开垦对阿拉尔绿洲盐渍化荒漠土壤微生物群落的影响

近年来,以对天然荒漠进行开垦和耕作为标志的人类活动加速了中国西北干旱荒漠区的绿洲化进程,但这种土地利用方式的改变对干旱荒漠土壤微生物群落特征的影响及其机理尚不清楚。本研究利用qPCR和Illumina Miseq高通量扩增子测序技术对新疆阿拉尔绿洲开垦5年的棉花田（FS）和毗邻的天然荒漠（ND）的土壤细菌、古菌和真菌群落的生物量、多样性和群落结构进行了对比研究,揭示了驱动荒漠土壤微生物群落结构演变的主要因子。结果表明：（1）荒漠开垦为农田后,土壤细菌和真菌群落的生物量显著增加,而古菌群落生物量显著降低;细菌群落多样性明显提高,古菌群落的Shannon多样性指数显著降低,而真菌群落多样性没有显著变化。（2）盐渍化荒漠具有不同于其他干旱荒漠的土壤微生物群落结构,开垦显著改变了其土壤细菌、古菌和真菌的群落结构。其中,放线菌门、绿弯菌门、酸杆菌门、螺旋体菌门和浮霉菌门细菌、乌斯古菌门和芽枝霉门真菌的相对丰度显著增加,而盐纳古菌门的相对丰度则显著降低。（3）土壤电导率（EC）、总有机碳（TOC）、全氮（TN）、全磷（TP）是影响细菌群落结构的关键因子;古菌群落结构的主要影响因子为植被盖度、地上生物量和丰富度、TP和AP;EC是影响真菌群落结构的关键因子。综上所述,盐渍化荒漠开垦后由于其原生植被群落、化学肥料的使用和土壤属性（EC、TP和AP）的改变不同程度地改变了荒漠土壤微生物群落特征。相对而言,细菌群落对土地利用方式的改变响应最为敏感,而古菌和真菌群落的多样性和结构则保持相对稳定。     

磷添加对中亚热带2种森林类型土壤微生物群落组成的影响

以福建省三明市格氏栲自然保护区米槠(Castanopsis carlesii)天然林土壤和杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)人工林土壤为研究对象,通过不同梯度(对照CT-0 g·kg-1、低磷LP-0.1 g·kg-1、高磷HP-0.6 g·kg-1)磷添加室内培养实验,采用磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)分析法,研究磷添加对中亚热带米槠天然林和杉木人工林土壤微生物生物量和群落组成的影响,结果表明:1)施磷除显著提高总磷和有效磷含量外,亦显著增加土壤pH和可溶性有机碳的含量;2)土壤微生物生物量和群落组成对磷添加的响应因施磷量和森林类型不同而不同,其中高磷处理显著增加杉木人工林和米槠天然林土壤微生物PLFA,杉木人工林增幅大于米槠天然林。低磷处理仅显著增加杉木人工林土壤微生物PLFA,对米槠天然林土壤微生物生物量影响不显著;磷添加显著增加杉木人工林土壤革兰氏阳性菌与革兰氏阴性菌的比值(GP/GN),对2种森林土壤真菌与细菌比(F/B)影响不显著。该研究表明米槠天然林转变成杉木人工林后,养分流失,加剧了磷限制。因此适当施磷有利于杉木人工林可持续经营。     

南亚热带6种人工林土壤微生物生物量和群落结构特征

在中国亚热带地区,随着人工造林面积的增加,导致森林结构类型单一,针叶化现象严重,土壤肥力下降等问题。本研究通过分析亚热带地区6种不同树种人工林土壤微生物生物量和群落结构的差异,探讨树种如何影响土壤微生物群落。研究发现,不同树种土壤微生物生物量与群落结构具有显著差异,木荷林土壤微生物生物量最高,福建柏林土壤真菌与细菌比值显著高于其他树种,杉木和马尾松林土壤的革兰氏阳性菌与革兰氏阴性菌比值显著高于其他树种。冗余分析表明,凋落叶碳氮比、凋落叶木质素/氮,土壤总碳、碳氮比、pH是影响微生物群落的主要环境因子。本研究结果表明,不同树种人工林主要通过调控凋落叶质量和土壤碳、氮有效性影响土壤微生物群落组成。     

有机肥和无机肥对土壤微生物群落影响的整合分析（英文）

为了研究土壤微生物群落对肥料响应的一般趋势,采用整合分析方法综合了与无机和有机肥料添加对土壤微生物群落影响有关的观察结果(N:氮;P:磷;NP:氮和磷;PK:磷和钾:NPK:氮磷钾;OF:有机肥;OF+NPK:有机肥和氮磷钾)。PK、NPK、OF和OF+NPK的添加分别使总磷脂脂质脂肪酸(PLFA)增长了52.0%、19.5%、334.3%和58.3%。NP、OF和OF+NPK的添加分别使真菌增加了5.6%、21.0%和8.2%。NP,NPK和OF的添加分别使细菌增加6.4%、9.8%和13.3%。NP和NPK添加分别使放线菌增加7.0%和14.8%。硝酸铵添加减少了革兰氏阴性菌(G–)。氮添加增加了农田中总PLFA、细菌和放线菌,减少了森林中的细菌和真菌,以及草地中的F/B比值。氮磷钾添加增加了森林而不是农田中的总PLFA。氮的添加速率与氮的添加对革兰氏阳性细菌(G+)和G–的影响呈正相关。因此,不同肥料对土壤微生物群落的影响可能不同。有机肥料比无机肥料对土壤微生物群落具有更大的积极作用。肥料对土壤微生物群落的影响因生态系统类型而异。氮添加对土壤微生物群落的影响与氮添加形式和氮添加速率有关。     

开垦年限对黑土农田土壤微生物功能多样性的影响

开垦年限对黑土农田土壤微环境产生影响,土壤微生物的功能多样性发生变化。于2019年7月在黑龙江省黑河市黑土区采集不同土层（0~10 cm、10~20 cm、20~30 cm）开垦98 a、50 a和10 a的黑土农田土壤,采用Biolog-Eco微平板法研究开垦年限对黑土农田土壤微生物的活性、功能多样性和微生物对不同碳源的利用情况的影响。结果表明,开垦98 a的农田土壤微生物活性最强。农田土壤微生物群落组成及功能多样性开垦98 a >开垦10 a >开垦50 a。开垦年限和土层深度影响黑土农田土壤微生物对碳源的利用能力。在0~10 cm层中,土壤微生物对碳源的利用程度最高。主成分分析结果表明,黑土农田土壤中的微生物主要利用的是糖类和氨基酸类。     

次生林不同演替时间土壤微生物群落结构的变化

本研究在亚热带地区选取了5个演替阶段(4～5年、8～12年、18～22年、25～30年和35～40年)的次生林为研究对象,采用磷酸脂肪酸的方法研究不同林龄次生林土壤微生物群落结构特征,分析土壤微生物群落结构与土壤理化性质的关系.结果表明:土壤总微生物生物量、真菌生物量、细菌生物量、革兰氏阳性菌生物量和革兰氏阴性菌生物量...     

荒漠土壤微生物群落结构特征研究进展

荒漠生态系统占地球陆地面积三分之一,是地球化学循环中的重要部分。荒漠干旱高温、缺乏植被、UV辐射强,曾被认为是没有生命的地方。然而在这恶劣环境中却蕴含有大量的微生物资源,尤其是荒漠土壤富集了大量微生物。微生物参与和主导整个荒漠生态系统地球生物化学循环,对于调节重要生态过程、修复和稳定荒漠生态系统起到重要作用,对其的研究生态学意义突出。本文综述了国内外对荒漠土壤微生物群落结构特征、群落功能多样性以及微生物群落、微生物与植物、微生物与环境之间相互关系的研究现状,旨在充分了解荒漠土壤微生物多样性研究,总结对荒漠微生物生态认识的不足,为荒漠微生物生态研究方向提供参考。     

黑河中游绿洲化过程中不同开垦年限农田大型土壤动物群落特征

对不同开垦年限绿洲农田大型土壤动物群落结构特征进行研究,探讨绿洲化过程中农田大型土壤动物群落对土壤环境演变的响应及适应机制。天然荒漠草地开垦为绿洲农田后,新垦绿洲农田大型土壤动物密度和类群丰富度增加为天然荒漠草地的1.95倍和1.54倍,百年绿洲农田土壤动物密度和类群丰富度增加为天然荒漠草地的3.54倍和3.00倍;但群落多样性和均匀度指数变化较小。不同动物类群随着绿洲农田开垦年限增加,其变化规律也存在较大差异,如地蜈蚣科(Geophilidae)、线蚓科(Enchytraeidae)、正蚓科(Lumbricidae)和蝇科幼虫(Muscidae)个体密度逐渐增加,拟步甲科(Tenebrionidae)和象甲科(Curculionidae)个体密度显著降低,而平腹蛛科(Gnaphosidae)、夜蛾科(Noctuidae)幼虫和蚁科(Formicidae)受农田开垦以及开垦年限的影响较小。RDA分析结果表明绿洲化过程中不同开垦年限绿洲农田的土壤温度、pH、土壤粘粉粒、土壤含水量、土壤有机碳和全氮的变化是导致绿洲化过程中绿洲农田大型土壤动物群落演变的主要影响因素,而随着绿洲农田开垦年限增加,土壤含盐量、土壤粗砂粒和细砂粒的变化是导致不同开垦年限绿洲农田大型土壤动物群落演变的主要影响因素。     

荒漠草原2种植物群落土壤微生物及土壤酶特征

测定和分析了甘肃省金昌市金川区荒漠草原土壤微生物数量、微生物生物量和土壤酶活性。结果表明：同层土壤3大类微生物（真菌、细菌和放线菌）数量、土壤微生物量碳和氮含量及4类土壤酶（蔗糖酶、脲酶、磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶）活性均表现为盐爪爪（Kalidium foliatum）群落大于骆驼刺（Alhagi sparsifolia）群落,而土壤微生物量磷含量相反;同一植物群落,不同层土壤微生物数量（除骆驼刺群落中的真菌亚表层最高外）、土壤微生物量碳、氮、磷含量及土壤酶活性（除骆驼刺群落中脲酶呈现高-低-高-低趋势外）均呈现随土层的加深而降低的趋势;金川区荒漠草原不同植物群落不同空间层次土壤微生物数量、微生物生物量和各种酶之间有不同程度的相关性。     

整合分析增温和增CO_2对土壤微生物的影响（英文）

土壤微生物在陆地生态系统碳氮循环中起着重要作用。气候变暖和CO_2浓度增加是气候变化的两个重要方面。本研究整合分析了实验增温和CO_2浓度增加对土壤微生物量和群落结构的影响。生态系统类型主要包括森林生态系统和草地生态系统。增温方法包括开顶式增温小室和热红外增温。增温时间有全天增温、白天增温和晚上增温。实验增温增加了土壤放线菌和腐生真菌,而CO_2浓度增加减少了土壤革兰氏阳性细菌。实验增温对土壤革兰氏阴性细菌和总的磷脂脂肪酸量的影响随着年均温和年降水量的增加而减少。实验增温对土壤总的磷脂脂肪酸量、细菌含量、革兰氏阳性和阴性细菌的量的影响随着海拔的升高而增加。实验增温增加了草地生态系统的土壤总的磷脂脂肪酸量和放线菌含量,并增加了森林生态系统的土壤真菌和细菌的比值。开顶式增温小室增加了土壤革兰氏阴性细菌,而红外增温减少了土壤真菌和细菌的比值。白天增温增加了土壤革兰氏阴性细菌,而全天增温没有改变土壤革兰氏阴性细菌。因此,实验增温对土壤微生物的影响与生态系统类型、实验增温方法、增温时间、海拔和当地的气候条件有关。     

Response of Microbial Communities in Soil to Multi-level Warming in a Highland Barley System of the Lhasa River

No studies have examined the effect of experimental warming on the microbial biomass and community composition of soil in agricultural ecosystem on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Thus it is unclear whether the influences of experimental warming on microbial communities in soil are related to warming magnitude in croplands on this Plateau. This study performed warming experiment (control, low- and high-level) in a highland barley system of the Lhasa River in May 2014 to examine the correlation between the response of microbial communities in soil to warming and warming magnitude. Topsoil samples (0-10 and 10-20 cm) were collected on September 14, 2014. Experimental warming at both low and high levels significantly increased soil temperature by 1.02 ℃ and 1.59 ℃, respectively at the depth of 15 cm. Phospho lipid fatty acid (PLFA) method was used to determine the microbial community in soil. The low-level experimental warming did not significantly affect the soil’s total PLFA, fungi, bacteria, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), actinomycetes, gram-positive bacteria (G⁺), gram-negative bacteria (G^-), protozoa, the ratio of fungi to bacteria (F/B ratio), and ratio of G⁺ to G^- (G⁺/G^- ratio) at the 0-10 and 10-20 cm depth. The low-level experimental warming also did not significantly alter the composition of microbial community in soil at the 0-10 and 10-20 cm depth. The high-level experimental warming significantly increased total PLFA by 74.4%, fungi by 78.0%, bacteria by 74.0%, AMF by 66.9%, actinomycetes by 81.4%, G⁺ by 67.0% and G^- by 74.4% at the 0-10 cm depth rather than at 10-20 cm depth. The high-level experimental warming significantly altered microbial community composition in soil at the 0-10 cm depth rather than at 10-20 cm depth. Our findings suggest that the response of microbial communities in soil to warming varied with warming magnitudes in the highland barley system of the Lhasa River.     

A Meta-analysis of the Effects of Warming and Elevated CO2 on Soil Microbes

Soil microbes play important roles in terrestrial ecosystem carbon and nitrogen cycling. Climatic warming and elevated CO₂ are two aspects of climatic change. In this study, we used a meta-analysis approach to synthesise observations related to the effects of warming and elevated CO₂ on soil microbial biomass and community structure. Ecosystem types were mainly grouped into forests and grasslands. Warming methods included open top chambers and infrared radiators. Experimental settings included all-day warming, daytime warming and nighttime warming. Warming increased soil actinomycetes and saprotrophic fungi, while elevated CO₂ decreased soil gram-positive bacteria (G⁺). Mean annual temperature and mean annual precipitation were negatively correlated with warming effects on gram-negative bacteria (G^-) and total phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA), respectively. Elevation was positively correlated with the warming effect on total PLFA, bacteria, G⁺ and G^-. Grassland exhibited a positive response of total PLFA and actinomycetes to warming, while forest exhibited a positive response in the ratio of soil fungi to bacteria (F/B ratio) to warming. The open top chamber method increased G^-, while the infrared radiator method decreased the F/B ratio. Daytime warming rather than all-day warming increased G^-. Our findings indicated that the effects of warming on soil microbes differed with ecosystem types, warming methods, warming times, elevation and local climate conditions.     

A Meta-analysis of the Effects of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers on the Soil Microbial Community

In order to investigate the general tendency of soil microbial community responses to fertilizers, a meta-analysis approach was used to synthesise observations on the effects of inorganic and organic fertilizer addition (N: nitrogen; P: phosphorus; NP: nitrogen and phosphorus; PK: phosphorus and potassium; NPK: nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium; OF: organic fertilizer; OF+NPK: organic fertilizer plus NPK) on soil microbial communities. Among the various studies, PK, NPK, OF and OF+NPK addition increased total phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) by 52.0%, 19.5%, 334.3% and 58.3%, respectively; while NP, OF and OF+NPK addition increased fungi by 5.6%, 21.0% and 8.2%, respectively. NP, NPK and OF addition increased bacteria by 6.4%, 9.8% and 13.3%, respectively; while NP and NPK addition increased actinomycetes by 7.0% and 14.8%, respectively. Addition of ammonium nitrate rather than urea decreased gram-negative bacteria (G ^-). N addition increased total PLFA、bacteria and actinomycetes in croplands, but decreased fungi and bacteria in forests, and the F/B ratio in grasslands. NPK addition increased total PLFA in forests but not in croplands. The N addition rate was positively correlated with the effects of N addition on gram-positive bacteria (G ⁺) and G ^-. Therefore, different fertilizers appear to have different effects on the soil microbial community. Organic fertilizers can have a greater positive effect on the soil microbial community than inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilizers on the soil microbial community varied with ecosystem types. The effect of N addition on the soil microbial community was related to both the forms of nitrogen that were added and the nitrogen addition rate.     

Soil Priming Effect Mediated by Nitrogen Fertilization Gradients in a Semi-arid Grassland,China

The priming effect is well acknowledged in soil systems but the effect of nitrogen (N) fertilization remains elusive. To explore how N modifies the priming effect in soil organic matter (SOM), one in situ experiment with ¹³C labeled glucose addition (0.4 mg C g^-1 soil, 3.4 atom % ¹³C) was conducted on soil plots fertilized with three gradients of urea (0, 4 and 16 g N m^-2 yr^-1). After glucose addition, the soil CO₂ concentration and phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) were measured on day 3, 7, 21 and 35. The study found that N fertilization decreased soil CO₂, PLFA and the fungi to bacteria ratio. Glucose triggered the strongest positive priming in soil at 0 g N m^-2 yr^-2, meanwhile N fertilization decreased SOM-derived CO₂. Soil at 4 g N m^-2 yr^-2 released the largest amount of glucose-derived carbon (C), likely due to favorable nutrient stoichiometry between C and N. Stable microbial community biomass and composition during early sampling suggests “apparent priming” in this grassland. This study concludes that N fertilization inhibited soil priming in semi-arid grassland, and shifted microbial utilization of C substrate from SOM to added labile C. Diverse microbial functions might be playing a crucial role in soil priming and requires attention in future N fertilization studies.     

荒漠区踩踏生物土壤结皮对土壤微生物量的影响

土壤微生物量可敏感指示土壤质量,是衡量荒漠地区生态恢复程度的重要生物学指标,而有关荒漠区人为踩踏生物土壤结皮与土壤微生物量关系的研究相对缺乏。以腾格里沙漠东南缘的人工植被固沙区和天然植被区人为踩踏生物土壤结皮下的沙丘土壤为研究对象,分别采集未踩踏、中度踩踏和重度踩踏结皮下0～5 cm和5～15 cm土样并测定土壤微生物量碳和氮。结果表明:人为踩踏藻-地衣结皮和藓类结皮可减少生物土壤结皮下土壤微生物量碳和氮,且土壤微生物量碳和氮随踩踏程度的增加而减少,重度踩踏显著减少土壤微生物量碳和氮(P<0.05),土壤速效磷、速效氮、全磷和全氮的损失是导致土壤微生物量碳和氮减少的重要因子。除踩踏程度外,土壤微生物量碳和氮也受结皮演替阶段的影响。人为踩踏的藓类结皮下土壤微生物量碳和氮显著高于藻-地衣结皮(P<0.05),表明演替晚期的藓类结皮比演替早期的藻-地衣结皮抗干扰能力更强;无论季节如何更替,土壤微生物量碳和氮均表现为未踩踏>中度踩踏>重度踩踏;人为踩踏结皮下土壤微生物量碳和氮均表现明显的季节变化,夏季>秋季>春季>冬季。腾格里沙漠人工植被固沙区和天然植被区人为踩踏生物土壤结皮可减少土壤微生物量,表明人为踩踏生物土壤结皮可引起土壤质量下降,导致荒漠生态系统的退化。因此,保护荒漠区生物土壤结皮有利于荒漠生态系统的修复。     

干旱风沙区植被重建初期对土壤微生物群落结构的影响

为揭示干旱风沙区植被重建对土壤微生物群落结构的影响,以乌海至玛沁高速公路腾格里沙漠段生态防护体系的植被重建区土壤为研究对象,以流动沙丘为对照,运用高通量测序技术研究植被重建区土壤微生物群落结构随植被恢复重建的变化特征。结果表明:植被重建区与流沙区土壤微生物群落组成相似,均以放线菌门(58.53%～67.85%)、变形细菌门(16.53%～19.68%)等为优势类群;优势菌属包括诺卡氏菌属、甲基柔膜菌属、微红微球菌属和微枝型杆菌属。与流沙区对照相比,植被重建区显著增加了土壤大部分菌门相对丰度和多样性。植被恢复重建后土壤pH、电导率及盐分含量降低;土壤微生物量磷(MBP)、土壤微生物量碳(MBC)与土壤微生物量碳氮比(MBC:MBN)在植被重建区浅层土壤(0～5 cm、5～10 cm和10～20 cm)显著高于流沙区。因此,对于沙漠公路生态防护体系而言,植被重建能显著改善其浅层土壤养分状况、微生物相对丰度和多样性水平,是改善沙漠生态环境的重要措施。     

Culturable bacterial diversity in hypolithic and peripheral soils in the west of the Hexi Corridor desert and its influencing factors

Microbes inhabiting the desert respond sensitively to environmental changes and may be an indicator for changes in the desert ecosystem.Hypolithic microbial communities in the desert play a vital role in ecosystem processes such as soil formation and organic matter accumulation.This study investigated and compared the culturable bacterial community structure and diversity in hypolithic and peripheral soils,and the interaction between bacteria and environmental factors.The bacteria were isolated using four different kinds of media and identified by 16S rRNA gene-sequence analysis.The numbers of culturable bacteria in the hypolithic and peripheral soils ranged from 3.0×104 to 3.6×105 CFU/g and from 6.5×104 to 5.3×105 CFU/g,respectively,indicating that the bacteria number in peripheral soil was higher than that in hypolithic soil.A total of 98 species belonging to 34 genera were identified,among which Arthrobacter,Bacillus,and Streptomyces were found dominantly and widely distributed.The community of culturable bacteria had obvious sample specificity,and the diversity in hypolithic soil was higher than that in peripheral soil.On the regional scale,the distribution of culturable bacteria and the environmental factors showed regular changes.On the local scale,the high heterogeneity of the hypolithic environment determined the specificity of the number and species of culturable bacteria.