华北北缘泥盆纪查干哈布组物源特征及其构造意义

白乃庙岛弧带位于华北克拉通北缘,其与华北克拉通北缘的拼贴时限,是理解华北克拉通北缘增生过程的关键.为了限定弧-陆碰撞的时限,对白乃庙岛弧与华北克拉通拼合带的早古生代沉积地层——查干哈布组开展了锆石U-Pb定年和锆石Lu-Hf同位素测试.结果显示,查干哈布组中3颗最年轻锆石的加权平均年龄为393.5±4.9Ma.综合锆石年龄和前人化石资料,限定查干哈布组最大沉积年龄为早泥盆世晚期.碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄谱和Hf同位素组成显示查干哈布组的物源为白乃庙岛弧带,基本没有来自华北克拉通的物源.研究结果结合区域资料表明,白乃庙岛弧带与华北克拉通北缘在早泥盆世可能仍未发生弧-陆碰撞.     

华北克拉通北缘与陆缘弧相关的早二叠世流纹岩 ——锆石U-Pb定年及地球化学证据

华北克拉通北缘内蒙古赤峰北部朝阳沟村地区的原认为是志留纪的八当山流纹岩,现测得其中的锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄为277.3±3.3 Ma,应当属于早二叠世。岩石化学分析表明,流纹岩SiO_2含量为75.24%～76.07%,K_2O和Na_2O含量分别为3.40%～5.31%和3.66%～4.88%,属于高钾钙碱性火山岩。岩石具高Al_2O_3(12.92%～13.28%)、低CaO(0.13%～0.47%),铝饱和指数(A/CNK)为0.99～1.06,显示准铝质到弱过铝质特征。Hf同位素分析结果表明,锆石ε_(Hf)(t)均为负值,为-10.7～-16.1,两阶段模式年龄(T_(DM2))为1736～2016 Ma,表明该火山岩起源于华北克拉通古老地壳物质的部分熔融。结合区域地质资料分析,朝阳沟村地区八当山火山岩主体岩性为中酸性火山岩,其形成于早二叠世古亚洲洋向南俯冲于华北克拉通北缘(包含华北克拉通北部和白乃庙岛弧带)之下的安第斯型活动大陆边缘构造环境。     

华北克拉通古元古代地质记录及其构造意义

华北克拉通上存在广泛的古元古代地质记录,尤其是构造岩石组合和同位素年龄资料,显示克拉通上可能存在多条古元古代的汇聚拼合带:如鄂尔多斯地块与华北东部-阴山地块之间的拼合造山带、华北东部地块与狼林地块之间的胶辽造山带以及华北克拉通北缘的安第斯型汇聚边界等.华北克拉通中部地区的古元古代锆石年龄数据统计,显示出2.3~2.4 Ga、2.0~2.2 Ga和1.8~1.95 Ga三组年龄值,暗示华北克拉通古元古代可能存在两个演化阶段:其中古元古代末期(1.8~1.95 Ga)的造山事件已得到了广泛认可,并认为与全球Columbia超大陆汇聚事件相关;而2.3~2.4 Ga、2.00~2.2 Ga所代表的构造热事件的性质和意义尚不明确.我国古元古代末期有关陆块汇聚的构造热事件以及其后的裂解事件群和地层学记录,与新的国际前寒武纪地质年代表建议的古-中元古代界线一致,这将促进我国特别是古中元古代的前寒武纪研究.     

华北克拉通五台群LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄和Hf同位素特征

通过对五台群石咀亚群金刚库组4个典型样品的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄和Hf同位素研究,对五台群的形成时代及华北克拉通新太古代—古元古代期间的地壳演化进行了探讨。锆石U-Pb同位素测定结果表明,侵入金刚库组中的片麻状花岗岩锆石的U-Pb年龄为2548Ma,因此五台群的上限年龄约为2.5Ga;金刚库组黑云母石英片岩和片麻状石英闪长岩的原岩锆石U-Pb年龄分别为2663Ma和2636Ma,因此五台群的下限年龄约为2.7Ga。五台群的地质年龄为2.5~2.7Ga,属于新太古代。锆石Hf同位素研究结果表明,黑云母石英片岩和片麻状石英闪长岩的二阶段Hf模式年龄(tDM2)均为2.8Ga左右,指示2.8Ga左右是五台山区乃至整个华北克拉通地壳生长的重要时期;片麻状花岗岩tDM2平均为2.57Ga,与锆石结晶年龄非常接近,表明2.5Ga左右也是华北克拉通地壳的主要增生期。地壳的增长是幕式的,2.8Ga和2.5Ga都是华北克拉通地壳生长时期。     

华北克拉通北缘及邻区前燕山期主要地质事件

近年来,华北克拉通北缘及邻区的研究进展集中在前燕山期的主要地质构造格架的廓清,以及晚中生代以来的构造岩浆事件和克拉通岩石圈减薄研究的深化。本文对前者的研究进展作评述和展望。华北克拉通自1.8～1.75Ga形成后,时有岩浆扰动。1.35Ga的基性岩床和岩墙群事件代表了华北克拉通与北美克拉通的裂解,说明华北克拉通曾经是哥伦比亚超大陆的组成部分。华北克拉通北缘大陆边缘的演化也应当从1.35Ga以后开始。早古生代时期,在华北克拉通以北的兴蒙造山带南部发育了白乃庙岛弧岩带,但此时华北克拉通依然记录的是稳定沉积。该岛弧岩带在早古生代末期可能通过弧-陆碰撞形式增生到华北克拉通北部边缘。早中泥盆世期间,在华北克拉通北缘发育了年龄为410～380Ma的碱性杂岩,可能与弧陆碰撞后的伸展有关。从晚石炭世(～320Ma)开始,华北克拉通北缘发展为安第斯型活动大陆边缘,古亚洲洋向南俯冲在华北克拉通之下。在相邻的兴蒙造山带,古亚洲洋还存在向北的俯冲,形成了白音宝力道岛弧岩带。古亚洲洋沿索伦缝合带的最终闭合发生在二叠纪末—三叠纪初期。华北克拉通北缘大量～250Ma以来的后碰撞岩浆活动记录了这一拼合过程。晚三叠世—早侏罗世华北克拉通北缘发生大规模逆冲推覆。早侏罗世时期,华北克拉通北缘已经出现基底结晶岩系的广泛剥露。在燕山期构造岩浆作用之前,华北克拉通北缘的东西向构造格架基本奠定。     

辽北开原地区晚古生代—早中生代混杂岩的厘定及其地质意义

辽宁省开原地区地处华北克拉通北缘,域内沿清河断裂出露一套中浅变质岩系,前人先后将其称为“辽河群”、“清河镇群”、“开原岩群”、“清河构造混杂岩”,但对其物质组成和形成时代尚未形成统一认识。通过系统总结不同岩石锆石U--Pb测年结果和地球化学数据,该套变质岩系是由新太古代、古元古代、晚二叠世—中三叠世不同时代地质体组成,其中早三叠世的海相沉积盖层和大面积的晚二叠世—中三叠世活动大陆边缘岛弧岩块指示古亚洲洋的闭合过程,碰撞背景下形成的变质英安岩(244 Ma)将古亚洲洋的最终闭合时间限定为中三叠世。综合对比区域地质资料,古亚洲洋在开原地区的俯冲闭合作用导致形成这套变质程度不同以新太古代华北板块基底岩石、晚二叠世—中三叠世火山岩为“岩块”,变粒岩、浅粒岩等变质碎屑岩为“基质”的混杂岩系。     

内蒙赤峰楼子店拆离断层带下盘变形花岗质岩石的时代、成因及其地质意义——锆石U-Pb年龄和Hf同位素证据

对内蒙赤峰楼子店拆离断层带下盘前人划为前寒武纪岩石的糜棱状花岗质岩石中锆石进行了U-Pb年龄测定和Hf同位素测试,结果显示其时代为晚古生代至中生代。楼子店扎兰营子片麻状花岗岩的锆石206Pb/238U年龄为253.6±1.2Ma,锆石εHf(t)值为-8.6～-14.6,锆石Hf同位素地壳模式年龄为1.8～2.2Ga;朝阳沟糜棱岩化片麻状花岗岩的锆石206Pb/238U年龄为150.43±0.79Ma,锆石εHf(t)值为-5.6～-14.9,锆石Hf同位素地壳模式年龄为1.6～2.1Ga;莫里海沟片麻状闪长岩的锆石206Pb/238U年龄为127.6±3.1Ma,锆石εHf(t)值为-5.1～-13.9,锆石Hf同位素地壳模式年龄为1.5～2.1Ga。不同岩性、不同形成年龄的3个样品的εHf(t)值主要为负值,说明这些岩石主要来自地壳岩石的部分熔融。2.2～1.5Ga的锆石Hf同位素两阶段模式年龄表明它们可能主要来源于华北克拉通下地壳物质的部分熔融。结合该区已经获得的锆石U-Pb年龄,将该区古生代至中生代花岗质岩浆作用划分为4个时期:早石炭世(327Ma)、二叠纪(285～252Ma)、中三叠世—早侏罗世(241～184Ma)、中侏罗世—早白垩世(163～125Ma)。早石炭世喇嘛洞混合花岗岩的产出对应于古亚洲洋古生代向南俯冲于华北板块的时期,二叠纪花岗岩是古亚洲洋最后闭合、蒙古弧与华北陆块北缘拼合与伸展有关的岩浆活动的产物,大面积的中三叠世—早侏罗世的花岗岩是西伯利亚与华北陆块碰撞后地壳伸展的记录,中侏罗世—早白垩世(163～125Ma)岩浆活动则发育在伸展构造背景中,与岩石圈减薄存在密切的成因联系。这些新年龄资料将为华北陆块北缘古生代—中生代的地质构造演化提供重要的年代学制约。     

吕梁-五台地区晚太古宙—古元古代花岗质岩石锆石U-Pb年代学和Hf同位素性质及其地质意义

报道了五台地区一个晚太古代片麻状富钾花岗岩的锆石U-Pb年龄为2509±7.4Ma.该年龄与前人获得的年代学数据一起,进一步限定了晚太古期间五台-吕梁地区与俯冲有关的弧岩浆活动的年代框架.为了探讨晚太古宙-古元古代不同类型的花岗岩的源区性质和演化,特别是当时的陆壳增生机制和古老陆壳性质,本文在锆石U-Pb年代学的基础上对相应的锆石进行了细致的Hf同位素原位测量.结果表明,晚太古代片麻状花岗岩可能代表发育在古老克拉通(东部陆块?)上的弧岩浆作用产物.碰撞后(1.8 Ga)花岗岩的形成与加厚的造山带发生垮塌性伸展有关,后者导致幔源物质底侵,并引起下地壳物质的部分熔融而形成花岗质岩石.这些壳源花岗质岩浆再以不同比例与幔源岩浆混合而形成吕梁-五台地区成分复杂的碰撞后岩浆岩(花岗质为主).锆石Hf同位素还表明,吕梁-五台地区可能存在老于2.7Ga的古老克拉通物质(2.9Ga?),虽然目前还没有发现这么老的碎屑锆石.     

华北克拉通南缘栾川群的形成时代、物源及其对区域构造演化的意义：锆石U- Pb年代学和Hf同位素制约

栾川群沿秦岭造山带和华北克拉通两大构造单元的结合部分布,其时代归属和构造意义长期存在争议。本文从锆石U-Pb年代学和Hf同位素角度对栾川群进行物源分析和区域对比分析,为合理地理解华北克拉通南缘晚前寒武纪构造演化提供重要证据。栾川群上部大红口组浅变质粗面岩的结晶年龄为854±8Ma,成因以古元古代晚期陆壳物质的再循环或改造为主。栾川地区栾川群变碎屑岩中最年轻的碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄和大红口组浅变质粗面岩及相关侵入岩的结晶年龄限定栾川群沉积时代在917～844Ma,属于新元古代青白口纪。白术沟组中上部、煤窖沟组和鱼库组变碎屑岩的碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄和Hf同位素特征一致,碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄集中在1.85～1.10Ga之间,北秦岭地体是最可能的物源区;Hf两阶段模式年龄(T_(DM2))为1.33～2.92Ga,揭示源区经历了～1.45Ga、～1.8Ga、～2.1Ga和～2.5Ga四期元古代陆壳增生。栾川群白术沟组下部和白术沟组中上部至鱼库组之间截然不同的碎屑锆石年龄谱图表明白术沟组沉积期间物源区由华北克拉通转变为北秦岭块体,沉积构造背景由被动大陆边缘转化为碰撞造山和后碰撞伸展环境。北秦岭地体原来应属于华北克拉通的一部分,至少在华北克拉通南缘至东缘地区曾存在与北秦岭地体类似的中、新元古代构造带。该构造带强烈地参与了Columbia超大陆裂解和Rodinia超大陆汇聚及裂解过程,在新元古代早期与华北克拉通曾短暂的拼合并造山,转变为华北克拉通周缘沉积盆地的主要物源供给区。     

华北克拉通南缘小秦岭地区新太古代晚期-古元古代晚期岩浆构造热事件:锆石U-Pb-Hf同位素和地球化学证据

为了探讨华北克拉通南缘早前寒武纪形成演化,对华北克拉通南缘小秦岭地区早前寒武纪变质基底花岗质片麻岩开展了SHRIMP U-Pb锆石定年、Hf同位素组成及地球化学组成研究,获得了2个TTG片麻岩样品~2.50 Ga的岩浆锆石年龄和时代相近的变质锆石年龄,岩浆锆石ε_Hf（t）值为0.71~4.37;1个花岗质片麻岩样品的岩浆锆石年龄为~2.30 Ga,ε_Hf（t）值为－1.21~0.11.它们也记录了古元古代晚期变质锆石年龄或显示古元古代晚期构造热事件影响的存在.岩石以轻重稀土强烈分异为特征,大离子亲石元素相对富集,Nb、P、Ti相对亏损.在小秦岭地区首次发现新太古代晚期TTG岩石,并识别出新太古代晚期构造热事件.现有资料支持华北克拉通南缘与华北克拉通其他地区具有类似的早前寒武纪形成演化历史的认识.但是,华北克拉通南缘以2.3 Ga左右岩浆作用十分发育而显示出独特性.      

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。     

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

混凝剂处理钻井废泥浆液的研究

通过烧杯搅拌实验对混凝剂处理钻井废泥浆液进行研究,从混凝剂适应p H值范围、混凝效果、沉降速度三方面研究比较,找出一种较为理想的混凝剂,并分析了影响混凝剂性能的主要因素,确定了混凝剂的最佳投放剂量。      

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

黄河源区水环境变化及黄河出现冬季断流的原因

自1954年有水文观测资料以来,黄河曾在青海省玛多县黄河沿水文站发生过3次断流。本文在分析黄河源区水环境特征及其影响因素的基础上指出,鄂陵湖、扎陵湖的环湖融区调节能力低,当遇到连续干旱、冬季其调节水量不足以维系黄河径流时便会发生断流,这是断流的主因。湖水位降低、开采沙金、过度放牧等自然和人为因素也会对黄河发生断流产生影响。鄂陵湖口附近黄河上修建的水电站开始蓄水,提高了两湖及环湖融区的调节能力,今后黄河冬季出现断流的可能性将大为降低。     

Artemia in the Salt Lakes of Russia:the Productivity of Populations,the Reserves of the Cysts and the Fisheries

正Artemia cysts are an extremely important component of aquaculture diets.It is well established that the cultivation of fish and shellfish derive substantial health and growth advantages when Artemia are included in the diets of the     

天山南坡科其喀尔冰川表碛区小气候特征研究

利用天山南坡科其喀尔冰川3号观测站2009年全年的气象观测资料,分析研究了科其喀尔冰川表碛区的小气候特征. 结果表明：总辐射和净辐射夏秋季较高、冬春季较低;反射辐射和地表反照率反之. 与其他地区不同,该区主要受积雪物理性质和下垫面状况的影响,冬春季地表反照率日变化表现为由大到小的变化过程,夏秋季表现为倒U型. 温度年变化表现为夏秋季高、冬春季低,最高月均值出现在8月,为9.4℃,最低月均值出现在1月,为-9.6℃. 受山谷风和冰川风的影响,全年的风向以西北风和西北偏西风为主,风向的日变化以11：00为界发生转向. 受降水和冰川消融等的影响,比湿夏秋季月均值较大,冬春季月均值较小.     

Climate: Is the past the key to the future?

 The climate of the Holocene is not well suited to be the baseline for the climate of the planet. It is an interglacial, a state typical of only 10% of the past few million years. It is a time of relative sea-level stability after a rapid 130-m rise from the lowstand during the last glacial maximum. Physical geologic processes are operating at unusual rates and much of the geochemical system is not in a steady state. During most of the Phanerozoic there have been no continental ice sheets on the earth, and the planet’s meridional temperature gradient has been much less than it is presently. Major factors influencing climate are insolation, greenhouse gases, paleogeography, and vegetation; the first two are discussed in this paper. Changes in the earth’s orbital parameters affect the amount of radiation received from the sun at different latitudes over the course of the year. During the last climate cycle, the waxing and waning of the northern hemisphere continental ice sheets closely followed the changes in summer insolation at the latitude of the northern hemisphere polar circle. The overall intensity of insolation in the northern hemisphere is governed by the precession of the earth’s axis of rotation, and the precession and ellipticity of the earth’s orbit. At the polar circle a meridional minimum of summer insolation becomes alternately more and less pronounced as the obliquity of the earth’s axis of rotation changes. Feedback processes amplify the insolation signal. Greenhouse gases (H₂O, CO₂, CH₄, CFCs) modulate the insolation-driven climate. The atmospheric content of CO₂ during the last glacial maximum was approximately 30% less than during the present interglacial. A variety of possible causes for this change have been postulated. The present burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, and cement manufacture since the beginning of the industrial revolution have added CO₂ to the atmosphere when its content due to glacial-interglacial variation was already at a maximum. Anthropogenic activity has increased the CO₂ content of the atmosphere to 130% of its previous Holocene level, probably higher than at any time during the past few million years. During the Late Cretaceous the atmospheric CO₂ content was probably about four times that of the present, the level to which it may rise at the end of the next century. The results of a Campanian (80 Ma) climate simulation suggest that the positive feedback between CO₂ and another important greenhouse gas, H₂O, raised the earth’s temperature to a level where latent heat transport became much more significant than it is presently, and operated efficiently at all latitudes. Atmospheric high- and low-pressure systems were as much the result of variations in the vapor content of the air as of temperature differences. In our present state of knowledge, future climate change is unpredictable because by adding CO₂ to the atmosphere we are forcing the climate toward a “greenhouse” mode when it is accustomed to moving between the glacial–interglacial “icehouse” states that reflect the waxing and waning of ice sheets. At the same time we are replacing freely transpiring C3 plants with water-conserving C4 plants, producing a global vegetation complex that has no past analog. The past climates of the earth cannot be used as a direct guide to what may occur in the future. To understand what may happen in the future we must learn about the first principles of physics and chemistry related to the earth’s system. The fundamental mechanisms of the climate system are best explored in simulations of the earth’s ancient extreme climates. Received: 7 November 1996/Accepted: 23 January 1997