天然金刚石与合成金刚石的区别

本文首先介绍了一些重要的概念，这些概念对理解晶体的生长机理，以解释为什么同种类的晶体可呈现多种多样的形态是很必要的。文章接着以热动力学分析为基础，阐述子天然的和合成的金刚石在金刚石稳定区内的生长条件，以及ＣＶＤ金刚石在不稳定区内的生长条件。由于生长条件和环境相的不同，金刚石在生长过程中可发育成具有不同形态特的晶体，可据此分为三个类型。天然金刚石与两种合成金铡石的主要区别在于９１００）界面的粗糙度不     

金刚石中的氢及其在金刚石高温高压合成中的意义

氢在金刚石中往往以一定的化学态形式存在,不同类型的金刚石中氢会以不同的电荷状态进行迁移与扩散,也可以与其他杂质元素N、B、P等作用,形成(N,H)、(B,H)、(P,H)对;为高温高压合成金刚石的物质体系中引入氢,有利于提高高温高压合成金刚石的产量、粒度及品级,也将为模拟天然金刚石的形成与探讨地球深部的动力学过程提供科学线索。     

化学气相沉淀法合成单晶金刚石膜实验探索

采用微波等离子体化学气相沉淀法合成了单晶金刚石膜,探索了化学气相沉淀法（CVD）单晶金刚石膜的生长机理。实验仪器采用石英管式微波等离子体化学气相沉积装置,种晶为3颗IaAB型天然金刚石原石,生长面近平行于（111）和（110）方向,生长温度为800℃,压力约为6kPa,时间约为8h。使用宝石显微镜和环境扫描电子显微镜观察分析了CVD单晶金刚石膜的生长表面形貌。结果表明,在生长面上可见明显的生长层,生长晶体无色透明,CVD单晶金刚石膜在生长面上横向外延生长,并形成定向的台阶状表面——“阶梯流”。在相同的条件下,（111）方向上生长的CVD单晶金刚石膜比（110）方向上的更有序。H2浓度的大小对CVD单晶金刚石膜的质量有影响。     

金刚石矿物学、包裹体及碳稳定同位素研究综述

金刚石是地球上最坚硬、对形成环境要求最苛刻的矿物之一。金刚石的矿物学特征、包裹体特征及碳稳定同位素组成记录了金刚石生长、熔蚀、搬运等地质过程中的温度、压力及物质成分等信息,是探索金刚石物质来源、形成过程和地球深部物理化学环境的重要研究对象。总结了国内外金刚石矿物学特征、包裹体特征和碳稳定同位素组成的相关研究成果,发现金刚石晶形和组合及其颜色可大致区分金刚石来源; 金刚石表面特征是区分原生金刚石与砂矿金刚石的重要鉴别特征; 金刚石包裹体类型及组合、包裹体年代学及金刚石碳稳定同位素研究,可分析金刚石物质来源和地球深部物理化学环境,确定金刚石形成时代,为研究金刚石成因、地幔岩石圈深部作用过程以及壳幔相互作用提供重要依据。     

金刚石矿物学、包裹体及碳稳定同位素研究综述

金刚石是地球上最坚硬、对形成环境要求最苛刻的矿物之一。金刚石的矿物学特征、包裹体特征及碳稳定同位素组成记录了金刚石生长、熔蚀、搬运等地质过程中的温度、压力及物质成分等信息,是探索金刚石物质来源、形成过程和地球深部物理化学环境的重要研究对象。总结了国内外金刚石矿物学特征、包裹体特征和碳稳定同位素组成的相关研究成果,发现金刚石晶形和组合及其颜色可大致区分金刚石来源; 金刚石表面特征是区分原生金刚石与砂矿金刚石的重要鉴别特征; 金刚石包裹体类型及组合、包裹体年代学及金刚石碳稳定同位素研究,可分析金刚石物质来源和地球深部物理化学环境,确定金刚石形成时代,为研究金刚石成因、地幔岩石圈深部作用过程以及壳幔相互作用提供重要依据。     

金刚石的同步辐射X射线单色光形貌研究

采用激光装置调节晶体取向的新方法,首次在我国成功获得金刚石的同步辐射X射线单色光形貌图,对天然褐色,白色,淡黄色金刚石,黄绿色高温高压处理金刚石与金黄色辐照处理金刚石进行了研究。实验收集三个主要晶面方向（111）,（400）与（220）,以及衍射摇摆曲线不同位置的单色光形貌图。单色光形貌提高了实验的分辨率,反映了金刚石中位错,滑移系,孪晶等缺陷的空间取向与特征的明确信息。实验中发现衍射摇摆曲线能够反映金刚石的塑性变形程度。     

金刚石矿物学、包裹体及碳稳定同位素研究综述

金刚石是地球上最坚硬、对形成环境要求最苛刻的矿物之一。金刚石的矿物学特征、包裹体特征及碳稳定同位素组成记录了金刚石生长、熔蚀、搬运等地质过程中的温度、压力及物质成分等信息,是探索金刚石物质来源、形成过程和地球深部物理化学环境的重要研究对象。总结了国内外金刚石矿物学特征、包裹体特征和碳稳定同位素组成的相关研究成果,发现金刚石晶形和组合及其颜色可大致区分金刚石来源;金刚石表面特征是区分原生金刚石与砂矿金刚石的重要鉴别特征;金刚石包裹体类型及组合、包裹体年代学及金刚石碳稳定同位素研究,可分析金刚石物质来源和地球深部物理化学环境,确定金刚石形成时代,为研究金刚石成因、地幔岩石圈深部作用过程以及壳幔相互作用提供重要依据。     

几种金刚石表面显微结构

金刚石除具有独特的結晶形态外,它的表面显微結构也是异常特殊的。詳細研究金刚石表面显微結构,可以了解它在生长过程中的某些物理化学条件。 A.E.費尔斯曼、V.M.戈尔德斯密特研究了金刚石結晶形态和晶体表面显微結构后认为金刚石是岩浆早期产物,存在于深成超基性岩中;同时认为金刚石在形成过程中,在低压下常遭受溶蝕。 S.托蓝斯凱(Tolansky)系統地研究了某些金刚石表面显微結构,并且作了描述和解释。随后,苏联金刚石研究者对雅庫特金刚石矿床的金刚石表面显微結构特征亦作了系統和詳細的研究。     

不同衬底材料上外延金刚石的研究

利用自制的5kW微波等离子体化学气相沉积（MPCVD）装置对在不同衬底材料上外延生长的CVD金刚石进行了研究。利用HPHT金刚石、CVD异质形核生长的金刚石及Ia型天然金刚石样品作为籽晶,分析了不同CH4浓度与基片温度对外延CVD金刚石的影响以及通过扫描电子显微镜表征了CVD金刚石外延面的表面形貌。结果发现,HPHT金刚石为籽晶,由于其自身缺陷导致外延效果不佳;CVD异质形核生长的衬底因形核阶段的晶面生长难以控制而使其外延面较粗糙;经打磨的Ia型天然金刚石才是理想的籽晶。当CH4浓度约为10%、基片温度为1020℃时,CVD金刚石的外延生长速率可达到70.0μm/h。     

天然金刚石孪晶的X射线衍射与形貌研究

本文利用X射线衍射和形貌术方法研究了辽南天然金刚石孪晶体。发现晶体中存在有孪晶界、位错、生长带和亚结构等多种缺陷。文中对部分位错进行了详细讨论,并确定其特征量;同时还分析各种缺陷的空间分布特点及其与孪晶界面的关系。     

Nanoporous nanocrystalline impact diamonds

Mineralogy and Petrology - Complementary nano- and atomic-scale data from SEM, FIB, HRTEM, and EELS observations of after-coal impact diamonds from the giant Kara astrobleme are described,...     

中国彩色钻石概要特点

彩色钻石是一种极端珍稀的矿产与宝石财富.本文较全面论述了中国已经发现的主要彩钻产地及矿体的简要地质特征,从原生矿和砂矿角度,分别论述了山东、辽宁、湖南、贵州等地的彩钻矿体地质特点,并总结了中国彩钻的主要特点:含量极低,晶体完整度不一,多含有包裹体,晶体蚀象发育,透明度高,以山东彩钻为代表的中国彩钻的颗粒度相对较大,可做高端宝石应用.本文还指出,中国彩钻的价值从根本上还没有得到发掘,市场价值从根本上尚未得到体现.     

Magnetic susceptibility of natural diamonds

Doklady Earth Sciences -     

Nature of diamonds in Yakutian eclogites: views from eclogite tomography and mineral inclusions in diamonds

We have performed dissections of two diamondiferous eclogites (UX-1 and U33/1) from the Udachnaya kimberlite, Yakutia in order to understand the nature of diamond formation and the relationship between the diamonds, their mineral inclusions, and host eclogite minerals. Diamonds were carefully recovered from each xenolith, based upon high-resolution X-ray tomography images and three-dimensional models. The nature and physical properties of minerals, in direct contact with diamonds, were investigated at the time of diamond extraction. Polished sections of the eclogites were made, containing the mould areas of the diamonds, to further investigate the chemical compositions of the host minerals and the phases that were in contact with diamonds. Major- and minor-element compositions of silicate and sulfide mineral inclusions in diamonds show variations among each other, and from those in the host eclogites. Oxygen isotope compositions of one garnet and five clinopyroxene inclusions in diamonds from another Udachnaya eclogite (U51) span the entire range recorded for eclogite xenoliths from Udachnaya. In addition, the reported compositions of almost all clinopyroxene inclusions in U51 diamonds exhibit positive Eu anomaly. This feature, together with the oxygen isotopic characteristics, is consistent with the well-established hypothesis of subduction origin for Udachnaya eclogite xenoliths. It is intuitive to expect that all eclogite xenoliths in a particular kimberlite should have common heritage, at least with respect to their included diamonds. However, the variation in the composition of multiple inclusions within diamonds, and among diamonds, from the same eclogite indicates the involvement of complex processes in diamond genesis, at least in the eclogite xenoliths from Yakutia that we have studied.     

Kankan diamonds (Guinea) III: δ13C and nitrogen characteristics of deep diamonds

Diamonds from the Kankan area in Guinea formed over a large depth profile beginning within the cratonic mantle lithosphere and extending through the asthenosphere and transition zone into the lower mantle. The carbon isotopic composition, the concentration of nitrogen impurities and the nitrogen aggregation level of diamonds representing this entire depth range have been determined. Peridotitic and eclogitic diamonds of lithospheric origin from Kankan have carbon isotopic compositions ('¹³C: peridotitic -5.4 to -2.2‰; eclogitic -19.7 to -0.7‰) and nitrogen characteristics (N: peridotitic 17-648 atomic ppm; eclogitic 0-1,313 atomic ppm; aggregation from IaA to IaB) which are generally typical for diamonds of these two suites worldwide. Geothermobarometry of peridotitic and eclogitic inclusion parageneses (worldwide sources) indicates that both suites formed under very similar conditions within the cratonic lithosphere, which is not consistent with a derivation of diamonds with light carbon isotopic composition from subducted organic matter within subducting oceanic slabs. Diamonds containing majorite garnet inclusions fall to the isotopically heavy side ('¹³C: -3.1‰ to +0.9‰) of the worldwide diamond population. Nitrogen contents are low (0-126 atomic ppm) and one of the two nitrogen-bearing diamonds shows such a low level of nitrogen aggregation (30% B-centre) that it cannot have been exposed to ambient temperatures of the transition zone (̿,400 °C) for more than 0.2 Ma. This suggests rapid upward transport and formation of some Kankan diamonds pene-contemporaneous to Cretaceous kimberlite activity. Similar to these diamonds from the asthenosphere and the transition zone, lower mantle diamonds show a small shift towards isotopic heavy compositions (-6.6 to -0.5‰, mode at -3.5‰). As already observed for other mines, the nitrogen contents of lower mantle diamonds were below detection (using FTIRS). The mutual shift of sublithospheric diamonds towards isotopic heavier compositions suggests a common carbon source, which may have inherited an isotopic heavy composition from a component consisting of subducted carbonates.     

Dissymmetrization of artificial and natural diamonds

The occurrence rates of combinatorial types of simple polyhedra {111} are analyzed for natural and artificial diamonds. The empirical occurrence rates of 14 possible polyhedra in an isotropic environment are obtained based on numeral simulation of growth forms of octahedral crystals by the Monte-Carlo method. The phenomenon of dissymmetrization by Curie’s principle related to the crystallization conditions is established for artificial and natural diamonds.     

First diamonds from placers in Primorie

The paper reports the results obtained by the detailed studying of carbonado (the first find in a gold placer in Primorie) and a collection of diamonds that was confiscated in 1937 from a poaching small digger and was kept safe at the Nezametnyi mine (near the village of Vostretsovo), which had developed this placer deposit. In the concentrate from the placer, carbonado is associated with green corundum, various ilmenite, zircon titanian amphiboles and pyroxenes, rutile, anatase, and fragments of subvolcanic biotite picrites. All of these minerals, native aluminum, and tin occur as inclusions in the diamonds. The carbonado from Primorie was determined to be practically identical to this mineral from Brazil, has a porous structure, is characterized by orange luminescence, contains inclusions of Y, Ce, La, Ba, and Sr phosphates, and has an isotopically light composition of its carbon (¹³C from ?25 to ?32‰). Pores of the carbonado aggregates contain clusters of diamond crystals. The collection of diamonds from an unknown source included six gem-quality transparent crystals, one rounded ballas, two cuboctahedral crystals (one of greenish and the other of silver-gray color, both with outer coats), and one black carbonado grain. The data obtained on the mineralogy of the diamonds have demonstrated that they are completely identical to this mineral from kimberlites and lamproites but bear traces of intense dissolution, fragmentation, multiple recrystallization, and graphitization at defects, which are the most widespread in the ballas. One of the crystals was determined to contain inclusions: aggregates of potassic omphacite (0.50 wt % K₂O) and corundum. Ilmenite (containing up to 8 wt % MgO), titanaugite, kaersutite (4 wt % TiO₂, 0.8 wt % K₂O), and churchite (aqueous phosphate) were obtained from the core of the ballas. The titanaugite, kaersutite, and ilmenite were proven to be compositionally analogous to these minerals from picrites occurring near the placer. The carbon isotopic composition δ¹³C of the cores of the single diamond crystals varies from ?6 to ?11‰. The margins of the grains were proved to be enriched in the light carbon isotope (δ¹³C from ?19 to ?21‰). The gem-quality transparent diamond crystals are characterized by blue luminescence, and the color of luminescence in the carbonado varies from orange red in the bulk of the aggregate to yellowish green in its core. The aforementioned transformations of diamonds were likely caused by their transportation in pipes of micaceous picrites of the Jurassic meymechite complex. The carbonado are thought to correspond to the final stage of the metastable recrystallization (in pores, within the temperature range of the rutile-anatase transition) of the original isotopically heavy diamonds under the effect of various oxidizers (H₂O, CO₂, F, and others) and in the presence of catalytically acting REE, Ti, and P. The primary diamond source (kimberlite or lamproite) can be older and more distant from the study area. The complete geological analogy between the study area in Primorie, Kalimantan Island in Indonesia, and West Australia (where no sources of the placers are known) led us to consider the territory of Primorie as promising for exploration for diamondiferous placers.     

Coesite inclusions in diamonds of Yakutia

The results of the study of diamonds with inclusions of high-pressure modification of SiO₂ (coesite) by Raman spectroscopy are reported. It is established that the octahedral crystal from the Zapolyarnaya pipe is characterized by the highest residual pressure (2.7 ± 0.07 GPa). An intermediate value of this parameter (2.1 ± 0.07 GPa) was obtained for a crystal of transitional habit from the Maiskaya pipe. The minimal Raman shift was registered for coesite in diamond from the Komsomol’skaya–Magnitnaya pipe and provided a calculated residual pressure of 1.8 ± 0.03 GPa. The residual pressures for crystals from the placer deposits of the Kuoika and Bol’shaya Kuonamka rivers are 2.7 ± 0.07 and 3.1 ± 0.1 GPa, respectively. Octahedral crystals were formed in the mantle at a higher pressure than rhombododecahedral diamonds.