current,nine axes of spatial development with a total area of 427.27 km2 and eight key strategic points with a total area of 40.02 km2 were identified.Streets that were prioritized for development accounted for 9.63%of Wuhan's total area.(4)By combining the characterization of the development axis with the structure of the three-level core area,we extracted the structure of spatial development of "one heart,two wings,and three belts" in Wuhan.The research framework and empirical results can provide scientific guidance for the urban spatial layout,the development of regional linkages,and ecological environmental protection in China.     

How does land consolidation affect rural development transformation?

China’s rural territory is entering a critical stage of transformation and development. Promoting rural development and transformation is an important path to achieve rural vitalization, and land consolidation is expected to become the starting point to boost rural transformation. To clarify the internal relationship between land consolidation and rural development transformation is an important scientific proposition. This paper constructs a theoretical framework of rural land consolidation(RLC...     

北京山区沟域经济发展的空间结构

Valley economy is a new mode in mountainous area development that is defined by various characters of valley development,and is a distinguishing economical geographic pattern for mountainous area development.The special spatial coupling relations in the dis-tribution of different mountainous elements in valleys are new subjects for the mountain de-velopment studies,and such studies are meaningful both for researches and practices.Based on the long term researches on mountainous area development and following a brief exploration into the connotations and the spatial organizing process of valley economy,the authors analyzed the present situations of the development of valley economy in Beijing’s mountainous areas,studied the characteristics and the impacts of the spatial structural changes of the valley economy in Beijing’s mountainous areas,and finally proposed a rational arrangement of the spatial structure of the valley economy in Beijing’s mountainous areas.It is considered in this study that valley economy plays an important role in the development and functional transformation in Beijing’s mountainous areas in the new epoch.Firstly,valley economy is not outlined by the administrative boundaries,and it connects most of the villages in the mountainous areas roughly along the major transportation lines.Therefore,valley economy can exert positive influence on the development in the mountainous areas,at least in the aspects such as the rearrangement of industrial structure in the mountainous areas and the coordinated development of rural and urban areas.In addition,it is found that the valley economy in Beijing’s mountainous areas is evolved in a spatial organizing stage of secondary concentration,which is characterized by resource-saving,ecological protection and industrial optimization.Therefore,the development of valley economy will be helpful to the coordination between ecological protection and economic development in the mountainous areas,and will promote the integrated development of the mountainous areas.The developing mode of the valley economy in Beijing’s mountainous areas will provide the basis for the decision-making in the transformation of the functional roles of Beijing’s mountainous areas,and on the other hand,will present experiences for the studies in the mountainous areas outside of Beijing.