Gaussian beam imaging of walkaway VSP data based on finite differences in time domain

The approach to true amplitude seismic imaging for walkaway vertical seismic profile multicomponent data is presented and discussed. This approach is a migration procedure based on weighted summation of pre-stack data. True amplitude weights are computed with application of Gaussian beams. Gaussian beams are computed in time domain via finite-difference modeling. Numerical experiments with synthetic data generated for realistic salt model are presented and discussed.     

Nonlinear Response of Single Piles in Sand Subjected to Lateral Loads using k hmax Approach

This paper presents results of analysis of full-scale pile load test data of 14 piles embedded in either loose or medium dense sands. The analysis was performed using two methods, p–y curve approach and a more recently developed k_hmax approach. Comparison of the results obtained using both the methods is also presented. A step-by-step analysis procedure is presented for predicting lateral load deflection response of single piles in sand using the k_hmax approach. The results presented show that the k_hmax approach has promise over the p–y curve approach because of its simplicity and the fact that it provides upper- and lower-bound curves, which are valuable guides to making engineering decisions. For loose sands, a new range of k_hmax values is recommended to better predict the lateral load–deflection response of single piles.     

The subloading isotropic plasticity as a variable modulus model

The subloading concept is an extension of mathematical plasticity which defines an internal surface to the conventional yield surface. It is indeed a versatile approach, especially for the modelling of soils under quasi-static cycles with smooth transitions from pure elastic to elastoplastic behaviour. For the case of isotropic hardening models, this paper demonstrates that the subloading isotropic plasticity is equivalent to a variable modulus approach and therefore a simpler and equivalent methodology can be adopted instead. In addition to demonstrating this equivalence, an alternative formulation that was presented elsewhere and that uses only one surface is briefly discussed. The alternative formulation can then be easily applied to popular models for soils such as the Cam clay model. Finally, some numerical predictions are presented in order to illustrate the capabilities of the subloading isotropic plasticity and the corresponding variable modulus approach.     

Convergence-control approach for rock tunnels reinforced by grouted bolts,using the homogenization concept

The scope of this paper is to introduce a method for the analysis of rock tunnels reinforced by grouted bolts, based on the convergence-control approach. The analytical formulations presented in this paper refers to an elasto-plastic behavior of the rock mass and the latest Hoek and Brown yield criterion (Version 2002). In order to model the reinforced plastic zone, the equivalent material approach was taken into account such that the apparent strength of the rock mass is improved as a consequence of the bolting effect. The general design guides and examples presented are intended to facilitate the comprehension and application of the proposed analytical solution in practice.     

基于平动加转动运动场的边坡稳定上限分析

基于塑性力学上限理论的边坡稳定安全系数上限解法是边坡稳定性分析的常用方法之一,其关键在于构造合适的几何容许运动场。基于摩尔-库仑屈服准则和相关流动法则,将滑动体进行条分,提出了一种同时考虑条块平动和转动的容许运动场及相应的稳定安全系数求解方法。该方法不仅具有适用性好、方法简单的特点,数值分析还表明,该方法能给出比基于纯平动运动场更小、非常接近Morgenstern-Price法的稳定安全系数计算结果。     

A new approach to the three-dimensional quantification of angularity using image analysis of the size and form of coarse aggregates

This paper describes a system for the acquisition and analysis of 3D data from the surfaces of coarse aggregate particles. The technique uses laser triangulation to acquire data from the upper hemispheres of particles passing along a conveyor belt. Methods of determining particle size and form in three dimensions are described and a new approach to the quantification of angularity is presented. The algorithm uses mathematical morphology to provide a geometrically meaningful interpretation of particle shape. The relative advantages of 2D and 3D analysis of aggregate particles are discussed, and results are presented which demonstrate the validity of this approach.     

面向服务的分布式空间信息支撑平台

基于Web服务技术构建空间信息系统有助于提高其可扩展性和互操作能力, 该技术也是这一领域中的热点.提出了一种面向服务的模型框架, 并基于该框架提出了基于Web服务的网格层次体系结构, 并给出一种Web服务与空间信息技术相融合的机制, 介绍了基于Web服务的空间信息网格支撑环境的总体结构和设计原理, 为基于Web服务的空间信息系统设计与实现提供了一种新的方法.      

Sensitivity of advective travel time of contaminants to correlated formation porosities

An approach is presented to quantify sensitivity of advective contaminant travel time to porosities of hydrogeologic units (HGUs) along the flowpaths when the porosities of different HGUs are correlated. The approach is an extension of the previous sensitivity analysis technique for independent input porosity cases. It is applicable in situations where a calibrated groundwater flow model exists, but a full contaminant transport model is not available. Three sensitivity indices are introduced based on the decomposition of covariance between the advective contaminant travel time and individual input porosities of HGUs. When the input HGU porosities are correlated, the three sensitivity indices quantify the total, intrinsic and correlated contributions from each individual HGU porosity, which should be considered in order to determine the relative importance to the uncertainty in advective contaminant travel time of the input HGU porosities contributing either independently or correlatedly. Two simple one-dimensional flow examples are presented to illustrate the applications of the approach to scenarios when each HGU has distinct porosity and situations of spatially variable porosity field. The approach is applicable to more complex multi-dimensional cases where advective contaminant travel time can be calculated based on simulated flow results from groundwater flow models.     

A numerical approach to estimate shaft friction of bored piles in sands

A new approach to estimate shaft capacity of bored piles in sandy soils, based on numerical analysis, is presented. The topic is relevant as current design methods often largely underestimate the shaft capacity of piles in sands, thus resulting in an over-conservative design. The proposed approach is based on explicitly modelling the thin cylinder of soil surrounding the pile, where strain localization concentrates (shear band), and on the fundamental mechanic behaviour of sandy soils (e.g. dilatancy, softening). This approach is both simple and easy to apply. Results of a broad parametric study involving axially loaded single piles embedded in different sandy soils are presented, highlighting that relative density and grain size distribution mainly affect the shaft capacity. The capability of the procedure to predict shaft friction is checked against data from a well-documented full-scale axial load test on instrumented pile. Some suggestions for calibration and application of the method are also reported.     

深埋隧道衬砌稳定可靠度的Kriging插值法与遗传算法协同优化求解法

首先利用遗传算法(GA)的全局优化能力,解决了Kriging插值预测算法中相关参数的精确求解问题。针对衬砌结构力学状态表征量与基本参数是高度非线性关系而无法明晰表达的难题,建立了基于Kriging插值预测法的状态表征量等代显式通用模型。以抗拉强度控制参量为例,提出了采用拉丁抽样等代显式通用模型的具体隧道工程衬砌结构力学状态方程构造程序。基于以状态方程为约束条件建立的可靠度指标计算模式,构建起Kriging与GA协同优化的隧道衬砌稳定可靠度求解方法。实例应用对比表明,该方法与精确解的相对误差为4.8%,计算工作量仅为其2.5%。与目前已有的同类方法相比,具有明显的优越性。     

基于支持向量机的岩体工程分级

提出了岩体工程分级的一种新方法,即支持向量机方法。该方法可以根据有限的学习样本,建立影响岩体级别的条件的因素和级别之间的一种非线性映射,可以对未知的岩体进行工程分级。结果表明,这种方法具有较高的准确率。     

Extension of subset simulation approach for uncertainty propagation and global sensitivity analysis

The subset simulation (SS) method is a probabilistic approach which is devoted to efficiently calculating a small failure probability. Contrary to Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) methodology which is very time-expensive when evaluating a small failure probability, the SS method has the advantage of assessing the small failure probability in a much shorter time. However, this approach does not provide any information about the probability density function (PDF) of the system response. In addition, it does not provide any information about the contribution of each input uncertain parameter in the variability of this response. Finally, the SS approach cannot be used to calculate the partial safety factors which are generally obtained from a reliability analysis. To overcome these shortcomings, the SS approach is combined herein with the Collocation-based Stochastic Response Surface Method (CSRSM) to compute these outputs. This combination is carried out by using the different values of the system response obtained by the SS approach for the determination of the unknown coefficients of the polynomial chaos expansion in CSRSM. An example problem that involves the computation of the ultimate bearing capacity of a strip footing is presented to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed procedure. The validation of the present method is performed by comparison with MCS methodology applied on the original deterministic model. Finally, a probabilistic parametric study is presented and discussed.     

一种重磁特征线的自动提取方法

本文介绍一种最大梯度追踪和旋转变换方法，可用于重磁数字图像特征线自动提取。该方法分两步进行，首先用最大梯度追踪法产生二态像素图，然后用旋转变换方法将二态像素图的栅格特征线转换成矢量特征线。此方法生成的文件可以与ＧＩＳ接口。     

基于线框单元体的三维闭合地质块体构建方法

为能充分利用空间数据模型中的拓扑关系来实现三维闭合块体的构建,引入了表示简单块体轮廓的线框单元体概念来组织三维模型间各要素之间的拓扑关系;并以此为基础给出了以方向边和方向三角形作为基本识别单元进行三维简单形体的自动识别方法。应用实例表明：利用该方法不仅可以准确构建复杂地质块体,还可以准确描述块体内各要素的拓扑关系,再现局部特殊地质现象,如小断层（悬面）等。为三维地质模型在地震正演模拟、射线追踪等分析应用方面提供了基础。     

Piezometric levels as possible indicator of aquifer structure: analysis of the data from Maknassy basin aquifer system (Central Tunisia)

The knowledge of piezometric data is of vast interest in many applications, such as assessing groundwater flow direction and identifying recharge zone of the aquifer. In this paper, a methodology is presented as a complementary approach to characterize multilayered aquifer system structure and functioning using piezometric data and the cartography of the hydraulic charge difference. The methodology is presented to gradually discriminate the aquifer system levels and to evaluate the spatial distribution of hydraulic heads. The hydraulic charge difference mapping permits to track spatial evolution of the impermeable levels. The methodology has been applied over the Maknassy basin aquifer system, located in central Tunisia. The obtained results, showing the multilayered aquifer structure, are validated using hydrochemical approach and piezometric data not considered in the reasoning.     

Phytoplankton estimation using plant primary production rates in streams

A new approach is proposed to simulate the daily variation of chlorophyll a in one-dimensional streams. This approach uses the plant primary production rate to quantify the phytoplankton growth rate. The delta method, which is a piecewise analytical solution technique, is applied to determine the diurnal variation in plant primary production rate. The approach is tested by applying it to the Gumsuck stream in the Kyonggi-Do province in Korea. The optimization technique with constraints is used to obtain the best running results. Application of this approach shows that the values calculated using the method presented here are in good agreement with the measured values. Therefore, we conclude that this technique realistically simulates the daily variation of chlorophyll a.     

Settlement prediction by spatial-temporal random process using Asaoka's method

A methodology was presented for observation-based settlement prediction with consideration of the spatial correlation structure of soil. The spatial correlation is introduced among the settlement model parameters and the settlements at various points are spatially correlated through these geotechnical parameters, which naturally describe the phenomenon. The method is based on Bayesian estimation by considering both prior information, including spatial correlation and observed settlement, to search for the best estimates of the parameters at any arbitrary points on the ground. Within the Bayesian framework, the optimised selection of auto-correlation distance by Akaike's Bayesian Information Criterion (ABIC) is also proposed. The application of the proposed approach in consolidation settlement prediction using Asaoka's method is presented in this paper. Several case studies were carried out using simulated settlement data to investigate the performance the proposed approach. It is concluded that the accuracy of the settlement prediction can be improved by taking into account the spatial correlation structure and the proposed approach gives the rational prediction of the settlement at any location at any time with quantified uncertainty.     

区域性地下水有机污染调查与评价方法

借鉴国外区域地下水污染调查经验,针对中国的实际情况,提出了中国区域地下水有机污染调查与评价方法。内容包括有机调查指标选取,采样井选择和清洗、样品采集、保存与送检,实验分析方法和目标检出限,样品野外采集质量控制和实验分析质量控制,有机污染物检出评价、超标评价和相关分析方法。     

The influence of capillarity on multiphase flow within porous media: a new model for interpreting fluid levels in groundwater monitoring wells in dynamic aquifers

A new approach is presented to calculate the volume of oil in the underground at an oil spill site from fluid levels in monitoring wells. The approach includes the effects of hysteresis due to irregular pore geometry and to phase entrapment. It is possible to explain the drastic changes in the oil thickness in a monitoring well due to the decrease and increase in the groundwater table. A correct evaluation of the oil volume infiltrated underground from an oil spill and the effective control of remediation works can only be done by using the newly developed approach with a consideration of the dynamic changes in the groundwater table.     

Toward a general procedure for analysis of extreme random events in the earth sciences

Engineering and scientific approaches to design magnitude estimation are briefly revisited. Some defense is offered for use of annual maxima in design as if they were variables from a common distribution. However, to assume any particular form of distribution tail beyond the largest data value is not justifiable, regardless of the degree of data support over the main body of the distribution. An alternative approach to the design problem is suggested through use of parameter-free nonparametric estimation using the kernel method. Some simulation results are presented which suggest that the parameter-free approach is worthy of further development. A particular advantage of nonparametric methods is that competing estimators can be checked against parametric distributions, leading to a progressive improvement in estimator accuracy.This paper was presented (by title) at Engineering Concepts, MGUS-87 Conference, Redwood City, California, 13–15 April 1987.