区域化学输送模式中NO x和O3源示踪法的引入

发展了化学输送模式中氮氧化合物(NOx)和臭氧(O3)的一种源示踪方法,对这种示踪法及其应用模式作了详细介绍,并结合臭氧光化学反应机理的分析描述了NOx和O3示踪物浓度方程的推导过程。将这种示踪法引用到区域化学输送模式中,并以太原和石家庄地表NOx人为排放产生的活性氮化物和臭氧为例,演示了污染物向北京的输送过程,模拟的O3,NOx和NOz示踪物浓度时空分布与O3,NOx和NOz在大气中的衰减尺度分析一致,表明该示踪法是一种有效的研究区域氮氧化物以及臭氧来源和输送转化过程的方法。个例模拟分析结果显示:太原和石家庄的地表人为排放产生的NOx本身并不能输送到北京,但通过它们产生的O3和HNO3可以输送到北京,对北京地表附近大气污染造成影响。     

MEASUREMENTS OF REACTIVE NITROGEN SPECIES IN THE EASTERN CHINA DURING THE EXPERIMENT PEM-WEST A

Measurements of NO_x(NO+NO_2),HNO_3,particulate nitrate,and total odd nitrogen NO_y were made at Linatmosphere regional background station during the NASA GTE/PEM-WEST A in the fall of 1991.NO_x and Nwere measured using chemiluminescence detectors.HNO_3 and aerosol nitrate(NO_3~-)were collected by a filter systNO_x concentration exhibits a significant diurnal variation:maximum occurring in the evening and postsunrise wpeak occurring following sunrise.Unlike NO_x,NO_y does not show distinct diurnal variations.From the ratiosday/night NO_x concentration and the diurnal cycles of two kinds of weather conditions,it is clear thatphotochemical production of NO_x varies with solar radiation.NO_x is the major component of total odd nitroNO_y and NO_2 is the major portion of NO_x as well.The regional background concentrations of NO_x,NO_y,aerosoltrate(NO_3~-)and HNO_3 range from 4.77 to 7.02 ppb,9.24 to 10.95 ppb,0.33 to 2.38 ppb and 0.31 to 0.97 ppb in a dayaverage,respectively.In the eastern China,the biomass burning is an important local emission source of nitrospecies.The ratios of NO/NO_2,NO_x/NO_y,HNO_3/NO_y,NO_3~-/NO_y and HNO_3/NO_x are also discussed inpaper.     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF OZONE DISTRIBUTIONS AND ITS VARIATION MECHANISM

A 2-D global chemistry-transport model is set up in this paper.The model simulates theatmospheric ozone distributions well with specified dynamical conditions.The analysis of ozonevariation mechanism shows that ozone is chemically in quasi-equilibrium except for the polar nightregion where the variation of ozone concentration is under the control of dynamical processes,thatthe oxygen atoms which produce ozone are mainly provided by the photolysis of O_2 in the upperstratosphere and by the photolysis of NO_2 in the lower stratosphere and the troposphere.and thatthe ozone is destroyed mainly by NO_x:the reactions between NO_x and O_3 and the odd oxygen cyclecontribute 80% to more than 90% of the ozone destruction.     

输送对区域本底站痕量气体浓度的影响

利用HYSPLIT4轨迹模式计算了临安、上甸子和龙凤山区域大气本底站2005年7月-2007年6月的气块后向轨迹, 并通过聚类分析取得了各站点平均轨迹的空间分布和季节变化等结果。将各站点同期观测到的O₃, SO₂, NO_x和CO浓度通过滑动平均法去除季节变化, 取得其短期变化信号, 并将轨迹与这种短期变化信号对应, 比较真实地反映了排放源空间分布和轨迹移动特性对污染物浓度的影响。研究结果表明:移动高度高、速度快的气块不利于污染物积累, 对站点污染物起清除作用。但个别来自高空的轨迹会将富含O₃的气块输送到地面, 从而使站点O₃浓度升高。各站均有大约50%~60%的轨迹输送污染气块, 导致站点气体浓度升高。临安站的污染主要来自S-SW和N-SE扇区; 上甸子站的污染最主要来自SE-SW扇区, 其次来自N-SE和W-N扇区; 龙凤山的污染主要由来自S-WSW扇区。     

1953—2008年厦门地区的灰霾天气特征

利用厦门气象局气象观测站1953—2008年地面气象观测资料和厦门市环保局2001—2005年PM10、SO2、NOX环境监测资料,分析了厦门地区霾天气的气候特征、气象要素特征,及其影响因素,探讨了大气污染物与霾天气的关系。结果表明,在过去的50多a中,年日照时数及能见度有明显下降的趋势;厦门市灰霾日数总体呈上升趋势,尤其近十年来更加明显;厦门夏秋季节霾日少于冬春季节;2000年以来,随着霾日的增加,霾的持续日数也迅速增加;风速增大不利于霾的形成,高相对湿度有利于霾的形成;近年来大气污染日益严重,污染物（SO2、NOX、PM10）浓度增大导致霾日数增加,能见度下降。     

临安地区地面SO2变化规律及其源地分析

利用后向轨迹的簇分析方法,研究了1994年9、10月份不同流场条件时,临安地面SO2的变化规律。采用Lagrangian传输、扩散、沉降模式计算了中国大陆以及东部较发达的几个区域对临安地面SO2的贡献。与实际观测资料对比表明,模式能够较好地模拟出临安地面SO2的浓度量级和变化趋势。同时,模式结果也表明,作为区域污染背景监测站,临安站观测的SO2浓度大小及变化趋势能反映中国东部发达地区SO2的浓度水平。     

平流层臭氧对地表有机氯排放的多耦合响应

采用一个包含平流层化学、辐射、动力相互作用的二维模式,对地表有机氯排放变化影响平流层的具体过程作出评估,从而确定平流层臭氧对于地表有机氯排放的多耦合响应,也检验了“蒙特利尔议定书”的减排效果。结果表明,以议定书框架协议达成的20世纪90年代地表有机氯排放减少按30％计算,通过输送、扩散和一系列化学反应,导致平流层中上层的各活性化学族的浓度发生变化,稳定后平流层40km到48km经向平均的相对变化率,ClOx减少20％,HOx和NOx增加2％左右,O3恢复5％左右。此外,这些成分变化导致平流层中上层辐射加热率增加,平流层变冷趋势减缓0．6K。     

SPATIO-TEMPORAL VARIATION OF SENSIBLE HEAT FLUX OVER SOUTHERN CHINA

The spatio-temporal variation of surface sensible heat flux (SHF) in southern China (SC) is studied based on the data evaluated from conventional observational meteorological data. There exist prominent increasing trends in all seasonal surface sensible heat fluxes in the western SC and decreasing trends in the central-eastern part of southern China. The variations of surface sensible heat flux in all seasons are dominant on interannual time-scales. The land-air temperature difference and the near-surface wind speed are two key factors for the interannual variations of SHF, but the former is more important. The first two major anomalous patterns of SHF are presented as the region-wide in-phase anomalies and the east-west dipole anomalies, respectively, based on the EOF analysis results.     

大气臭氧垂直分布变化的模拟研究

利用包括垂直平流、扩散和化学过程的一维平流层—对流层的大气化学模式，通过增加NOx的地面源，发现由于NOx地面源的增强，引起对流层下部臭氧浓度增加，夏季臭氧浓度的增加远大于冬季；通过扩散系数和垂直风速的敏感性试验比较，看出由平流层向对流层输送臭氧的过程中，平流过程的影响可能更重要。     

A REGIONAL MODEL STUDY OF THE VARIATIONS AND DISTRIBUTIONS OF OZONE AND ITS PRECURSORS ON EASTERN ASIA AND WEST PACIFIC OCEAN REGIONS

A simulated study of mechanism for variations and distributions of ozone and its precursors was made by using thethree-dimensional regional Eulerian model.The results showed that the ozone production was controlled by NO,butthere is a complicated nonlinear relation between them.The photochemical reactions controlled by solar radiation arethe determinative factors affecting the variations of the surface ozone and its precursors.The relations of ozone and CO,PAN were studied.We compared the simulated and observed results during the PEM-WEST A in order to better under-stand the photochemical processes of ozone and its precursors.     

大气边界层的数值模式

从大气边界层温湿特征的模拟,讨论模式的设计和处理。模式计算所得位温,混合比垂直廓线和混合层厚度等随时间变化基本反映实际大气边界层的一些特点。并从地气之间热量收支、土壤热传导方程出发计算地面温度日变化。利用Clarke的Wangara资料计算了24小时内它们的变化,并与观测值进行比较。本文还对温湿预报方程的数值解的稳定性进行了讨论。     

马尼拉海湾和莱城港湾的辐射状况

本文利用在马尼拉海湾和莱城港湾考察所获得的少量辐射资料,分析了该两地区辐射各量值的日变化特征和地区差异。揭示了海(港)湾水面及其紧邻海岛陆面的辐射特征差异。这些信息很可能有助于上述地区海洋大气间热量交换的分析计算。     

阿克达拉区域大气本底站反应性气体在线观测

为了促进大气成分业务观测水平的提高,对阿克达拉区域大气本底站新建设的NO_x、SO_2、CO和O_3 4种反应性气体集成观测系统的构造、功能以及质量控制方法进行了介绍,分析了在站址科学论证期间观测到的O_3和CO的浓度水平和变化特征,并与其他本底站的观测结果进行了比较,给出了新观测系统的一些初步观测结果。结果表明,阿克达拉站观测到的O_3和CO的浓度水平及其变化特征有别于中国东部几个大气本底站的观测结果,反映了该站与其他站的差异;新的观测系统自动化程度较高、易于实现质量控制,其性能指标能够满足该偏远站点观测的需求。     

A REGIONAL MODEL STUDY OF THE VARIATIONS AND DISTRIBUTIONS OF OZONE AND ITS PRECURSORS ON EASTERN ASIA AND WEST PACIFIC OCEAN REGIONS*

A simulated study of mechanism for variations and distributions of ozone and its precursors was made by using the three-dimensional regional Eulerian model.The results showed that the ozone production was controlled by NO_x,but there is a complicated nonlinear relation between them.The photochemical reactions controlled by solar radiation are the determinative factors affecting the variations of the surface ozone and its precursors.The relations of ozone and CO,PAN were studied.We compared the simulated and observed results during the PEM-WEST A in order to better understand the photochemical processes of ozone and its precursors.     

SURFACE OZONE CHARACTERISTICS AT THREE STATIONS IN GAW OF WMO IN CHINA

The characteristics of surface O_3 on clear days at Waliguan Observatory,Lin'an regionalstation and Longfengshan regional station in China were analyzed in this paper.The three stationsbelong to Global Atmospheric Watch(GAW)of WMO.There was obvious daily variation on cleardays at Lin'an.with maximum(42.9 ppb)and minimum(20.3 ppb)of daily range appearing inspring and summer.respectively.The daily variation was more regular at Lonfengshan than atLin'an.The maximum(about 27 ppb)appeared in autumn at Longfengshan.There was noobvious daily variation and also daily range was smaller in other seasons except weaker dailyvariation in summer at Waliguan.But the surface O_3 concentration(SOC)in summer was higherthan that in winter at Waliguan.The SOC on clear days of summer at Waliguan was over 20 ppbhigher than at Longfengshan and Lin'an.The global radiation and NO_x concentration were themain factors which control the SOC on clear days at Longfengshan and Lin'an.and playedimportant role in different seasons and areas.The transportation of air flow around the area ofQinghai-Xizang(Tibet)Plateau was the main cause for high SOC and weak daily variation insummer at Waliguan.The similar effect of transportation was obtained at the Mauna LoaObservatory.The distribution characteristics of SOC increasing with height in the tropospheredetermined the difference of SOC between East China and West China.     

MULTI-SCALE ANALYSES OF SURFACE AIR TEMPERATURE VARIATIONS FOR THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE AND CHINA DURING THE LAST ONE HUNDRED YEARS

Using multi-resolution theory of wavelet analysis,this paper studies the multi-scale structureof surface air temperature variations for the Northern Hemisphere and China during the last onehundred years.The results show that the climatic variations for the Northern Hemisphere can bedescribed as 3 hierarchies corresponding to the larger-scale changes.They are the cold period be-fore 1919,the warm period from 1920 to 1978 and the warmer period after 1979.The larger-scalehierarchical changes obviously show qualities of climate jump.The years 1920 and 1979 are thejump points of climate change.The surface air temperature variations for China are not entirelyanalogous to the Northern Hemisphere,and the main contrasts are that China is in the cold periodafter 1955 and the jump point of warming is 1987.The surface air temperature variations for theNorthern Hemisphere and China during the last one hundred years obviously show the hierarchicalstructure of multi-scale changes and the qualities of climate jump.     

2004年南海夏季风的爆发及中南半岛陆面-过程的可能影响Ⅱ： 数值试验

在对南海夏季风的爆发及中南半岛陆面过程的可能影响进行了诊断分析的基础上,应用MM5/NOAHLSM模式,研究了中南半岛陆气相互作用对2004年南海夏季风爆发过程的可能影响。结果发现:在南海夏季风爆发前,中南半岛南海地区低层气温差确实出现低值,甚至负值;尽管短期内中南半岛土壤湿度和降水的变化没有引起季风爆发日期的改变,但对季风爆发的强度有影响。土壤湿度和降水变化引起的干异常可导致地表感热通量的增大和地表温度的升高,致使中南半岛与南海之间低层的温差异常(负温差)减小,季风爆发强度减弱;不同的是,湿异常可引起季风爆发强度增强。这一结果说明,在南海夏季风爆发前期,中南半岛上空对流活动和降水异常及其引起的土壤湿度的异常变化在一定程度上会影响到季风爆发的过程。文章还比较了不同温湿地表条件下低层大气状态的差异和地表能量、水分平衡过程的不同,分析了陆气相互作用对季风活动产生影响的物理机制。     

陆面过程对气候影响的数值模拟:SSiB与IAP/LASG L9R15 AGCM耦合及其模式性能

利用陆面过程模式 SSi B与 IAP/LASG发展的 L9R1 5AGCM的耦合 1 0 a积分试验 ,研究了全球尺度大气与地表的水分和能量交换以及陆地与大气环流和气候的相互作用。模拟表明 :SSi B模式可模拟出陆地上较为真实的表面通量及其日变化 ,较好地定量描述土壤 -植被 -大气连续体系 ( SPAC)中能量和水分的传输过程。因此 ,将其引入气候模式中能够模拟出比 CTL- AGCM更合理的气候平均状态、水汽分布以及水汽输送的气候特征 ,特别是亚洲夏季风水汽输送独特的地域性 ,再现了大气环流 ,尤其是陆面气候的基本特征。并指出 ,陆面过程参数化的引进及其陆面状况的变化显著地改善了全球陆地上的水分平衡状况。利用改进的再循环降水模式 ,进一步研究了陆面过程参数化明显改进降水模拟的物理机制。指出全球陆地 ,特别是盛夏北半球干旱、半干旱地区的再循环降水率明显减小 ,与陆面上表面潜热通量的显著减小区一致 ,从而克服了许多未耦合陆面过程的 AGCMs因对地表水过程非常简单地参数化导致的普遍存在着整个陆地降水偏高 ,改善了全球陆地上的水分平衡状况。因此 ,在充分耦合的陆气环流模式中模拟的降水分布与实况接近。     

北京夏季O3垂直分布与气象因子的相关研究

通过分析2000年7月26日～8月22日北京325 m气象塔的O3浓度梯度观测资料及同期的气象资料,探讨了O3与NOx、风速、风向、温度及相对湿度的关系.通过建立不同风向下O3浓度与NOx、温度、相对湿度及风速的多元回归方程,证实了高浓度的O3是NOx与气象条件综合作用的结果,利用可得到的气象资料及NOx浓度值进行O3污染预报的尝试是可行的.