论煤岩组分的液化性能

通过高压釜在溶剂和催化剂条件下对煤的加氢液化试验,探讨了低煤级煤中煤岩组分的液化性能。结果表明,在不同宏观煤岩成分的液化试验中,转化率和油产率表现出镜煤>亮煤>暗煤>丝炭;对于显微组分的液化,不仅镜质组和壳质组具有反应活性,半镜质组也有一定活性,且活性组分(镜质组+半镜质组+壳质组)含量与液化转化率、油产率表现出良好的正比关系。低煤级煤中,R_max<1.50%的半丝质组分在液化时有反应活性,其活性低于同一煤中的半镜质组,而R_max>1.50%的惰质组分已不具反应活性。      

新疆侏罗纪煤中木栓质体的特征和演化

对吐鲁番-哈密等盆地100多块煤样有机岩石学分析表明:新疆早中侏罗世煤中普遍含有木栓质体.木栓质体在煤有机显微组分中所占比例仅以木栓化细胞壁计.一般在2%以下,若包括木栓化细胞壁和充填在胞腔中的团块镜质体两部分则最高可达20%.在镜质体反射率0.35%~0.70%时,木栓质体光性发生明显变化,但其形态和数量没有显著变化,反映了木栓化细胞壁中木栓质和蜡质在低成熟阶段明显失去,而作为细胞壁格架的纤维素、木质化纤维素则没有显著变化.随热成熟作用木栓质体光性逐渐向结构镜质体和均质镜质体演化;至镜质体反射率0.90%时二者已难以分辨.      

开滦矿区低级烟煤大分子结构演化特征及CO成因

针对开滦矿区CO超标现象,进行了煤分子结构演化特征及CO成因研究。通过对22个煤样的工业指标、元素组成、镜质组最大反射率(R_max)、红外光谱和扫描电镜分析,结果发现:煤样的H/C先随R_max增加,在R_max达到0.8%后又迅速减少;煤样中富含C=O、C-O、-O-等含氧基团,通过对芳碳率(f_a)、环缩合度指数(2(R-1)/C)与R_max的关联,发现随着R_max的增加,f_a先增加后减少,2(R-1)/C先减少后增加,拐点均在R_max为0.8%处;煤样孔隙结构为粒间孔。研究认为,开滦矿区煤层赋存CO的成因是,变质作用过程中(R_max为0.8%时),煤分子侧链因构造应力作用断裂、脱落产生大量自由基,进而结合生成CO,并赋存在煤层中保留下来。      

南方下古生界海相页岩有机质成熟度评价

为明确适用于南方下古生界海相页岩成熟度评价的沥青反射率与镜质体反射率等效换算关系,利用初始成熟度接近的洪水庄组海相页岩及龙潭组煤样在350~525℃温度范围开展了系列共置热压模拟实验,通过测定各温度下页岩中的沥青与煤中的镜质体反射率的演化规律,建立了两者之间的等效换算关系,并利用模拟样品和实际剖面样品开展了方法验证.结果表明两者满足以下关系:VR_o（等效镜质体反射率）=0.879 8R_b（沥青反射率）+0.114 5（适用范围:VR_o 0.61%~3.04%）,本次建立的沥青反射率回归公式可以为准确评价缺乏镜质体的高演化海相页岩地层的成熟度判定提供重要参考.      

基于SAXS的不同变质程度煤纳米级孔隙结构特征研究

为揭示不同变质程度煤岩纳米级孔隙特征,运用小角X射线散射方法(SAXS),采集镜质体反射率R_max在0.31%~6.24%的15个样品,基于散射数据获取的煤岩孔隙率、孔径分布、比表面积和分形维数,讨论了煤化过程对煤岩纳米孔隙(0.3~100 nm)结构的影响,并用低温CO₂和N₂吸附DFT模型结果对孔径分布进行了验证。结果表明:在R_max < 0.5 %时,煤岩孔隙率和比表面积随着变质程度的增加而增加,微孔(< 2 nm)含量增长较少,介孔(2~50 nm)和大孔(50~100 nm)含量大幅增加,煤岩表面逐渐光滑;在R_max=0.5%~1.4%时,孔隙率和比表面积减小,各类孔隙含量均减少,煤岩表面逐渐光滑;在R_max=1.4%~4.0%时,煤岩孔隙率和比表面积增大,微孔含量大幅增加,介孔和大孔含量近乎稳定,煤岩表面逐渐粗糙;在R_max > 4.0%后,煤岩孔隙率和比表面积缓慢增加,微孔增长幅度变缓,煤岩表面逐渐光滑。SAXS在0.3~100 nm孔径分布(本次实验范围)中用球形形状因子与低温CO₂和N₂吸附结果契合度较高,煤中纳米级孔隙率及比表面积主要由微孔贡献。      

煤岩学在炼焦配煤中的应用研究

通过10kg小焦炉结焦性实验,对煤岩参数与煤的结焦性关系进行了研究,提出了炼焦配煤的煤岩参数及ΣI-R_r,m-R_r直方图配煤法。结果表明,当单种煤的惰性组分含量ΣI=20%~35%、镜质组平均随机反射率R_r,m=1.15%~1.35%时,煤具有良好的结焦性。北京焦化厂用ΣI-R_r,m-R_r直方图配煤法指导炼焦配煤,提高了焦炭质量,获得了较好的经济效益。      

黄陇煤田大佛寺井田煤层气成因机制研究

摘要:彬长矿区大佛寺井田为典型的黄陇侏罗纪低阶煤煤层气田。井田内煤层气井较多,但有关煤层气成因机制方面的研究较少。厘清井田内煤层气地球化学特征及成因机制,对深化煤层气的形成机理认识和科学评价煤层气资源量具有重要指导意义,可为煤层气高、低产井产能差异化分析提供重要依据。采集研究区内6口煤层气井井口排采气样品,22块4号煤层煤样及煤层水和地表水样各1件,开展显微煤岩组分、气体化学组分、碳同位素和水样水质检测,并结合部分研究区相关的文献数据,分析大佛寺井田煤层CH₄碳同位素特征、成因类型及偏轻机理。结果表明：大佛寺井田主采的4号煤层显微煤岩组分中,有机组分含量明显趋高,平均为93.2%,其中,惰质组最具优势,平均68.2%;镜质组次之,平均22.8%,镜质体反射率R_max平均0.65%。煤层气组分以CH₄为主,CH₄体积分数为73.805%～98.006%,平均83.753%;N₂体积分数为1.259%～25.735%;平均15.220%;CO₂体积分数为0.0...     

西北侏罗纪低成熟煤中镜质组热解产物特征及地质意义

镜质组是腐殖煤中最主要的显微组分,其结构极为复杂。采用单一的实验手段,很难对镜质组结构进行深入研究。采用低温热解、高温热解及TMAH在线甲基化热解3种瞬时热解方法,对镜质组结构中吸附烃、与大分子相连的支链基团中非极性及极性组分分别进行研究。实验结果表明,吸附烃特征决定于镜质组类型及成熟度两种因素。均质镜质体吸附烃以芳烃为主,而基质镜质体吸附烃以正构脂肪烃为主。热解产物中,芳烃所占比例随基质镜质体成熟度的增加而变大;基质镜质体高温热解主要产物为正构脂肪烃,其次为芳烃和酚类,而均质镜质体高温热解主要产物为酚类,其次为芳烃,脂肪烃所占比例较小。TMAH甲基化研究表明,镜质组结构中含有丰富的脂肪酸,而脂肪酸有可能是煤成油的主要母质来源之一。镜质组不同条件下的热解产物特征说明,不同镜质组具有明显的结构差异,并对其生烃特征具有重要影响。      

鄂尔多斯盆地东缘煤储层孔隙结构特征差异及影响因素

以鄂尔多斯盆地东缘煤储层为研究对象,通过镜质体最大反射率（R_max）测试、压汞和低温液氮吸附实验等手段,探讨分析了煤储层孔隙结构发育特征及影响因素。结果表明:研究区煤储层视孔隙度偏低,且自北向南呈明显降低趋势,煤储层的孔隙发育情况以小孔、微孔为主,煤储层的BET比表面积平均为1.26 m2/g,其中北部煤储层比表面积较大,煤储层BJH总孔容平均为0.003 41 mL/g;受惰质组相对含量、压缩程度及次生孔隙影响,随着煤变质程度的增加,煤岩的孔隙度、BJH总孔体积和BET比表面积呈现“大—小—大”的变化规律,当R_max值为1.5%左右时,为最小值;煤储层随着所受应力的增强,微孔趋于闭合,其他各类孔数量均减小,整体上为小孔含量相对增加,煤中吸附孔隙类型由封闭型孔变为开放型孔,应力作用对煤岩的渗流孔隙的发育具有较强的控制作用,主要体现在煤岩中大孔对煤层气的贡献要优于其他孔隙。      

荧光法判别镜质体类型的研究

镜质组生油中的重要问题之一是如何有效地鉴别富氢镜质体与贫氢镜质体。通过原煤和镜质组样品热模拟液态烃产率与相对荧光强度的相关关系找出与达到生成、排出液态烃产率的要求值相对应的相对荧光强度界限值,并经热解分析的产油指数校验后,作为划分富氢与贫氢镜质体的定量界线和评价腐植煤生烃排烃潜力的另一个煤岩学定量标志。在一定的荧光测试条件下,华北太原组和山西组煤的富氢与贫氢镜质体相对荧光强度的界限值定为I_546nm0.30%;I_650nm0.46%。      

Correlations among the reflectances of vitrinite, chitinozoans, graptolites and scolecodonts

Paleozoic marine sequences sampled in outcrops and wells of northeastern Gaspe Peninsula (Quebec Appalachians) yield kerogen composed in part of vitrinite and zooclasts (chitinozoans, scolecodonts and graptolites) on which reflectance measurements were made.The comparison between means of random measurements show that reflectance of chitinozoans is similar to that of telinite (vitrinite with a cellular texture) and that the reflectance of scolecodonts is significantly lower than that of telinite in the lower range of studied values. At higher reflectivities differences decrease but, at the end of the condensate gas zone reflectancea are not yet identical. As shown by previous studies, reflectance of graptolites is slightly less than that of telinite.Pyrobitumen reflectance is related to the lithology of the host-rock and no generalized correlation can be established between the reflectance of pyrobitumen and that of vitrinite.     

Optical properties of pseudovitrinite; implications for its origin

A set of Pennsylvanian coals from the North American coal basins, ranging in vitrinite reflectance from 0.65% to 1.75%, was examined, with special emphasis on the optical properties of pseudovitrinite. The results suggest that pseudovitrinite originates from the same material as telocollinite. Slits in the pseudovitrinite seem to have originated in situ due to low-temperature oxidation of woody material; their opening might have been facilitated by devolatilization during coalification. The dominant orientation of the slits is perpendicular to bedding. The intensity and orientation of the slits in pseudovitrinite could be important factors in predicting coalbed gas extraction from coal.     

Petrologic studies of terrestrial organic matter in Carpathian flysch sediments, southern Poland

In the Carpathian Flysch, coal is present either as exotics of Carboniferous coal deposits or as autochthonous, thin layers of lustrous coal. This paper present the results of the studies of coal-bearing rocks that are coeval with the enclosing flysch sediments. These coals form lenses up to 0.15 m thick. Their morphology precludes an exotic origin. The main petrographic component is collinite with admixtures of poorly fluorescing telinite. Minor components are: exudatinite, sporinite, fusinite, micrinite and sclerotinite. Mineral matter consists of framboidal pyrite clay minerals and quartz.The random reflectance of telocollinite varies from 0.38% to 0.72%, which corresponds to subbituminous and bituminous ranks. Correlation between chemical analysis, coking properties and relfectance measurements, leads to the conclusion that boundary between subbituminous and bituminous coals should be defined by the following values: C=80wt%, VOLATILES=43wt%; calorific VALUE=32.3 MJ/kg; and R^o=0.56–0.57%.Atypical properties, such as: upper C value (75–80wt%); high volatile matter contents (over 43wt%) and low random reflectance (^o about 0.38–0.57%) in subbituminous coals; low C value (about 80–82wt%); low reflectance (0.56–0.72%); and good coking properties, of the bituminous coals are attributed to quick coalification during increasing temperature as a result of tectonic stress.     

豫北煤田焦作、鹤壁、安阳矿区二1煤层优势断裂构造地球化学特征

对豫北煤田焦作、鹤壁和安阳矿区二１煤层的对比样（构造煤和原生结构煤）进行了显微镜和扫描电镜下观察、镜质组反射率测试、Ｘ射线衍射分析和化学分析等。研究结果表明,构造煤因发生了断裂构造地球化学作用,其化学成分、元素成分和煤分子结构与原生结构煤明显不同：构造煤的挥发分含量（％）比原生结构煤一般要小０．５５～３．４８,平均要小１．５９;构造煤和原生结构煤相比,碳含量（％）平均增加了３．１,氢含量（％）平均     

Chemical composition of macerals in bituminous coals of the Gunnedah Basin, Australia, using electron microprobe analysis techniques

The chemical composition of the organic matter in the principal macerals of high-volatile bituminous coals from the Gunnedah Basin, New South Wales (Rv_max of telocollinite between 0.6 and 1.1%) has been evaluated from polished section specimens using an electron microprobe technique. Highest proportions of carbon occur in the inertinite macerals, especially fusinite and secretinite (formerly resino-sclerotinite), as well as in sporinite; lowest proportions of carbon occur in the different macerals of the vitrinite group. Oxygen shows the reverse trend, being most abundant in vitrinite and least abundant in the inertinite components, whereas sulphur is lowest in the inertinites and highest in the liptinite (mainly sporinite) present. Evaluations of maceral composition, using the carbon content of telocollinite as a rank indicator, show that carbon is more abundant in both sporinite and semifusinite, relative to vitrinite, in low-rank high-volatile bituminous coals. The difference decreases with increasing rank, and the proportion of carbon in telocollinite becomes essentially the same as that in sporinite and semifusinite at carbon contents of about 89 and 91%, respectively. The carbon content of fusinite and secretinite, on the other hand, does not seem to vary appreciably with rank advance. No significant difference in composition occurs in the rank range studied between the three vitrinite varieties present, desmocollinite, telocollinite and a more highly reflecting telocollinite resembling pseudovitrinite. No evidence was found to indicate a higher hydrogen content, relative to telocollinite, for the vitrinite matrix of desmocollinite.     

煤的显微煤岩学特征与焦炭强度的关系

摘 要　 为探讨煤的煤岩学特征与焦炭强度之间的关系‚对北京焦化厂所用华北地区26个矿 点的原料煤的煤岩学特征进行了研究‚并对10kg 小焦炉焦炭的强度进行了测定。通过对 M 40 ≥80％矿点煤的统计分析‚表明活性成分含量的最佳范围是63∙40％～69∙40％‚镜质组 平均反射率基本处于1∙12％～1∙36％之间。镜质组反射率分布图谱不仅可以直观地反映活性 成分的大致分布状况‚而且也可以反映原料煤的混合程度。     

Influence of particle and surface quality on the vitrinite reflectance of dispersed organic matter: Comparative exercise using data from the qualifying system for reflectance analysis working group of ICCP

The development of a qualifying system for reflectance analysis has been the scope of a working group within the International Committee for Coal and Organic Petrology (ICCP) since 1999, when J. Koch presented a system to qualify vitrinite particles according to their size, proximity to bright components and homogeneity of the surface. After some years of work aimed at improving the classification system using photomicrographs, it was decided to run a round robin exercise on microscopy samples. The classification system tested consists of three qualifiers ranging from excellent to low quality vitrinites with an additional option for unsuitable vitrinites. This paper reports on the results obtained by 22 analysts who were asked to measure random reflectance readings on vitrinite particles assigning to each reading a qualifier. Four samples containing different organic matter types and a variety of vitrinite occurrences have been analysed. Results indicated that the reflectance of particles classified as excellent, good or poor compared to the total average reflectance did not show trends to be systematically lower or higher for the four samples analysed. The differences in reflectance between the qualifiers for any given sample were lower than the scatter of vitrinite reflectance among participants. Overall, satisfactory results were obtained in determining the reflectance of vitrinite in the four samples analysed. This was so for samples having abundant and easy to identify vitrinites (higher plant-derived organic matter) as well as for samples with scarce and difficult to identify particles (samples with dominant marine-derived organic matter). The highest discrepancies were found for the organic-rich oil shales where the selection of the vitrinite population to measure proved to be particularly difficult. Special instructions should be provided for the analysis of this sort of samples. The certainty of identification of the vitrinite associated with the vitrinite reflectance values reported has been assessed through a reliability index which takes into account the number of readings and the coefficient of variation. The same statistical approach as that followed in the ICCP vitrinite reflectance accreditation program for single seam coals has been used for data evaluation. The results indicated low to medium dispersion for 17 out of 22 participants. This, combined with data from other sets of comparative analyses over a long period, is considered an encouraging result for the establishment of an accreditation program on vitrinite reflectance measurements in dispersed organic matter.     

豫西煤田构造煤反射率及其与古构造应力场的关系

为研究构造应力对煤反射率的影响,以豫西煤田不同构造区的构造煤和原生结构煤为对象,采用定向标本及反射率测定的方法作对比研究,发现构造煤的反射率比原生结构煤的反射率普遍偏高。根据反射率与构造应力的关系,求得各构造区的古构造应力场,通过与聚煤期后多次构造运动的主应力方向进行对比,可推知:影响嵩箕区二1煤变形和镜煤反射率的主要构造,是在前期断裂基础上喜山早期掀斜运动诱发的重力滑动构造,而影响崤熊区的则为燕山晚期的逆冲推覆作用。