Some features of mineral waters in Russia

 The Russian Federation has many aquifers and these possess a wide range of chemical compositions. In Russia about 300 mineral water sources have been developed as spas and health resorts. More than 150 of them produce bottled mineral water. A brief historical revue is given. The study of mineral waters in Russia began as far back as the reign of Peter the Great (1682–1725). It has been prolonged by works of many Russian scientists. The details of the chemical composition of the different types of Russian mineral waters and some geological aquifer peculiarities are described. The most widely used classification of mineral waters in Russia is presented. The present condition of these waters and the government standards laid down for their use are described. Examples of different mineral waters are given. Received: 14 April 1998 / Accepted: 8 December 1998     

Hydrogeochemical evaluation of Western Anatolian mineral waters

Turkey lies on the Alpine-Himalayan belt which is one of the most important geothermal belts in the World. Therefore, there are numerous mineral waters in Anatolia where geological and tectonic activities are intense. Archeological studies conducted in Anatolia, which is the cradle of various civilizations, reveal the fact that mineral water has been used as a spa in many areas.The scope of this study is to evaluate mineral waters in Western Anatolia and their use in thermal resorts for balneological purposes. In this respect, 50 thermal waters used in spa centers were analyzed for various physical, chemical and bacteriological parameters.Among the 50 waters tested, 40 are thermomineral waters while 10 are acratothermal waters. Some of these waters have distinct chemical compositions. Their temperatures are between 21 and 90 °C. Various types of mineral water source occur within this region: 5 of these are sulfurous, 1 has carbon dioxide, 29 have fluorine, 1 has iodine and 3 are saliferous. The thermomineral sources with saline characteristics have balneotherapy potential for treating skin illnesses including psoriasis and rheumatological illnesses.Some waters with appreciable bicarbonate and sulfate concentrations can also be used for balneotherapy; for example for use as a cure for chronic inflammatory diseases of gastrointestinal and urinary systems. They could also be used as a cure for prophylactic and metaphylactic treatment of urolithiasis.However, among 38 sampling sites, 12 sites are bacteriologically contaminated. This indicates that regulations governing the protection of such zones are not properly enforced and that water sources within these regions are not sufficiently protected or inspected.     

Overview of a theory and method for prediction of mineral resources in China

A set of theories and methods has long been needed to enhance geological prospecting. Since 1982, we have been predicting mineral-resource potential based on geological research in China, using a comprehensive information theory and method (CIM), developed to identify mineral-resource domains. The key features of CIM are: (1) to establih comprehensive prospecting models on various scales on the basis of a metallogenic model; the prospecting models are statistical in nature and incorporate a range of ore indicators, (2) to compile detailed metallogenic maps that reflect metallogenic regularities, ore-controlling factors, prospecting indicators, and the positions of favorable target areas, and (3) to establish statistical prediction models of undiscovered mineral resources. This CIM method has been effective and has provided significant economic benefits in the past few years in China.     

Thermal and mineral waters in north-eastern Slovenia

 The Mura basin in north-eastern Slovenia is made up of two depressions, developed during the Late Neogene and Early Pliocene all within a widespread system of Pannonian basins. Both depressions are characterized by the occurrence of thermal waters of somewhat different hydrogeochemical character. Radgona depression is in the northern part of the basin and reaches depths of about 2 km. Thermal waters are generally dominated by sodium-bicarbonate, not related to the age of an aquifer, its wallrock composition, the type of porosity or total concentration of dissolved solids. Locally, sulphate-rich waters are encountered, and they are related to the presence of gypsum in the rocks of pre-Tertiary basement. The adjacent Ljutomer depression is over 4 km deep and comprises compartments with stagnant or semi-stagnant aquifers. Herein saline waters predominate, even in the aquifers of carbonate composition and abundant CO₂ gas. In shallower, unconsolidated, intergranular aquifers sodium-bicarbonate waters predominate. Thermal aquifers of this type are very important to the economy of the region, but they are also subjected to overexploitation which is reflected in time-dependent changes of dynamic pressures, temperature, conductance, salinity, pH and concentration of major ions, trace elements, dissolved gasses, and total organic carbon. Mineral waters occur in shallow aquifers or springs in marginal areas of the Radgona depression. Bicarbonate waters are dominated by calcium, or both calcium and sodium. Some mineral waters are formed mainly by penetration of CO₂ gas into shallow aquifers and consequent water–rock interaction. Composition of some mineral waters indicate their possible evolution from thermal waters which have risen from central parts of the Radgona depression along deep-seated faults, and have been modified by cooling and mixing processes. Received: 30 November 1998 · Accepted: 22 March 1999     

智能矿产地质调查方法——以甘肃大桥-崖湾地区为例

在矿产地质调查理论与实践的基础上,提出一种智能矿产地质调查方法,指出智能矿产地质调查生态系统是与智能矿产地质调查相关的智能数据采集设备、应用、用户、标准、规范、智能地质调查云平台等组成部分及相互关系构成的完整系统。智能矿产地质调查的主要步骤包括：智能数据分析、重点工作区圈定、矿产地质数据采集、重点区野外工作、智能找矿预测等。提出了数据驱动与知识驱动相结合的找矿预测方法,集成了采用深度学习技术进行特征匹配找矿预测的方法和基于知识图谱的找矿预测方法。设计和基本实现了智能矿产地质调查云平台的架构与功能。应用特征匹配找矿预测方法在甘肃大桥-崖湾地区圈定了5个找矿预测区。     

Geochemistry of the mineral waters and gases of the Mukhen deposit,Far East

This work reports new hydrochemical data on the two types of cold high p CO₂ groundwaters from the Mukhen deposit (Khabarovsk district). The first type is classed with HCO₃-Ca-Mg waters with a relatively low TDS (up to 1.7 g/l) and high concentrations of Fe²⁺, Mn²⁺, Ba²⁺, and SiO₂. The second type is of HCO₃-Na composition with high TDS (up to 14 g/l) and elevated Li⁺, B, Sr²⁺, Br^?, and I^?. New oxygen (δ¹⁸O) and hydrogen (δD) isotopic data on the waters and carbon (δ¹³C) isotopic data on the gas phase, together with a detailed geological and hydrogeological analysis of the study area, allowed us to decipher the origin of both the mineral waters. Based on the tritium content (³H) in the ground and surface waters of the area, the duration of the mineral water circulation was estimated. It was established that the both types of groundwaters were formed during interaction of meteoric water with bedrock under active influence of CO₂, however HCO₃-Na groundwaters have longer residence time than HCO₃-Ca-Mg groundwaters.     

Metallogenic regularity and mineral prediction of metallic deposits in Baiyin mine field and its periphery of Gansu Province

Through the mineral prospecting project in Baiyin mine field and its periphery of Gansu Province, the authors have delineated twelve 1:50 000 aeromagnetic anomaly areas, seven 1:50 000 high magnetic anomaly areas and sixty-four 1:50 000 geochemical prospecting anomaly areas. Besides, four mineral occurrences and six mineralized spots were found, including copper, lead, zinc etc. The temporal and spatial distribution of mineralization and the paragenesis and combination rules of mineral resources were also expounded, after a comprehensive study of the metallogenic geological conditions, 1:50 000 geochemical and geophysical anomalies and the characteristics of mineral occurrence distribution. The “multi-type” prospecting prediction model was concluded in the study area. Nine key metallogenic prospective areas were delineated, including three type A, two type B and four type C prospective areas. Four target prospecting areas were delineated, including one type A, one type B and two type C target prospecting areas.     

甘肃白银厂及其外围地区金属矿成矿规律及矿产预测

通过甘肃省白银厂及其外围地区矿产远景调查项目,共圈定1:5万航磁异常12个、1:5万高磁异常7个、1:5万化探综合异常64个,新发现矿点4处、矿化点6处,矿种有铜、铅、锌等。通过对研究区成矿地质条件、1:5万物化探综合异常特征、矿(化)点分布特征等进行综合分析研究,阐明了该区成矿的时空分布规律和矿产的共生组合规律,总结出区内典型矿床“多位一体”找矿预测模型。综合圈定重点成矿远景区9个,其中A类远景区3处,B类远景区2处,C类远景区4处; 优选圈定找矿靶区4个,其中A类1个,B类1个,C类2个。     

基于数据科学的矿产资源定量预测的理论与方法探索

矿产资源预测已从定性走向了定量,从数据稀疏型走向了数据密集型,亟须数据科学支撑.本文在前人研究基础上,讨论了基于数据科学的矿产资源定量预测理论与方法,该方法的理论基础为相关性理论与异常理论,前者采用监督的机器学习方法挖掘地质找矿大数据与矿床的相关性为预测未发现矿床提供了理论基础;后者采用非监督的机器学习方法识别地质找矿...     

Hepburn Spa: cold carbonated mineral waters of Central Victoria,South Eastern Australia

Hepburn Spring is the major cold carbonated mineral spring of the ‘Spa’ country of Central Victoria, in South Eastern Australia. The spring occurs in a small tributary valley of the Loddon River, 15 km away from the crest of the Great Dividing Range. The waters are effervescent, have an alkalinity of around 1,500 mg/L (as HCO₃ ⁻), are mildly acidic and have high iron concentrations. Hepburn Spring is one of nearly 100 small cold low flow carbonated mineral water springs that occur in the region. Hepburn Spring has been protected since 1865 in one of 34 ‘Special Mineral Spring Reserves’. By world standards the spring is small and not highly developed, but it retains much of its charm due to the bushland, forest setting. The bedrock of the region consists of indurated arkosic sandstones interbedded with carbonaceous shales and slates. The rocks are folded and cut by swarms of strongly developed meridional fissure fault systems. Hepburn Spring is situated on the fault and fold axes associated with the “Cornish line” and Gold mines have dewatered the spring on several occasions. After dewatering events the water level and flow recovered first and then the water composition and effervescence. The origin of the effervescent waters has attracted much attention; hypotheses include both a volcanic and a rock water reaction origin. The second hypothesis involves weathering of the carbonaceous and sometimes pyritic rock mass which contains only a few percent carbonate. This process produces high bicarbonate groundwater throughout Central Victoria. The Hepburn waters are a variant of these waters and it is suggested that controls on the carbonate solubility and redox conditions in the fissures flow systems results in effervescent waters as the waters ascend.     

深部矿产资源立体地球化学勘查方法技术体系

深部矿产资源的勘查是战略性矿产资源勘查的一个重要方面。找矿实践证明，化探方法技术在矿产勘查乃至深部找矿中发挥了重要的、不可或缺的作用。找矿工作的不断深入和找矿难度的不断加大，促使化探方法技术不断的发展和完善，在传统方法技术的基础上，研发出了许多新的方法技术。本文从方法论和系统论的角度出发，对现有的找寻深部隐伏矿盲矿的有效化探方法技术进行了系统的归纳和总结，提出了立体地球化学勘查方法技术体系的概念，将立体地球化学勘查方法技术划分为地面地球化学测量方法技术和地下地球化学测量方法技术，建立了深部矿产资源立体地球化学勘查方法技术体系。不同的方法技术有不同的优势和不同的适用条件，实际工作中应当根据不同的勘查阶段，不同的勘查目的和不同的地质地球化学条件选择不同的立体方法技术组合才能发挥出最大效益，取得最大效果。     

Origins of high pH mineral waters from ultramafic rocks, Central Portugal

This paper reviews the geochemical, isotopic (²H, ¹⁸O, ¹³C, ³H and ¹⁴C) and numerical modelling approaches to evaluate possible geological sources of the high pH (11.5)/Na–Cl/Ca–OH mineral waters from the Cabeço de Vide region (Central-Portugal). Water–rock interaction studies have greatly contributed to a conceptual hydrogeological circulation model of the Cabeço de Vide mineral waters, which was corroborated by numerical modelling approaches. The local shallow groundwaters belong to the Mg–HCO₃ type, and are derived by interaction with the local serpentinized rocks. At depth, these type waters evolve into the high pH/Na–Cl/Ca–OH mineral waters of Cabeço de Vide spas, issuing from the intrusive contact between mafic/ultramafic rocks and an older carbonate sequence. The Cabeço de Vide mineral waters are supersaturated with respect to serpentine indicating that they may cause serpentinization. Magnesium silicate phases (brucite and serpentine) seem to control Mg concentrations in Cabeço de Vide mineral waters. Similar δ²H and δ¹⁸O suggest a common meteoric origin and that the Mg–HCO₃ type waters have evolved towards Cabeço de Vide mineral waters. The reaction path simulations show that the progressive evolution of the Ca–HCO₃ to Mg–HCO₃ waters can be attributed to the interaction of meteoric waters with serpentinites. The sequential dissolution at CO₂ (g) closed system conditions leads to the precipitation of calcite, magnesite, amorphous silica, chrysotile and brucite, indicating that the waters would be responsible for the serpentinization of fresh ultramafic rocks (dunites) present at depth. The apparent age of Cabeço de Vide mineral waters was determined as 2790 ± 40 a BP, on the basis of ¹⁴C and ¹³C values, which is in agreement with the ³H concentrations being below the detection limit.     

和龙市三道—二道江地区矿产资源调查成果综述

吉林和龙地区地处全国重要成矿带,在该区完成的1:5万矿产资源调查工作取得了初步成果,圈定了3条银矿体,通过系统总结调查区成矿地质条件及找矿规律,划分了8处找矿靶区。     

大数据环境下内蒙古浩布高地区铅锌多金属矿智能矿产预测研究

传统机器学习算法已广泛应用于矿产预测,但面对地质大数据的高维稀疏、不平衡小样本等特性仍缺乏有效处理和分析的方法,设计适合地质大数据特点的机器学习算法是智能矿产预测亟需解决的新问题。本文以内蒙古浩布高地区的铅锌多金属矿产预测为例,提出了一种面向地质大数据的半监督协同训练矿产预测模型。首先对研究区地质找矿信息和地球化学异常信息进行定量分析,提取断裂构造、二叠系地层、燕山期侵入岩、地层与岩体接触带、围岩蚀变及Pb、Zn、Sn、Cu地球化学异常共9种找矿因子。然后利用递归特征消除法优选找矿因子组合,不包括Sn异常在内的8个找矿因子组合被选为最优组合。最后,利用支持向量机和随机森林算法作为基分类器进行半监督协同训练矿产预测,绘制成矿概率分布图。ROC曲线和预测度曲线分析结果表明,半监督协同训练模型的AUC值和预测效率都高于随机森林和支持向量机模型。研究结果也为大数据环境下的智能矿产预测提供了一种新的思路。     

吉尔吉斯斯坦天山优势矿种地质特征及找矿潜力

吉尔吉斯斯坦天山有着良好的金属矿产成矿条件,已发现众多的金属矿床,其优势矿种为铁、金、铜、锡、汞、锑、铅、锌8种矿产。在分析该国地质矿产资料的基础上,对吉尔吉斯斯坦造山带北中南天山优势矿产的时空分布和典型矿床进行研究,总结其区域成矿特征,研究了各成矿期的相应优势矿产岩浆作用、火山作用与矿产的关系、区域内成矿规律和区内成矿条件,探讨吉尔吉斯斯坦的找矿潜力。认为吉尔吉斯斯坦找矿还有很大潜力,金矿应在吉尔吉斯全境寻找,铁、铜、铅锌应在北、中天山加大探矿力度,钨、锡、汞、锑在南天山还有大的找矿远景。     

Structural-tectonic features of accommodation deposits of mineral waters of Azerbaijan and their complex development

The geological structure of the territory of Azerbaijan is characterized by numerous mineral waters of various chemical, gas, microcomponental structure, temperature and medical properties which are distributed over the territories of the Republic and their physical and chemical features are closely connected to the geostructural conditions of the individual districts in which they are found.     

Chemical composition of bottled mineral waters in Estonia

Five commercially available in Estonia brands of bottled water have been analysed for 59 chemical elements by ICP-QMS and ICP-AES techniques to assess the quality of domestic mineral waters in scope of the European Groundwater Geochemistry Project initiated by the Geochemistry Expert Group of EuroGeoSurveys. Contents of 9 cations and anions, pH and electrical conductivity (EC) were measured in the bottled mineral waters by IC, titration and photometric methods. The data showed a significant difference between natural undiluted mineral water (Värska Originaal) characterised by the highest values of pH, EC and majority of trace elements studied, and other domestic waters sold in Estonia.     

基于GIS矿产预测的思考

GIS(地理信息系统)在矿产预测中已得到广泛的应用.文章在简述GIS矿产预测现状的基础上,对矿产预测的空间数据库建设中应该注意的问题(包括地质数据的问题、地质专业人员的作用、预测单元划分、成矿模型与找矿模型等)进行了重点论述,以期提高成矿预测的效率和准确性.     

新疆塔什库尔干县一带铁多金属矿床成矿地质特征及找矿潜力分析

作者对研究区做了多次踏勘与详细检查,对塔什库尔干县一带铁多金属矿床的成矿地质特征获得了一些新的认识。区内已发现的34处铁多金属矿产地多为中-小型规模,矿化类型以沉积变质型、矽卡岩型及岩浆热液脉型为主。通过对典型矿床的对比研究,并结合航磁异常解释和化探异常分析,认为研究区内各类型矿产分布具一定的规律性,且成矿范围广、矿化集中、品位较富。表明研究区成矿地质背景优越,具有较好的找矿前景和资源潜力。     

Hydrogeological conditions for the forming and quality of mineral waters in Serbia

In the past researches conducted on the territory of Serbia, 5 regional geotectonic units have been distinguished with registered occurrences of 230 mineral springs. Recent analyses of the bottled mineral waters quality have not included systematic examinations of micro-components present in these waters. Based on the analyses of the bottled mineral waters (EuroGeoSurveys Geochemistry Expert Group), it has been observed that the water quality is greatly influenced by the chemical composition of igneous intrusions, regardless of the fact that the analyzed waters have been taken from different aquifers (Neogene sediments, limestone, flysch, schist).