Geochemistry of granitic aplite-pegmatite dykes and sills and their minerals from the Gravanho-Gouveia area in Central Portugal

Two distinct series of Variscan granitic rocks have been distinguished in the Gravanho-Gouveia area of Portugal, based on field work, variation diagrams for major and trace elements, rare earth patterns and δ¹⁸O versus total FeO diagram of rocks, anorthite content of plagioclase, BaO and P₂O₅ contents of feldspars and Al^VI versus Fe²⁺ diagram for magmatic muscovite. One series consists of a late-orogenic porphyritic biotite > muscovite granite (G1), less evolved beryl-columbite pegmatites and more evolved beryl-columbite pegmatites showing gradational contacts. The other series consists of post-orogenic porphyritic muscovite > biotite granodiorite to granite (G2), slightly porphyritic muscovite > biotite granite (G3) and lepidolite pegmatites. In each series, pegmatites are derived from the parent granite magma by fractional crystallization of quartz, plagioclase, K-feldspar, biotite and ilmenite. Some metasomatic effects occur like muscovite replacing feldspars, chlorite in pegmatites of the first series and a late muscovite in pegmatites of the second series, probably due to hydrothermal fluids. The lepidolite pegmatites contain cassiterite and two generations of rutile. The first magmatic generation consists of homogeneous crystals and the second generation occurs as heterogeneous zoned crystals derived from hydrothermal fluids. The beryl-columbite pegmatites and lepidolite pegmatites also contain the first magmatic generation and the late hydrothermal generation of zoned columbite-group minerals. More evolved beryl-columbite pegmatites were converted into episyenite by intense hydrothermal alteration and regional circulation of fluids in the granitic rocks.     

Hydrothermal alterations in the Echassières granitic cupola (Massif central,france)

Detailed petrographic and mineralogic investigations of an albite-lepidolite granite at Echassières (Massif Central, France; scientific deep drill program) shows the existence of hydrothermal stages which are closely related to the magmatic and structural history. According to fluid inclusion data, K-Ar datations and ¹⁸O/¹⁶O-D/H compositions of secondary minerals, two successive hydrothermal periods have been recognized. The early one (273–268 million years) produced a series of aluminous phyllosilicates: muscovite, pyrophyllite, donbassite, tosudite, kaolinite which are observed as vein deposits (<10 mm wide) and alteration products of primary minerals in wall-rocks. The vein system was sealed by monomineralic assemblages during a cooling period (400–150°C). This early hydrothermal alteration stage was controlled by interactions of rock with low salinity (1–10 wt% NaCl equivalent) fluids expelled from the granitic body during the cooling processes. The chemical properties of these fluids were the following: low pH, very low Mg and Fe and high Li, Na and K contents. Thermodynamic calculations show that the sequence pyrophyllite, Li-bearing donbassite, tosudite is mostly temperature dependent. From the chemical composition of secondary minerals and isotopic data it can be deduced that these fluids, which have a meteoric origin, have been expelled from the granite body during its cooling period and after interaction with it at high temperature. The late hydrothermal stage corresponds to deposits of fluorite and Fe-Mg rich illite (151 million years) in subvertical fractures. Temperature conditions did not exceed 250° C and fluids came through the surrounding metamorphic rocks into the granitic body. IIlite/smectite mixed-layer minerals have been identified in subvertical fractures which were opened during Tertiary periods. In the host micaschists, successive hydrothermal alterations took place during the cooling of the Beauvoir granite. Early magmatic fluids interacted with these micaschists. Locally, the metamorphic assemblage is replaced by a metasomatic one. Secondary topaz and (F, Li)-rich mica crystals were formed over a range of 450 of 150°C. Later hydrothermal fluids reacted with the country rocks to form phengite-biotite, chlorite-illite and kaolinite over a range of 300 to 150°C. Illite/smectite mixed-layer minerals crystallized in the roof micaschists and within the Beauvoir granite during the Tertiary alteration period. Meteoric water invaded open fractures producing supergene alteration mineral assemblages.     

小兴安岭霍吉河钼矿区含矿花岗岩类特征及成矿年龄

黑龙江霍吉河钼矿区内含矿花岗岩类岩石组合为黑云母二长花岗岩、二长花岗岩和花岗细晶岩,属高钾钙碱性岩-钾玄岩系列准铝质-过铝质岩石,具有轻稀土富集、重稀土亏损分馏模式;富集不相容元素(Cs、Th)并表现为Ta和Nb负异常以及Pb、Sr正异常,显示俯冲带地球化学特征.含矿岩浆岩明显富集Mo、Cu、Pb、Zn、W、Cr等金属元素.岩石全岩铅同位素来源比较复杂,具有混合成因铅特征.辉钼矿Re-Os模式年龄为180.7±2.5Ma和181.3±2.6Ma,钼矿成矿时代为早侏罗世.霍吉河钼矿是在蒙古-鄂霍茨克洋和古太平洋相向联合俯冲作用下,导致霍吉河地区发生地壳增生和壳幔相互作用以及后来的拆沉作用,形成了该区花岗质岩石和钼矿床.高度演化的花岗岩体(脉)可以作为今后本区钼矿床的找矿方向.     

Geochemistry of the uranium-thurium-bearing granitic rocks and pegmatites of wadi haleifiya area, southeastern Sinai, Egypt

There are two main granitic rocks cropping out in the study area:1) the syn-orogenic granites are moderately weathered,jointed,exfoliated and characterized by low relief.These rocks are subdivided into tonalite and granodiorite.They are essentially composed of plagioclase,quartz,biotite,hornblende and potash feldspar;and 2) the post-orogenic granites,characterized by high relief terrain and represented by monzogranite,syenogranite and alkali granite.The monzogranites suffered hydrothermal alteration in particular along joints,faults,shear zones and fractures,which recorded the highest values of radioactivity,reflecting the role of post-magmatic alteration processes in the enhancement of radioactivity.The hydrothermal alteration(desilicification and hematitization) resulted in the formation of mineralized(altered) granites.The altered granites are enriched in TiO 2,Al 2 O 3,FeO T,MnO,MgO,Na 2 O,Rb,Sr,Y,Zr,Zn,Ga and Co and depleted in SiO 2,CaO,P 2 O 5,Nb,Pb,Cu,Ni and Cr relative to the fresh monzogranite.The investigated granites contain basic xenoliths as well as pockets of pegmatites.Perthites,quartz,plagioclase and sometimes biotite,represent the essential constituents.Some accessory minerals like zircon are metamicted reflecting their radiogenic nature.The alkali granites are characterized by the presence of aegirine,rebeckite and arfvedsonite.Both syn-and post-orogenic granites show some variations in their bulk chemical compositions.The older granitoids are metaluminous and exhibit characteristics of I-type granites and possess an arc tectonic environment.On the other hand,the younger granites are peraluminous and exhibit the characteristics of post-collisional granites.It is interpreted that radioactivity of the studied rocks is mainly controlled by both magmatic and post-magmatic activities.Frequently,the post-orogenic granites host zoned and unzoned pegmatite pockets.Some of these pockets anomalously attain high radioactivity.The syenogranites and the pegmatites are characterized by high contents of SiO 2 and K 2 O and low CaO and MgO.They have transitional characters from highly fractionated calc-alkaline to alkaline.The alkali granites related to A2-subtype of A-type granites.The post-orogenic granites were originated from magma of dominant crustal source materials and related to post-collisional setting under extensional environment.     

RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN NEAR-SURFACE AND DEEP-SEATED STRUCTURES IN THE URALIAN-MONGOLIAN FOLDBELT

Mineralization in the Hualgayoc district of northern Peru occurs in altered Miocene felsic intrusions and in mid-Cretaceous platform sedimentary rocks of the Goyllarisquizga, Inca, and Chulec formations. The ores occur both as stratiform and stratabound pyritiferous base-metal deposits (mantos), and as steeply dipping, sedimentary and intrusive rock-hosted base-metal veins. Igneous rocks in the district are affected by propylytic, sericitic-argillic, sericitic, potassic, and acid-sulfate alteration. K-Ar and Rb-Sr dating and geological evidence indicate multiple stages of intrusive activity and hydrothermal alteration, including close spatial emplacement of two or more separate Miocene magmatic-hydrothermal systems. K-Ar dates on sericite, hydrothermal biotite, and alunite indicate that the most important hydrothermal episodes in the district took place ≈13.24 and 12.4 Ma. Other K-Ar dates on altered rocks in the district may reflect various amounts of resetting by the emplacement of the 9.05 ± 0.2 Ma Hualgayoc rhyodacite. A five-point Rb-Sr isochron for the San Miguel intrusion at Cerro Coymolache yields an age of 45 ± 3.4 Ma, which indicates much earlier magmatic activity in this area than recognized previously.

Fluid inclusion and paragenetic studies reveal a clear temporal evolution of fluid temperature and chemistry in the San Agustin area at Hualgayoc. Ten distinct paragenetic stages are identified. Early, hot, and relatively saline fluids (300-350° C, up to 16 wt% NaCl equivalent) migrated along brittle fractures (and perhaps directly from the associated plutons) and formed manto deposits by metasomatic replacement of permeable, reactive beds. Gradually, ore formation shifted to precipitation of vein minerals in the brittle fractures as the mantos became less permeable and were sealed off. Vein formation continued from progressively cooler and more diluted fluids (down to ≈150° C and 4.3 wt% NaCl equivalent) as the system waned. No evidence for phase separation is observed in the fluids until the very last paragenetic stage, which contributed no economic mineralization. The shift of δ³⁴S values of hydrothermal sulfide reported by Macfarlane and Shimizu (1991) is best explained by oxidation of the ore fluids as the system evolved.

δ¹⁸O and ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr values of igneous and sedimentary rocks and of gangue minerals in the district indicate that the hydrothermal fluids were dominantly meteoric throughout the ore-forming event, and were well-equilibrated with the wall rocks, especially toward the end of the paragenetic sequence. No magmatic fluid is required to explain either isotopic data set. In light of the determination by Macfarlane and Petersen (1990) that the hydrothermal metals at Hualgayoc are overwhelmingly magmatic, our results show that the sources of hydrothermal fluids may have no bearing on the sources of metals precipitated at the same time in the same system.     

Oxygen isotope geochemistry of the Omeo Metamorphic Complex,Victoria: Implications for metamorphic fluid flow,mineralisation and anatexis

Metamorphosed turbidites from the Omeo Metamorphic Complex show only minor changes in δ¹⁸O values with increasing metamorphic grade from 13.4 ± 1.7% in the chlorite and biotite zones to 12.3 ± 1.0% in the sillimanite + K‐feldspar zone. Rocks within 5 km of the S‐type granite at Hume Dam have δ¹⁸O values of 6.8–8.1% that probably reflect interaction with heated meteoric‐igneous fluids. Interaction with igneous fluids has also occurred close to other I‐ and S‐type granites in this region. However, pervasive metamorphic fluid‐rock interaction in this terrain did not occur, which limits the region's potential for hydrothermal mineralisation. Anatexis at high grades was probably via dehydration‐melting reactions that consumed muscovite and biotite, which is consistent with there being little fluid present during metamorphism. Small (kilometre scale or less) S‐type granites in the sillimanite + K‐feldspar zone have δ¹⁸O values similar to those of the surrounding metasediments and probably formed by melting of those rocks. By contrast, larger (tens of kilometres scale) Ca‐rich, peraluminous, S‐type granites have lower δ¹⁸O values than the surrounding metasediments, and may represent melts of underlying middle to lower crust.     

Uranium and microcracks in a 1,000-meter core,Redstone, New Hampshire

The spatial distribution and mineralogical association of uranium in 30 samples of a 1,000 meter core from the Redstone (NH) Quarry were examined with fission track techniques, backscattered electron imaging, and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry with the following results for the Conway and Mount Osceola granites: (1) Uranium occurs in microcracks sealed with siderite and/or with Ca+ RE fluorocarbonate minerals; the uranium contents of siderite and the RE fluorocarbonates are 1 to 30 ppm and 500–1,500 ppm, respectively. (2) Siderite and to a lesser extent RE fluorocarbonate minerals occur as replacement minerals of amphibole and biotite; the RE fluorocarbonates are the main alteration minerals of allanite. (3) The degree of alteration and the extent of uranium redistribution are greater in samples with major uraniferous microcracks. (4) The contents of Ca and Mn are approximately constant for siderite in sealed cracks throughout the Conway and Mount Osceola granites for the entire section penetrated by the corehole, approximately 700 meters. — From these observations, we conclude that an extensive set of fractures throughout a significant volume of the Mount Osceola and Conway granties were the conduits through which hydrothermal fluids containing CO₂, uranium, and REs circulated. Microcracks facilitated fluid-rock interactions resulting in alteration and uranium redistribution. Certain primary uraniferous accessory minerals, i.e., allanite and ilmenorutile may have been the source for at least part of the uranium and REs that now occur in secondary minerals in these granites.     

诸广南部产铀花岗岩长江岩体中的绿泥石和铀源矿物研究

长江岩体是诸广南部地区重要的产铀花岗岩体之一,此次研究运用电子探针和扫描电镜对长江岩体新鲜花岗岩和 蚀变花岗岩中的绿泥石和有关含铀矿物进行了精细对比,揭示花岗岩中铀的活化与成矿前期或早期致使花岗岩发生绿泥 石化的还原性热液蚀变作用关系密切,黑云母等的绿泥石化蚀变,使其中包裹的一些含铀副矿物也发生蚀变,导致原来 以类质同象形式存在于副矿物中的惰性铀转变成活性铀,并在绿泥石附近沉淀成铀石等铀含量高且在成矿期低度氧化性 热液作用下容易释放铀的矿物。长江岩体中的副矿物有锆石、磷灰石、褐帘石、铀石-钍石、晶质铀矿、独居石等,其 中,晶质铀矿、铀石、铀钍石中铀含量高且铀容易释放,是长江岩体的主要铀源矿物;独居石中铀含量较高,当其周围 矿物绿泥石化时,独居石蚀变形成直氟碳钙铈矿并释放铀,因而也是长江岩体的潜在铀源矿物;锆石中铀含量虽高,但 因其结构稳定,铀难以释放,因此它不是长江岩体中重要的铀源矿物;磷灰石、褐帘石中铀含量均低于检测限,作为铀 源矿物的可能性很小。     

Petrogenesis of Lingshan highly fractionated granites in the Southeast China: Implication for Nb-Ta mineralization

Whole rock major and trace element and Sr-, Nd- and Hf-isotope data, together with zircon U-Pb, Hf- and O-isotope data, are reported for the Nb-Ta ore bearing granites from the Lingshan pluton in the Southeastern China, in order to trace their petrogenesis and related Nb-Ta mineralization. The Lingshan pluton contains hornblende-bearing biotite granite in the core and biotite granite, albite granite and pegmatite at the rim. In addition, numerous mafic microgranular enclaves occur in the Lingshan granites. Zircon SIMS U-Pb dating gives consistent crystallization ages of ca. 132 Ma for the Lingshan granitoids and enclaves, consistent with the Nb-Ta mineralization age of ∼132 Ma, indicating that mafic and felsic magmatism and Nb-Ta mineralization are coeval. The biotite granites contain hornblende, and are metaluminous to weakly peraluminous, with high initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios of 0.7071–0.7219, negative ε_Nd(t) value of −5.9 to −0.3, ε_Hf(t) values of −3.63 to −0.32 for whole rocks, high δ¹⁸O values and negative ε_Hf(t) values for zircons, and ancient Hf and Nd model ages of 1.41–0.95 Ga and 1.23–1.04 Ga, indicating that they are I-type granites and were derived from partial melting of ancient lower crustal materials. They have variable mineral components and geochemical features, corresponding extensive fractionation of hornblende, biotite and feldspar, with minor fractionation of apatite. Existence of mafic microgranular enclaves in the biotite granites suggests a magma mixing/mingling process for the origin of the Lingshan granitoids, and mantle-derived mafic magmas provided the heat for felsic magma generation. In contrast, the Nb-Ta mineralized albite granites and pegmatites have distinct mineral components and geochemical features, which show that they are highly-fractionated granites with extensive melt and F-rich fluid interaction in the generation of these rocks. The fluoride-rich fluids induce the enrichment in Nb and Ta in the highly evolved melts. Therefore, we conclude that the Nb-Ta mineralization is the result of hydrothermal process rather than crystal fractionation in the Lingshan pluton, which provides a case to identify magmatic and hydrothermal processes and evaluate their relative importance as ore-forming processes.     

Influence of the alteration processes on the origin of uranium and europium anomalies in trachyte, central Eastern Desert, Egypt

El Atshan mining area, central Eastern Desert, represents one of the uranium occurrences related to alkaline volcanic rocks in Egypt. Based on the plot of total alkali elements versus silica, these rocks are classified as trachytes. The U and Eu anomalies appear to be derived from trachyte exposed to a long period of alteration and rock–fluid interaction. The trachyte has been subjected to two phases of alteration. The pronounced chemical changes include the mobility of Si, Na, Fe, U, Zn and REE and the immobility of Mg, Th, Hf, Ta and Sc. The late stage hydrothermal solutions caused the breakdown of the feldspars by losing sodium, potassium and partially silica and eventually formation of argillic alteration products, dissolution of iron-bearing sulphides, formation of iron-oxy hydroxides and corrosion of primary uranium minerals forming uranyl oxide hydrates. The acidic water percolating through the fractured trachyte rock leached not only available major or trace elements, but also REE. Eu originally incorporated in feldspars as Eu⁺² has been oxidized to Eu⁺³ and subsequently leached away leaving a negative anomaly in the host rock. The leached U and Eu were then transported most probably as carbonate complexes. The second phase of alteration occurred at the near surface profile when the late stage hydrothermal fluids cool to the temperature of meteoric water and may have mixed with it, the pH of the fluids would shift to more alkaline values and at these conditions U and Eu were precipitated into the fracture system mainly by being adsorbed on the clay minerals and probably coprecipitated with iron oxy-hydroxides.     

南岭地区钨锡花岗岩的成矿矿物学：概念与实例

南岭地区的钨锡成矿作用与花岗岩岩浆活动有十分密切的关系。花岗岩的物源与成矿元素的初始富集、花岗岩的分异程度和花岗岩中流体性质与活动性集中体现了花岗岩对成矿的控制能力,即花岗岩的成矿能力。初步建立了南岭地区钨锡花岗岩的成矿矿物学研究体系。黑云母、榍石、锆石、锡石、金红石、黑钨矿、白钨矿和钨铁铌矿等是讨论的重点矿物,它们可用于判别花岗岩的成矿能力。首先以矿物晶体化学为基础,介绍了上述矿物在钨锡花岗岩中的岩相学特征、内部构造和矿物化学及其变化,并分别论证了花岗岩原始含矿性、花岗岩结晶演化和花岗岩中成矿元素活动性的矿物学标志;其次,系统对比了南岭地区三类钨锡花岗岩（准铝质含锡花岗岩、过铝质含锡花岗岩和过铝质含钨花岗岩）的成矿矿物学特征。以湖南骑田岭花岗岩复式岩体为实例,进行了芙蓉- 菜岭含锡花岗岩和新田岭含钨花岗岩的成矿矿物学对比研究。前者以黑云母、榍石为典型含锡矿物,它们在流体富集阶段,经热液蚀变作用,导致锡的淋滤和结晶富集作用;后者则以出现岩浆白钨矿和黑钨矿为特征。提出的钨锡花岗岩成矿矿物学研究体系有助于深化矿床学研究和矿床勘探工作,并将在今后工作中进一步完善。     

胶东金青顶金矿钾长石化岩相学特征及形成温度的估算

金青顶金矿是胶东东部一个特大型石英脉型金矿床,其探测深度已达约1 340 m,含矿石英脉的围岩主要为黑云二长花岗岩。文中对蚀变围岩中钾长石、斜长石和石英等主要矿物的结构与形态特征进行了详细观察及成因分析,发现热液成因钾长石大量存在于近矿围岩中,且深部钾长石化强度和范围都有加大的趋势,并大量出现由正长石和石英组成的团块状似伟晶岩。关于热液钾长石的形成温度,目前尚无可靠的测试数据。文中运用二长石温度计对蚀变岩中条纹长石平衡温度进行了估算,获得似伟晶岩中条纹长石平衡温度为433~482 ℃,而钾长石化叠加弱黄铁矿化花岗岩中条纹长石平衡温度为362~419 ℃。从似伟晶岩到钾长石化花岗岩、钾长石化叠加黄铁绢英岩化花岗岩中条纹长石平衡温度的渐次降低,反映了成矿流体与围岩反应逐渐弱化的特征。     

江西崇义铁木里碱长花岗岩中铌和稀土元素的富集机制

华南是我国重要的战略性矿产资源基地,以花岗岩相关的稀有和稀土金属成矿作用而举世瞩目。其中,铌的成矿作用一般与过铝质高分异花岗岩有关,稀土元素则随岩浆演化程度增强而富集程度降低,而江西铁木里含黑云母碱长花岗岩体同时富集铌和稀土元素,矿化组合极具特色。本文在详细的矿物岩相学研究基础上,利用电子探针、飞秒激光电感耦合等离子质谱对铌和稀土矿物进行了矿物地球化学分析,借此对铁木里碱长花岗岩中铌和稀土元素的富集机制进行探讨。铁木里岩体由肉红色含黑云母碱长花岗岩(r-G)和灰白色含黑云母碱长花岗岩(g-G)组成,发育暗色包体。r-G中的铌矿物主要为岩浆期形成的铌铁金红石,稀土矿物包括岩浆期形成的硅钛铈矿、独居石、磷灰石和热液期形成的独居石和氟碳(钙)铈矿。g-G中的铌矿物包括岩浆期形成的铌铁金红石和热液期形成的铌铁金红石、易解石、铌铁矿,稀土矿物包括岩浆期磷灰石和热液期磷灰石、独居石、氟碳(钙)铈矿。暗色包体为岩浆混合成因,内含磷灰石、独居石和零星的硅钛铈矿、金红石。矿物组合特征显示,铁木里碱长花岗岩中的铌和稀土元素经过了岩浆和热液两个时期的富集。应用金红石、磷灰石、绿泥石等矿物成分特征约束了岩浆-...     

Genesis of the hydrothermal gold deposits in the Canan area,Lepaguare District,Honduras

The Canan area (Honduras) is characterized by a gold-bearing ore deposit that is associated with quartz-veined shear zones. Gold mineralization occurs in low-to medium-grade metamorphic host-rocks (graphitic and sericitic schists). Hydrothermal fluids, which are associated with the emplacement of Cretaceous-Tertiary granodioritic intrusions, are responsible for the formation of quartz veins and the hydrothermal alteration of wall-rocks. Three main altered zones have been detected in the wall-rocks as far as 150 cm from the quartz veins. The distal zone (up to 50-cm thick) contains quartz, chlorite and illite. The intermediate zone is the thickest (up to 80 cm) and is marked by quartz, muscovite, sulphides, kaolinite and native elements such as Au and Ag. The proximal zone, which is close to the quartz veins, is rather thin (up to 25 cm) and contains clay minerals, Al-oxides-hydroxides and sulphides. The transition from the distal to the proximal zone is accompanied by the enrichment of SiO₂ and the depletion of all other major elements, except for Fe₂O_3(tot). Precious metals occur in the highest concentrations in the intermediate zone (Au up to 7.6 ppm and Ag up to 11 ppm). We suggest that gold was transported as a reduced sulphur complex and was precipitated from the hydrothermal solution by the reaction of the sulphur complexes with Fe²⁺ from the alteration of the mafic minerals of the host-rock. Fluid–wall-rock interactions seem to be the main cause of gold mineralization. Genetic relationships with a strike-slip fault system, hydrothermal alteration zones within the metamorphic wall-rocks, and an entire set of geochemical anomalies are consistent with orogenic-type gold deposits of the epizonal class.     

江西德兴铜厂斑岩铜矿床岩石学特征及岩浆演化与成矿的关系

江西德兴铜矿曾引起我国地质学者极大的关注,并进行过广泛的调查研究,其中许多研究成果集中综合于《德兴斑岩铜矿》这一专著中。但对赋矿岩石特征、岩浆活动与成矿作用的关系上,尚需要深入的研究和探讨。     

塔里木盆地下奥陶统白云岩化流体来源的地球化学分析

塔里木盆地是中国重要的含油气盆地,其中奥陶系白云岩是主要储层之一,然而有关白云岩成因的问题众说纷纭,其中的关键是对于白云岩化流体性质的认识不一。元素地球化学和同位素测试分析表明,白云岩的稀土元素来源大部分继承原始灰岩,具有与海水类似的配分特征,只不过稀土元素的含量明显增高了;Sr、Ti含量和Sr/Ba比值较高,且Sr和Mn都具典型的埋藏演化特征;碳、氧同位素分布于正常海相范围内,与典型的埋藏白云岩特征类似;在局部发育一些与断裂相关的铁(锰)白云岩和鞍状白云岩,显示明显的Eu正异常,具相对较高的Fe-Mn-Ba-Si(-Zn-Pb)元素含量及Sr/Ba比值。分析结果说明塔中和塔北下奥陶统的白云岩化流体主要为正常或浓缩了的海水,白云岩形成于准同生和/或埋藏环境,局部发育与断裂相关的热液白云岩,而前人强调的大气淡水或混合水作用对白云岩的形成并不重要。     

Biotites and associated minerals as markers of magmatic fractionation and deuteric equilibration in granites

Analyses of 80 biotite, alkali feldspar, oligoclase, hornblende, Fe-Ti oxide separates from the coarse-grained granites of a late-hercynian epizonal diapir, the Ploumanac'h complex, Brittany, show that these minerals display a regular concentric cryptic layering related to fractional crystallization. The Ca, Mg, Ba, Sr, Cr, V content of minerals decreases as the Na, Fe, and Rb content increases. Biotites become more dioctahedral towards the outer residual syenogranite, with a correlative K deficiency. Trioctahedral biotites from the inner accumulative monzogranite are secondarily oxidized with a gain of Fe³⁺ and a loss of OH. This alteration id due to the percolation of exsolved fluids rich in H₂O and containing a small amount of CO₂, F, S, Cl. During this autometamorphic stage, trace elements like Rb, Sr are completely redistributed on the scale of hand specimens, with a restricted range of partition coefficients between biotite, perthite and oligoclase. This equilibration occurred at a temperature about 550 ° C and a fluid pressure about 1,000 bars, with f _H2_O probably less than 500 bars. A later stage of fluid circulation along fractures brings up a slight Li metasomatism. Biotites are a sensitive marker of both magmatic and postmagmatic stages of subsolvus or ‘wet’ plutonites.     

Ammonium in granites and its petrogenetic significance

Ammonium is present as a trace constituent in all granites, with an average concentration of 45 ppm (NH₄⁺), equivalent to 35 ppm of elemental N. It shows wide variations related to petrography and region, but the only significant correlation between ammonium and other geochemical parameters is that it is most abundant in peraluminous granites and least abundant in peralkaline granites. These variations can be related to (a) the amount of sedimentary material in the magmatic source region, and (b) redox conditions in the source region. The ammonium content of granitic magmas can also be modified by fractionation or contamination. Hydrothermal alteration has a major effect on the ammonium content of granitic rocks, and variation due to this cause may exceed the magmatic variation. Most hydrothermally altered granites are enriched in ammonium as a result of the transfer of ammonium from sedimentary country rocks by the hydrothermal fluids.     

The metamorphic rocks of the southern part of the Mainland of Shetland

The paper presents a one mile to the inch geological map of the southern part of the Mainland of Shetland (excluding areas underlain by Old Red rocks) and an account of the metamorphic rocks occurring there. The metasediments mostly belong to the East Mainland Succession which is about 14 km thick. They dip vertically and strike north-south. The metasediments in the west were originally laminated sandstones devoid of current bedding and grading and composed of poorly weathered material. They include several limestones up to half a kilometer thick. In the east the metasediments were originally gritty quartzites and sandstones together with shales which are usually finer grained and composed of more weathered material than those to the west. On two occasions the deposition of these rocks was interrupted by outpourings of spilites. The rocks show signs of four metamorphisms. The first metamorphism was accompanied by a penetrative deformation causing elongation of the rocks in a north-south direction, shortening in an east-west direction and elongation and shortening in different areas in a vertical direction. As a result of this metamorphism the pelitic rocks over the whole area became schists containing such minerals as biotite, chlorite, muscovite, quartz and feldspar, and possibly garnet. In a later metamorphism a belt of these rocks a kilometer or so wide became gneissified, probably due to the passage of high temperature fluids. In various parts of the area such minerals as biotite, chlorite, garnet, staurolite, chloritoid, and kyanite grew as porphyroblasts in a series of episodes referred to collectively as the porphyroblast metamorphism. After these metamorphisms the area was intruded, 400 m.y. ago, by a number of granites. In places these have produced extensive thermal aureoles containing such minerals as staurolite, chloritoid, andalusite, kyanite, sillimanite, garnet, muscovite, biotite and chlorite in pelitic rocks. The emplacement of one of the granites was accompanied by large and small scale folding. Several major faults are described including the Nesting tear fault with a 16 km dextral displacement and a mélange zone beneath a nappe.     

Characteristic Features of REE and Pb–Zn–Ag Mineralizations in the Na Son Deposit,Northeastern Vietnam

The Na Son deposit is a small‐scale Pb–ZnPb–Zn–Ag deposit in northeast Vietnam and consists of biotite–chlorite schist, reddish altered rocks, quartz veins and syenite. The biotite–chlorite schist is intruded by syenite. Reddish altered rocks occur as an alteration halo between the biotite–allanite‐bearing quartz veins and the biotite–chlorite schist. Allanite occurs in the biotite–allanite‐bearing quartz veins and in the proximal reddish altered rocks. Rare earth element (REE) fluorocarbonate minerals occur along fractures or at rim of allanite crystals. The later horizontal aggregates of sulfide veins and veinlets cut the earlier reddish altered rocks. The earlier Pb–Zn veins consist of a large amount of galena and lesser amounts of sphalerite, pyrite and molybdenite. The later Cu veins cutting the Pb–Zn veins include chalcopyrite and lesser amounts of tetrahedrite and pyrite. The occurrences of two‐phase H₂O–CO₂ fluid inclusions in quartz from biotite–allanite‐bearing quartz veins and REE‐bearing fluorocarbonate minerals in allanite suggest the presence of CO₂ and F in the hydrothermal fluid. The oxygen isotopic ratios of the reddish altered rocks, biotite–chlorite schist, and syenite range from +13.9 to +14.9 ‰, +11.5 to +13.3 ‰, and +10.1 to +11.6 ‰, respectively. Assuming an isotopic equilibrium between quartz (+14.6 to +15.8 ‰) and biotite (+8.6 ‰) in the biotite–allanite‐bearing quartz vein, formation temperature was estimated to be 400°C. At 400°C, δ¹⁸O values of the hydrothermal fluid in equilibrium with quartz and biotite range from +10.5 to +11.7 ‰. These δ¹⁸O values are consistent with fluid that is derived from metamorphism. Assuming an isotopic equilibrium between galena (+1.5 to +1.7 ‰) and chalcopyrite (+3.4 ‰), the formation temperature was estimated to be approximately 300°C. The formation temperature of the Na Son deposit decreased with the progress of mineralization. Based on the geological data, occurrence of REE‐bearing minerals and oxygen isotopic ratios, the REE mineralization is thought to result from interaction between biotite–chlorite schist and REE‐, CO₂‐ and F‐bearing metamorphic fluid at 400°C under a rock‐dominant condition.