南通市矿地融合数据体系研究

数据体系是矿地融合技术体系研究的内容之一。在全面梳理南通市地质矿产和土地管理2类数据资源的基础上,对数据进行比较,认为南通市地质矿产数据与土地管理数据由于功能、目标不同,在数据基础、数据的坐标类型及比例尺、数据库结构标准及集成软件、数据更新机制、数据服务及重视程度等方面的差异较为显著。提出了矿地融合思路,即以南通市国土资源“一张图”为基础,建立包括基础类、专业类、管理类等的分层体系。目的是为南通及全省矿地融合工作的开展提供数据支撑。     

SDM与GIS的集成模式探讨

信息时代,知识爆炸,要从海量空间数据中发现隐含的、有价值的潜在知识,必须采用新的手段和方法。对空间数据挖掘与GIS集成,提出了3种可行的集成模式：数据能讯模式、耦合模式和嵌入模式。     

On the condition number of covariance matrices in kriging, estimation, and simulation of random fields

The numerical stability of linear systems arising in kriging, estimation, and simulation of random fields, is studied analytically and numerically. In the state-space formulation of kriging, as developed here, the stability of the kriging system depends on the condition number of the prior, stationary covariance matrix. The same is true for conditional random field generation by the superposition method, which is based on kriging, and the multivariate Gaussian method, which requires factoring a covariance matrix. A large condition number corresponds to an ill-conditioned, numerically unstable system. In the case of stationary covariance matrices and uniform grids, as occurs in kriging of uniformly sampled data, the degree of ill-conditioning generally increases indefinitely with sampling density and, to a limit, with domain size. The precise behavior is, however, highly sensitive to the underlying covariance model. Detailed analytical and numerical results are given for five one-dimensional covariance models: (1) hole-exponential, (2) exponential, (3) linear-exponential, (4) hole-Gaussian, and (5) Gaussian. This list reflects an approximate ranking of the models, from best to worst conditioned. The methods developed in this work can be used to analyze other covariance models. Examples of such representative analyses, conducted in this work, include the spherical and periodic hole-effect (hole-sinusoidal) covariance models. The effect of small-scale variability (nugget) is addressed and extensions to irregular sampling schemes and higher dimensional spaces are discussed.     

多源异构地质数据集成方法应用研究

大数据技术的高速发展为地质数据挖掘与分析带来了新的机遇。借鉴大数据技术的思想,提出了一种多源异构的地质数据集成方法,为数据挖掘、地质数据信息化服务提供了技术基础。针对北京周口店研究区,建立了其野外地质三维综合信息平台,将各类地表、地质体、地质信息等结构、半结构、非结构数据集成到统一的平台系统中,实现了研究区域相关地质数据的集成管理、可视化浏览、查询与分析,为大数据方法在地质领域的应用提供了新的思路。     

Comparison of mineralization pattern of geochemical data in spatial and position-scale domain using new DWT- PCA approach

In the current research to determine the mineralization pattern and discuss the mineralization components, the information of position - scale domain of geochemical data has been analyzed. A new method is proposed based on coupling discrete wavelet transforms (DWT) and principal component analysis (PCA) for mineralization elements forecasting applications. The results of this study indicate the potential of DWT–PCA method for geochemical data processing. Wavelet transform (WT), as a multi-spectral analysis method, can decompose the spatial and temporal signals into different frequencies. The features of mineralization can be identified using the position - scale domain of geochemical data that may not be achievable in spatial domain. The geochemical data from the Dalli region have been processed in the spatial domain using PCA. The surface geochemical data of 30 elements have been transformed to position–scale domain using two-dimensional discrete wavelet transform (2DDWT). Wavelet functions (WFs) of Haar, Coiflet2, Biorthogonal3.3 and Symlet7 have been applied separately to decompose the geochemical data to high and low frequencies in one level. To obtain more accurate and complete information of mineralization, a new index has been presented based on wavelet coefficients. Based on this new index, significant results have been obtained by using PCA of the index. The coefficients distribution map (CDM) as a new exploratory criterion has been generated based on 2DDWT to show the geochemical distribution map (GDM). Finally, the results of WT have been compared with the results of spatial domain and the best method of wavelet for interpretation of geochemical data has been introduced. The results of geochemical data analysis by DWT–PCA approach have been confirmed by the exploratory drillings in the study area.     

生产数据的整合与初步分析在钻井中的应用实例

钻井过程中的生产数据是推动产业发展的重要驱动力,也是未来人工智能在钻井行业应用的基础。当前国内外行业巨头均已开始建立生产数据的收集与分析平台,但普通生产一线作业的数据整合与分析仍未引起重视。本文以采集自南海某区域10口井44种不同参数共21912条数据为例展现了生产数据从采集至定量分析的全流程。通过图像点采算法与数据插值补齐算法,实现不同格式数据的矩阵化整合。经过标准化与可视化的处理,可完成对整合数据的定性分析,明确生产数据的规律与趋势。在此基础上,通过统计分析、相关性分析与因子分析,可获得数据特征值,也能明确不同数据间的相互关系。分析结论实现了数据的分组与降维,在保证后续数据建模、人工智能等分析精度的同时降低了建模复杂度。     

中国及邻区利用孢粉进行古气候定量重建的回顾与数据集成

利用孢粉与气候的关系进行定量古气候重建是陆地古环境研究的重要手段, 作为植被生态系统对气候变化响应的量化指标, 孢粉数据及其定量古气候研究结果对理解冰期-间冰期的气候波动幅度及季风演变均具有十分重要的意义。本文回顾了我国学者利用孢粉数据进行定量古气候重建的历史发展过程, 并对中国及周边地区利用孢粉进行定量古气候重建的数据进行收集整理。资料显示, 我国几十年来引入的孢粉-气候重建方法最常用的是转换函数和最佳类比法。目前对于第四纪时间段已进行气候重建的孢粉资料不少于50个, 重建结果覆盖的年代多集中在全新世以内, 大部分研究采用的替代气候参数为年平均温度、年降雨量以及最冷月温度和最热月温度。对我国及邻区的一些年均温度距平的集成分析显示, 全新世10.0~7.2cal.ka B.P. 为振荡或起伏较大的增温期, 早-中全新世总体年平均温度比现代约高出1.0~1.5℃, 在4.1~2.1cal.ka B.P. 为平缓降温时期, 从2.1cal.ka B.P. 至今为显著降温期; 而年降雨量的数据标准化集成结果显示, 冰消期至7.0cal.ka B.P. 左右各地的重建结果差异较大, 并与石笋氧同位素结果有较大的不同, 但降雨量的数据集成在6.0cal.ka B.P. 以来共同趋势大致相互吻合, 如从4.2cal.ka B.P. 开始降雨量降低, 与石笋氧同位素可以对比。随着孢粉研究的年代精度提高和方法的进一步成熟, 以及现代参照系孢粉代表性样点的不断扩大和国内外资源的共享, 孢粉-气候定量重建已成为第四纪古环境恢复不可替代的研究内容。从目前的发展趋势看, 孢粉学一定会更好地为区域和全球的第四纪定量气候研究做出新的贡献。     

矿产资源潜力评价数据模型研发、应用与数据集成方法技术体系

全国矿产资源潜力评价工作（2006—2013年）是目前中国最系统、最全面、最权威的一次矿产资源国情调查,形成了大量创新性成果。通过研发矿产资源潜力评价数据模型、应用软件及关键方法技术,全程提供现代信息技术支撑,使该项矿产资源国情调查全程信息数字化、预测处理GIS化、预测结果定量化、预测定位精准化、成果规范化与集成化,建立了矿产资源潜力评价数据模型研制、开发、应用与数据集成的方法技术体系。简要介绍该方法技术体系的主要内容,与同行交流,使之进一步发展完善。     

资料数据集成与服务研究——以整装勘查区地质工作为例

找矿突破战略行动是保障国家经济社会可持续发展、提高矿产资源保障能力的重大举措,而整装勘查工作则是实现找矿突破的重要途径。本文从地质资料管理的角度,结合整装勘查区找矿所需地质信息,提出了地质资料数据集成与服务整装勘查的技术与方法,即汇集整装勘查区的资料数据及分布图,对数据进行集成整合后制作成公开版数据,研发相应的资料管理与服务系统进行数据发布,便于地质工作者查询以往工作形成的资料。以整装勘查区地质工作为例的资料数据集成与服务研究工作是对地质资料产品开发的一次新尝试,这为今后地质资料产品开发提供了很好的参考和借鉴。     

Coupled consolidation and heat flow analysis of layered soils surrounding cylindrical heat sources using a precise integration technique

The engineering applications of energy piles, geological radioactive waste disposals, and mining wells of geothermal and petroleum are usually associated with strong coupled behaviour of consolidation and heat flow. This paper aims to present an efficient precise integration technique (PIT) for the analysis of such behaviour within layered saturated soils surrounding cylindrical heat sources (ie, with a cross section as a point, ring, or disc). Each soil layer, together with its embedded part of heat source, is divided into 2^N layer elements with equal thickness. Then any pair of adjacent two layer elements are merged into a heat source on the interface. With the aid of Taylor series expansion and recurrence formula for adjacent layer elements combination, such problems can be solved by means of an improved PIT. Typical examples are performed to examine the effects of heat source type and soils layered properties on the coupled consolidation and heat flow responses. The elevation of the clay surface increases with time because of thermal expansion and reaches a peak value before showing a tendency of getting stabilised because of the dissipation of pore pressure becoming dominant. Such a peak cannot be achieved in sand case because of no accumulation of pore pressure. The influencing area of the heat source was found to be limited to near the source. These quantitative results serve as good verification of the presented technique, which proves to be remarkably efficient and several orders more accurate than traditional numerical techniques in that it ideally reaches the accuracy limit of the hardware of the computers used.     

Determination of sedimentary cover and structural trends in the Central Sinai area using gravity and magnetic data analysis

The present study is an attempt to determine the sedimentary cover, and structural trends in the central part of Sinai Peninsula, Egypt. This study has been implemented by the integration of gravity and magnetic methods. Gravity data has been used for 2D modelling along some profiles perpendicular to the main structural trends of the study area. Magnetic data will be analyzed to determine the depth to the basement surface. The depths obtained from magnetic data will be used as a control points in the gravity modelling in order to minimize the error and facilitate the iteration of the suggested models. The basement relief map from magnetic and gravity output has been produced. This map indicates that, the basement depths, generally, increases from south to north and from east to west direction of the study area. The sedimentary cover is about 1.5-2 km in the southern part and increases to more than 4 km in the northeastern and western parts and changes gradually in the other parts of the study area. Results of structural trend analysis indicate that, the study area is greatly affected by several structural trends; N-S, E-W, NW-SE, and NNE-SSW directions. These trends are associated with the Baltim fault trend, Tethyan trend, Gulf of Suez, and Aqaba trend, respectively.     

用曲波变换消除VSP数据处理中的空间假频与采样不规则

由于条件与经费的限制,在实际地震资料采集过程中,常常会遇到获得的地震资料较稀疏或不规则,导致空间假频、采样不规则的问题,影响地震资料的成像效果。可利用地震道空间插值来解决这些问题,提升地震数据处理结果品质。曲波变换的基函数是具有倾角、频率、时间三方面同时局部化的函数,它可以对空间信号做稀疏表达,适合地震资料的插值处理。本文采用该方法对理论模型数据和实际VSP数据作插值处理,解决不规则采样、空间假频问题。实际应用表明该方法精度高,插值准确,处理结果的振幅和同相轴连续性好。     

综合应用测井及地震资料建立复杂断块地质模型

针对滩海油田具有完钻井少,以地震资料为主的特点,采用井震结合的方法进行地质建模。复杂断块油藏具有许多内部断层,充分利用地震解释层位和断层成果建立合理的构造模型。采用“多步建模”的思路,选用序贯高斯同位协同模拟算法建立储层参数模型。以测井资料为硬数据,地震反演数据为软数据,先后建立自然伽玛模型、泥质含量模型和砂泥岩相模型,然后以砂泥岩相模型为约束,建立储层参数模型。经研究表明,综合使用地震解释成果和三维地震数据体,有助于建立准确、合理的构造模型;而采用“多步建模”的思路,利用序贯高斯同位协同模拟算法,并综合测井资料、地震资料建立储层参数模型,有助于从地质的角度对储层参数模拟进行约束,提高储层随机建模精度,保证储层参数模型的准确和可靠性。     

新疆乌什塔拉地区遥感、化探、地质综合找矿研究

新疆乌什塔拉地区位于中亚天山成矿带的东南部,该成矿带上已发现众多矿床。在乌什塔拉地区开展地质矿产调查时,为快速确定找矿靶区,以遥感技术为先导,利用ETM+自然彩色合成、最小噪声分离等方法解译岩体、断层;之后对ETM+数据采用掩膜技术剔除干扰后,利用主成分分析法提取矿化蚀变信息;并将地质、化探、遥感等多元信息叠合进行综合分析。结果表明,利用主成分分析法提取的蚀变信息与化探异常、岩体、断层吻合较好,蚀变信息在工作区西北部、北部(喀拉塔格附近)及南部(阿拉塔格附近)具有面状、带状分布特征,而在工作区西南部、中部(阿勒格乌拉西)及东南部(扎合布拉格北沟附近)等地具有线状特征。经综合分析、筛选,共圈定了19处找矿靶区,对其中5处重点部位进行野外检查,发现利用主成分分析法提取的蚀变异常多由岩脉、断层、夕卡岩化、黏土化、褐铁矿化等引起。对蚀变带取样化学分析,确定了金、铜、铁矿化点3处。     

南海东部69柱粒度分维指标与气候代用指标的分形比较及其意义

南海69柱粒度数据分析表明,晚更新世以来,粒度在0.2~11μm的标度范围内具有分形特征,粒度分维值DS为1.72~2.02,平均1.84;不同时期粒度分维值明显不同,氧同位素1期(冰后期)为1.88,氧同位素2期(冰期)为1.81,温暖的冰后期粒度分维值高且变化幅度大,寒冷的冰期粒度分维值低且变化幅度小,表明粒度分维值DS对沉积物的形成环境演化具有良好的指示意义。运用R/S分析法,对69柱沉积物的粒度分维值DS、UK37法估算的表层海水古温度、浮游有孔虫的δ18O、δ13C及其转换函数计算的冬季表层海水古温度、夏季表层海水古温度、季节性温差、沉积物SiO₂、CaCO₃含量9项指标进行尺度重整分析计算,得到其时间序列分维值D_H分别为1.2855、1.1712、1.2659、1.4244、1.2719、1.2214、1.2979、1.1366、1.1609。虽然这些气候指标是用不同物理单位测量的,但运用分形分析可以对它们进行数学比较,粒度分维值DS与季节性温差二者的时间序列分维值D_H最接近,从分形理论方面进一步证实粒度分维值D_S的变化主要反映气候的冷暖变化。综合粒度分维值DS及其他气候代用指标分析,识别出南海东部全新世以来的4次突发事件。     

Comparison of P- and S-wave velocity profiles obtained from surface seismic refraction/reflection and downhole data

High-resolution seismic-reflection/refraction data were acquired on the ground surface at six locations to compare with near-surface seismic-velocity downhole measurements. Measurement sites were in Seattle, WA, the San Francisco Bay Area, CA, and the San Fernando Valley, CA. We quantitatively compared the data in terms of the average shear-wave velocity to 30-m depth (V_s30), and by the ratio of the relative site amplification produced by the velocity profiles of each data type over a specified set of quarter-wavelength frequencies. In terms of V_s30, similar values were determined from the two methods. There is <15% difference at four of the six sites. The V_s30 values at the other two sites differ by 21% and 48%. The relative site amplification factors differ generally by less than 10% for both P- and S-wave velocities. We also found that S-wave reflections and first-arrival phase delays are essential for identifying velocity inversions. The results suggest that seismic reflection/refraction data are a fast, non-invasive, and less expensive alternative to downhole data for determining V_s30. In addition, we emphasize that some P- and S-wave reflection travel times can directly indicate the frequencies of potentially damaging earthquake site resonances. A strong correlation between the simple S-wave first-arrival travel time/apparent velocity on the ground surface at 100 m offset from the seismic source and the V_s30 value for that site is an additional unique feature of the reflection/refraction data that could greatly simplify V_s30 determinations.     

Geophysical data integration,stochastic simulation and significance analysis of groundwater responses using ANOVA in the Chicot Aquifer system,Louisiana, USA

Data integration is challenging where there are different levels of support between primary and secondary data that need to be correlated in various ways. A geostatistical method is described, which integrates the hydraulic conductivity (K) measurements and electrical resistivity data to better estimate the K distribution in the Upper Chicot Aquifer of southwestern Louisiana, USA. The K measurements were obtained from pumping tests and represent the primary (hard) data. Borehole electrical resistivity data from electrical logs were regarded as the secondary (soft) data, and were used to infer K values through Archie’s law and the Kozeny-Carman equation. A pseudo cross-semivariogram was developed to cope with the resistivity data non-collocation. Uncertainties in the auto-semivariograms and pseudo cross-semivariogram were quantified. The groundwater flow model responses by the regionalized and coregionalized models of K were compared using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results indicate that non-collocated secondary data may improve estimates of K and affect groundwater flow responses of practical interest, including specific capacity and drawdown.

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Résumé  L’intégration de données entre en jeu lorsque plusieurs niveaux intermédiaires d’assistance sont nécessaires pour corréler données primaires et secondaires de diverses manières. Le présent article décrit une méthode géostatistique qui intègre les mesures de conductivité hydraulique (K) et les données de résistivité électrique, afin d’estimer plus efficacement la distribution de K dans l’Aquifère Supérieur de Chicot, au sud-ouest de la Louisiane (Etats-Unis). Les mesures de K sont issues des pompages d’essai et représentent les données primaires (“dures”). Les données des diagraphies de résistivité électrique ont été considérées comme des données secondaires (“molles”), à partir desquelles les valeurs de K ont été déduites, par la loi d’Archie et l’équation de Kozeny-Carman. Un pseudo semi-variogramme croisé a été développé afin de pallier à l’absence de colocalisation des données de résistivité. Les incertitudes sur les semi-variogrammes automatiques et sur les pseudo semi-variogrammes croisés ont été quantifiées. Les réponses du modèle d’écoulement des eaux souterraines aux modèles régionalisés et co-régionalisés de K ont été comparés, par les analyses de variance (ANOVA). Les résultats montrent que les données secondaires non-colocalisées peuvent améliorer les estimations de K, et affecter efficacement les réponses des écoulements souterrains, y compris les débits spécifiques et les rabattements.

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Resumen  La integración de datos es un gran desafío cuando existen diferentes niveles de apoyo entre datos primarios y secundarios que es necesario correlacionar de varias maneras. Se describe un método geoestadístico el cual integra mediciones de conductividad hidráulica (K) y datos de resistividad eléctrica para tener una mejor estimación de la distribución de K en el Acuífero Chicot Superior del suroeste de Luisiana, Estados Unidos de América. Las mediciones de K se obtuvieron de pruebas de bombeo y representan los datos primarios (duros). Los datos de sondeos de resistividad eléctrica se consideraron como datos secundarios (suaves) y se usaron para inferir valores de K a través de la ley de Archie y la ecuación de Carman-Kozeny. Se desarrolló un pseudo semivariograma cruzado para enfrentar la falta de colocación de datos de resistividad. Se cuantificaron las incertidumbres en los auto-semivariogramas y en los semivariogramas cruzados. Las respuestas del modelo de flujo de agua subterránea por los modelos coregionalizados y regionalizados de K se compararon usando el análisis de varianza (ANOVA). Los resultados indican que los datos secundarios no colocados pueden mejorar los estimados de K y afectar las respuestas de flujo de agua subterránea de interés práctico, incluyendo capacidad específica y descenso.

     

浅谈利用遥感卫星ALOS1B1级数据制作外业调绘用图的方法——以芜湖县第二次土地调查为例

全国第二次土地调查于2007年下半年启动,2009年完成,安徽省于2008年4月率先启动了芜湖县的试点工作,并自行购买了ALOS1B1级数据制作DOM,套合上矢量的原始土地利用现状图,以便于外业调绘的全面开展.下面,是笔者对利用ALOS1B1级数据制作正射影像图以及外业调绘用图的方法进行了探讨,研究发现,此方法易于掌握,调绘底图的生产快速,质量可靠,效果显著.     

Comparison of rock discontinuity mean trace length and density estimation methods using discontinuity data from an outcrop in Wenchuan area,China

The equations that exist in the literature to estimate corrected mean trace length and corrected two-dimensional density of a rock discontinuity set using area sampling technique are critically reviewed. The discontinuity traces appearing in an outcrop in Yingxiu area in China are used along with rectangular windows to calculate the corrected mean trace length and two-dimensional density using Kulatilake and Wu’s equations. Similarly, circular windows are used along with Mauldon’s and Zhang and Einstein’s equation to calculate the mean trace length and Mauldon’s equation to calculate the two-dimensional density for the same discontinuity sets using the same outcrop discontinuity trace data. For both parameters, the predictions based on the rectangular window methods were found to be more accurate than that based on the circular window methods.