2004—2016年浙江省夏季降水的日变化特征

利用浙江省71个气象观测站的逐小时降水数据,分析2004—2016年夏季(6—8月)降水日变化特征。结果表明:(1)浙江省夏季降水量和降水频次日变化总体上呈现"一主一次"的双峰特征,降水量和降水频次主峰值分别出现在17:00前后和19:00前后。近13 a来,夏季降水量和降水频次有明显的增加趋势。(2)降水日变化特征区域差异明显。浙中西部地区和沿海岛屿的降水量、降水频次和强度日变化波动幅度较小,降水强度的峰值出现在09:00—11:00;浙南地区降水量、降水频次和强度日变化具有单峰特点,峰值均出现在15:00—20:00。(3)降水日变化与不同持续时间的降水事件有关,≥6 h持续性降水事件的降水峰值易出现在09:00前后,而<6 h短时降水事件的降水峰值出现在15:00—22:00。不同区域降水事件有所差异,浙中西部地区和沿海岛屿的降水量来源于持续性降水和短时降水事件的共同贡献,浙南地区降水量主要来源于短时降水事件的贡献。(4)短时强降水(20～50 mm·h^(-1))和特强降水(≥50 mm·h^(-1))易发生在温州、台州和宁波等沿海地区,其中杭州湾、台州局部地区是短时特强降水的高发区;短时强降水的日变化具有单峰特征,降水峰值出现在15:00—20:00。     

江苏暖季短时强降水的时空不均匀特征分析

利用江苏近10 a(2005—2014年)暖季(5—9月)69站逐时降水资料,详细分析了短时强降水的空间分布、年际变化、季节内演变以及日变化特征。分析结果表明:短时强降水空间分布不均,整体上北部比南部活跃,最活跃区均位于沿淮西部,高强度短时强降水多发生在淮北东部,且空间分布集中。近10 a来江苏短时强降水整体呈减少趋势,主要表现为北部地区减少最为显著。短时强降水季节内分布不均匀,以7月最为活跃,高强度短时强降水在8月最为频繁;其逐候分布显示,梅期短时强降水骤增,于7月第2候达到峰值,盛夏期间高强度短时强降水增多,8月第3候达到峰值。江苏短时强降水的日变化整体呈双峰结构,主峰和次峰分别出现在傍晚17时(北京时间,下同)和清晨07时,高强度短时强降水多发于午后;短时强降水日变化存在季节内演变的阶段性特征和地域性差异,其中梅期和盛夏两个高发阶段均呈单峰结构,但梅期峰值出现在清晨,盛夏阶段峰值则出现在傍晚;由南向北,日变化特征由单峰向双峰、多峰演变,在淮河以南地区日峰值大多出现在午后至傍晚,而淮河以北地区多出现在夜间至清晨。     

天津地区小时降水特征分析

利用2009—2013年天津地区205个自动气象站的逐时降水资料,分析了天津地区降水的基本空间分布和日变化特征。结果表明:(1)天津地区降水小时数及小时平均降水强度空间差异明显,高值区分别位于蓟县北部山区、市区西北侧、滨海新区中南部;(2)天津中北部地区累积降水量峰值主要出现在23—03时,南部地区则出现在17—19时和04—08时,降水频次峰值基本都出现在00—09时,降水强度峰值与累积降水量峰值出现时间类似,11时为降水强度低谷出现时间;(3)全市傍晚至午夜的降水频次明显较凌晨偏少,长持续时间(10 h以上)的最大降水易出现在凌晨至清晨,短时降水(1~4 h)的最大降水易出现在傍晚至午夜;13—24时多数时次,无论降水量、频次还是降水强度市区均较其周边地区和沿海地区偏多偏强,而凌晨多数时次,市区则以偏少偏弱为主;(4)始于下午至傍晚的降水多为短时降水,而始于傍晚至凌晨的降水持续时间普遍较长。     

四川地区短时强降水事件时空演变特征研究

利用四川地区自动气象站逐小时降水观测资料,分析了2010~2019年5~9月短时强降水事件24h累计降水量、频次和强度的时空分布特征,探讨了短时强降水事件发生的频次、极值分布及其与地形、海拔高度等的关系。结果表明:四川地区平均24h累计降雨量基本在50mm以上,盆地东北部、西南部、南部及阿坝州东部甚至超过100mm,最大值出现在广安,达175mm。四川地区短时强降水事件开始时间的日变化特征表现为“V”型结构的夜间峰值位相,事件持续时段多为傍晚至凌晨,时长可达10h以上,最长甚至可持续22h。在强降水事件极值的日变化上,极大值频次和降水量呈单峰结构,在03时达到最大,其后逐渐减小至15时达到谷值,而后再次增大;降水强度呈弱双峰结构,分别在04时和16时达到谷值,13时和18时达到峰值,其日变化呈“增-减-增-减”的特征。四川短时强降水事件与复杂地形有密切的关系,5~6月事件活跃区在四川盆地中部,7月在盆地西部的龙门山脉一带,8月在雅安、乐山附近,9月在盆地北部且频次明显减少;短时强降水事件的最大小时雨强可达80mm以上,出现在7~8月的盆地西部龙门山一带和南部地区。短时强降水事件随着海拔高度的增加,发生频次和日数逐渐减少,海拔2000m以上地区基本无强降水发生日出现( 峨眉山气象站例外)。      

西藏拉萨汛期降水日变化特征

利用拉萨2005—2017年逐小时降水观测资料和1969—2017年逐3 h降水观测资料,在分析该站汛期(5—9月)降水日变化特征的基础上,揭示该站昼夜降水的长期演变特征。结果表明:(1)拉萨小时降水量和降水频次日变化呈单峰型分布,两者峰值均出现在05:00(北京时,下同),谷值出现在15:00—17:00;小时降水强度日变化呈双峰型分布,峰值出现在17:00和00:00,谷值出现在13:00—15:00。(2)拉萨汛期不同等级降水的小时降水量和降水频次日变化位相不同,其中微雨和小雨的小时降水量和降水频次日变化为单峰型,且峰值均出现在05:00,而中雨及以上小时降水量和降水频次日变化峰值出现时间较微雨和小雨略有提前。(3)近49 a拉萨汛期昼夜降水量显著增多,降水强度显著增强,而降水日数无明显趋势,降水强度增强是拉萨汛期降水量增多的主要原因。     

唐山夏季短历时强降水的夜间多发性及成因分析

利用唐山2006—2013年区域自动站降水资料,分析了夏季降水和短历时强降水的日变化特征。结果指出,与一般性降水相比,短历时强降水更具夜间多发性,夜间降水量占总降水量的66.4%,降水量和降水频次日变化呈单峰结构,峰值出现在凌晨,谷值出现在午后,降水强度呈双峰结构,峰值出现在午后和凌晨,且8 a间夜间短历时强降水呈上升趋势。短历时强降水日变化特征地区差异较大,东北部出现频次最多,西南部频次最少、降水强度最大。唐山东北部呈簸箕状,西北东三面环山,强降水过程多东南风,迎风坡抬升加强上升运动,使其出现频次明显偏多;西南部临海,水汽条件比东北部好,故降水强度最大。东北部午后16时(北京时)的降水次峰值与西南部凌晨04时的峰值成因与海陆风昼夜变化关系密切。     

青藏高原夏季降水日变化特征分析

利用2008—2014年逐小时空间分辨率为0.1°的全国自动站观测降水资料和CMORPH卫星反演降水融合资料,研究了青藏高原(下称高原)夏季降水日变化特征,并探讨了不同持续时间和等级降水对降水量日变化的影响。结果表明,整个高原地区夏季降水量和降水频率的日变化表现出明显的凌晨和傍晚的双峰结构,而降水强度的双峰结构却不太明显。进一步对各分区降水日变化特征的分析发现,高原中西部降水日变化特征与整个高原地区的一致,而高原北部(东部)地区降水量和频率的日峰值出现在傍晚(午夜-凌晨)。降水持续时间对降水量日变化有显著的影响,高原夏季降水量日变化的双峰特征是由短时(1~3 h)和长持续性(6 h以上)降水共同作用造成的,午夜-凌晨(傍晚)的降水日峰值主要是由于长持续性(短时)降水所引起。分析不同等级降水量日变化特征发现,高原北部地区小-大雨(暴雨)的降水量日峰值基本出现在下午(午夜),而高原中西部不同等级降水量的日变化基本都呈现出傍晚和午夜-凌晨的双峰结构,高原东部地区不同等级降水量的日变化形式较一致,日峰值出现在午夜-凌晨。     

2007—2015年江西省短历时强降水时空分布特征分析

选取2007—2015年江西省1 895个地面气象站的降水观测资料,分别统计分析了20 mm≤1 h降水量＜30 mm、30 mm≤1 h降水量＜50 mm、1 h降水量≥50 mm、3 h降水量≥50 mm、6 h降水量≥50 mm短历时强降水的年际变化、季节变化、日变化和空间分布特征。结果表明： 1）从年际变化来看,1 h降水量≥20 mm短历时强降水的日数呈现增多的趋势。2）从季节变化来看,短历时强降水天气主要出现在4—9月,其中6月短历时强降水日数最多,1、2、12月最少;5—8月有超过80％的站点出现短历时强降水天气。3）从日变化来看,短历时强降水易发生在傍晚至上半夜时段,主峰值区出现在17—21时,次峰值出现在08—09时;4）从空间分布来看,不同降水强度的短历时强降水的发生日数均呈“西少东多”的空间分布特征,其中九江地区的降水日数偏少,抚州、鹰潭地区偏多。     

新疆阿勒泰地区夏季短时强降水时空分布特征

利用2010—2018年夏季阿勒泰地区112个自动气象站逐时降水资料,采用常规统计方法分析了阿勒泰地区夏季短时强降水时空分布特征。结果表明,2010—2018年夏季阿勒泰地区短时强降水的空间分布极不均匀,主要发生在阿尔泰山和沙吾尔山迎风坡、地形陡升区、喇叭口地形、戈壁和乌伦古湖交界区等复杂地形附近;发生次数年际变化大,2017年出现最多达95次,2010年出现最少为10次;极大值出现在2017年6月30日15:00哈巴河县合孜勒哈克村(37.5 mm/h),极小值出现在2015年8月9日17:00福海县工业园区(22.5 mm/h)。旬、日发生频次变化均呈单峰型,旬峰值出现在7月上旬,日高峰值时段出现在午后至傍晚(19时左右);各站短时强降水持续时间为1—2 h,区域性短时强降水最长持续时间为5 h; 2017年短时强降水出现最多、持续时间最长、范围最广、强度最强。     

江苏南部汛期降水日变化特征分析

利用江苏南部20个气象观测站2008—2012年汛期(5—10月)逐小时降水资料,应用降水频率来分析了江苏南部地区降水日变化基本特征和区域差异。研究表明:降水日变化特征地域性差异较强,西部站、东部站和东北沿海站都存在一定的特征差异。东部站降水量的最大值主要出现在下午和傍晚;西部站降水量主峰值出现在下午,并且在清晨和夜间还有两个次峰值;东北沿海站呈现出午前、午后的双峰值形式。2008—2011年降水量下午高值区有先减弱后增强并提前的趋势,而上午的高值区有总体减弱并推迟的特征。2011年后有明显减弱的趋势。江苏南部总体来说,短时强降水(大于20和25 mm/h)在16—19时出现主峰值,07—09时也有相对较小的次峰值。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

<正>The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth’s climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.