从卫星照片看忻县地区新构造运动的特点

近年来,我国应用遥感技术在研究地震方面取得了一定的成果.对唐山地震等发震断裂构造的判读,显示了其优越性.我们利用ERTS_2的象片对忻县地区地质构造进行了初步解译,结合他人工作成果和历史地震资料,划定了忻县地区未来发震的危险区.     

卫星影像解译天水-礼县地区的北东向线性构造

1978年以来,利用陆地卫星多光谱扫描像片,对天水—礼县地区的构造特征进行了目视解译,对本区的卫星影像显示的构造特征有一个初步认识。1981年又将本区的卫片做了假彩色密度分割和图像的计算机数字化剖面量测。补充和修改了目视解译中的不妥之处。本文对区内北东向线性构造的展布特征及其地震地质意义做了初步探讨。1.北东向线性构造展布特征     

随机结构动力矩阵的线性表示与线性截断

随机结构地震反应分析是地震工程研究在九十年代的热点课题之一。文中论述了随机结构分析中动力矩阵的线性表示与线性截断方式。本文，提出了虚拟结构方法，为随机结构动力矩阵的形成打开了方便之门。     

一张惊世照片留下的历史遗憾

<正>1929年12月2日,在北京周口店龙骨山,地质调查所新生代研究室裴文中发现了第一个北京人头盖骨化石,当年在现场拍下了一张珍贵的照片,由于拍摄匆忙,裴文中手捧化石未拍出头部全貌,后人修复了这张照片。让我们一起分析这张修复照片背后的细节故事。     

建筑物震害航空照片目视判读标志的初步研究

本文根据航空照片判读原理,对已发生过大地震的地区(如唐山地区)的建筑物震害特点进行研究,并建立了航空照片对建筑物震害的目视判读标志。提出建筑物倒塌率与烈度之间的对应关系,期望在今后的地震灾害中对建筑物震害的快速评估起到一定的作用。     

卫星磁异常的理论模型

本文介绍了计算卫星磁异常理论模型的数学方法 ,即球谐分析方法、冠谐分析方法、矩谐分析方法和等效源方法 .根据相同的 MAGSAT资料 ,计算的卫星磁异常冠谐模型、矩谐模型和等效源模型都能很好地表示卫星磁异常的分布 .由于在整个研究区域 ( 1 0°N～60°N,70°E～ 1 40°E)都有卫星资料 ,所以这些理论模型没有所谓的“边界效应”.这一结论对计算地磁场的区域模型是很有意义的 .     

遥感SiCH-2卫星光学系统“猫眼”效应的卫星激光测距

乌克兰地球遥感卫星SiCH-2由2011年发射升空,目前已停止工作,处于失效失控状态,作为空间碎片目标由北美防空司令部（NORAD）提供两行根数（TLE）预报.本文分析了光学系统的“猫眼”效应,以上海天文台卫星激光测距（SLR）系统实现对SiCH-2卫星进行激光测距,测量回波强度大,测距精度优于10 cm.测距能力表明SiCH-2对激光反射回波达到合作目标带反射器的卫星激光测距水平,与光电探测设备“猫眼”效应分析的探测能力相当,测距数据结果表明该卫星处于自转状态,自转周期为4.3 s.本文国内外首次实现基于“猫眼”效应对在轨目标的激光测距,为远距离空间目标的探测提供了新的方法,促进高精度激光探测技术的应用发展,有利于对失效或轨道异常的光学系统类光电探测系列卫星进行监视监测.     

重力驱动的特提斯单向裂解-聚合动力学

地球自5亿年以来,大量陆块从南方的冈瓦纳大陆不断裂解,相继形成原、古、新特提斯大洋.这些陆块随后陆续漂向北方的劳亚大陆,并与之发生碰撞拼合,形成全球最显著的大陆碰撞造山带,又称特提斯构造域.对源自冈瓦纳陆块的漂移历史,目前已建立了较为清晰的框架性认识,但上述大陆单向裂解-聚合的驱动机制却是特提斯研究中极具争议的问题.通过重新审视特提斯构造域内陆块裂解-拼合历史、大洋俯冲起始的地质记录和全球大尺度深部地球物理特征发现,特提斯洋的大洋板片向欧亚大陆的俯冲是这些陆块运动的"引擎".大洋向欧亚大陆的持续俯冲作用,使得处于大洋另一侧的冈瓦纳大陆被动陆缘发生裂解,进而形成新的大洋.由于持续的俯冲作用,老的大洋不断消减并最终导致裂解的陆块与欧亚大陆碰撞,同时裂解的陆块和冈瓦纳大陆之间新的大洋不断扩张.碰撞以后,俯冲作用能够从碰撞带跃迁至大洋内部产生新的俯冲带,从而使得俯冲"引擎"得以持续运转.多期次的碰撞-俯冲-裂解的转换,使大陆块体周期性地从冈瓦纳裂解并陆续的向欧亚大陆汇聚拼合.俯冲向欧亚大陆之下的大洋板片如同一列单程列车,不断地把陆块从冈瓦纳运向欧亚大陆,使得冈瓦纳不断减小,欧亚大陆持续增大.由于这些大洋板块均属特提斯构造域,我们因此将其称之为"特提斯号"单程列车,而驱动列车单向运行的机制是俯冲板块的重力作用.     

据卫星影象判读试论1695年临汾8级地震的构造背景

本文根据卫星影象判读,论述临汾地区主要活动断裂及沿北西向左幕-县底断裂密集分布的地震形变遗迹,结合地震史料,讨论1695年临汾8级地震的地质构造背景     

THE APPLICATION OF LINEAR FILTER THEORY TO THE DIRECT INTERPRETATION OF GEOELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY SOUNDING MEASUREMENTS*

Koefoed has given practical procedures of obtaining the layer parameters directly from the apparent resistivity sounding measurements by using the raised kernel function H(λ) as the intermediate step. However, it is felt that the first step of his method—namely the derivation of the H curve from the apparent resistivity curve—is relatively lengthy. In this paper a method is proposed of determining the resistivity transform T(λ), a function directly related to H(λ), from the resistivity field curve. It is shown that the apparent resistivity and the resistivity transform functions are linearily related to each other such that the principle of linear electric filter theory could be applied to obtain the latter from the former. Separate sets of filter coefficients have been worked out for the Schlumberger and the Wenner form of field procedures. The practical process of deriving the T curve simply amounts to running a weighted average of the sampled apparent resistivity field data with the pre-determined coefficients. The whole process could be graphically performed within an quarter of an hour with an accuracy of about 2%.     

闽粤一带沿海地区北西向断裂的活动性

在闽粤一带沿海地区有三组主要的构造线;其中以北东走向的新华夏系最发育,构成雄伟的平行岭谷。东西向构造在规模和数量上都不如新华夏系,而以断裂为主的北西向构造,却是了解得最少的,是本文讨论的重点。 在福建、广东、广西等省(区)的沿海地区,常见众多有规律、等间距排列的北西向断裂,它们与该地区的许多北西流向的江河有关;有些北西向断裂的规模不亚于新华夏系断裂,绝大多数在挽近地质时期都有强烈的活动。 对北西向断裂的进一步探讨,有助于解决地质科学中某些尚待澄清的问题,随之自然也有助于解决诸如找矿、三角洲整治以及地震预报等实际问题     

ON THE INTERPRETATION OF RESISTIVITY SOUNDINGS BY THE LEAST-SQUARES METHOD*

An interactive least-squares method for the interpretation of VES curves was proposed by Johansen (1977). The method permits one to select some parameters (thicknesses and/or resistivities of individual layers) and to change the rest in such a way that the interpreted model approaches the measured data. This note suggests a modification of Johansen's method, in which not only the individual parameters can be selected but also linear combinations of parameters—in particular, the sum of thicknesses of several layers.     

中国中原地区随县—安阳剖面深地震测深资料的解释

本文描述随县—安阳剖面深地震测深资料分析解释的初步结果。资料处理结果说明,本地区的莫霍界面埋深约28至36km,其上覆盖层(即地壳)的平均速度约6.24km/s,在新郑和淇县一带该界面埋藏较深。在地表附近沉积层速度约3.50km/s左右,在黄河地区该层厚度最大,约5.5km。而在测线南端的大片地区花岗岩出露地表。该沉积层的下侧是结晶基底,其顶面的首波速度为6.00km/s。在它与莫霍面之间还可分出三层,其相应震相为P₂,P0₃和P0₄,其中P0₃较为稳定,它是地壳内部的反射波震相,平均速度约5.97km/s,深度为18至23km。本文得出了这几层的深度变化剖面图。并发现在新郑与新乡间黄河流经的地区,地壳内速度的横向变化及梯度层的分布情况有其明显特点。从对其他震相的分析,还获得新乡以南沉积层内的速度分布及舞阳附近的断层位置,并表明在本区上地幔内存在高速夹层的可能性。      

ON THE ORIGIN AND INTERPRETATION OF SELF-POTENTIAL ANOMALIES*

The renewed interest in the self-potential method of exploration for mineral deposits gives an understanding of the self-potential mechanism new importance. The cause of SP anomalies in general lies in the interference between simultaneously occurring nonequilibrium phenomena. However, theories of the mechanism of mineral SP anomalies generally relate the SP anomaly to the equilibrium potential of the chemical reaction supposed to occur on the ore body surface. In this paper, I reformulate these equilibrium mechanisms in terms of nonequilibrium thermodynamics. The result is that the SP anomaly depends not on the equilibrium potential alone, but also on the potential resulting from current transferred across the ore body—electrolyte interface. It is not possible to calculate the overpotential theoretically because of the number of complicating factors, and experimental data are not available. This does not imply that SP data are uninterpretable quantitatively. SP data may be interpreted similarly to other potential field data.     

ON THE APPLICATION OF INVERSE THEORY TO GRAVITY INTERPRETATION*

Numerical investigations have been carried out on suitable interpretation schemes for gravity, based upon Backus-Gilbert inverse theory. A two-dimensional linear model consisting of horizontal prisms (grid shape) has been adopted for interpretation of gravity profiles. An inversion technique, which uses a linear approach suitable for rapid computation, and studies with synthetic bodies have led to improvements in the method, mainly by applying weighting factors, which improve the solution in the final stages of computational work. Gravity data from the well-known Cyprus island positive anomaly were inverted to demonstrate the feasibility of the method.     

ON THE INTERPRETATION OF AIRBORNE ELECTROMAGNETIC DATA FOR THE TWO-LAYER CASE*

For helicopter-borne electromagnetic systems, the distance between the transmitting and the receiving coils is small compared with the altitude above ground. For this case, a major simplification can be made for the calculation of model curves. Some two-layer curves for the interpretation of frequency measurements are presented. A very simple procedure is demonstrated for the conversion of the relative secondary field into apparent resistivity and apparent distance for the mapping of airborne electromagnetic data. Furthermore, an approximation is described for the determination of the thickness and the resistivity of a layer lying on a perfectly conducting half-space.     

INTERPRETATION OF LANDSAT MSS DATA IN AN IRON-ORE-BEARING ZONE IN GOA,INDIA*

In South and Central Goa iron ore occurs in two parallel belts with the general NW-SE Dharawar trend. The ore occurrence, however, is not continuous. There are barren zones as well as zones of very high concentration in some of which there are mining activities. Landsat MSS data have been interpreted over a zone covering both mineral belts in order to delineate the ore occurrences. As a guide line a known ore-bearing area has been considered along with the unknown zones. On the basis of two-dimensional plotting of gray level values it has been found that the MSS bands 4 and 7 are most suitable for the studies over iron-rich areas in Goa. Two techniques are described here for the processing of the MSS data; the separation of residual from the regional and MSS band-ratioing. It is observed that (i) the gray level residual maps of MSS bands 4 and 7 are of use in demarcating the iron-ore-bearing zones, and (ii) an existing mine, an abandoned mine, and a proved iron ore zone could be delineated by MSS band-ratioing. On the basis of the latter technique, a few areas with ore occurrence potential have been indicated.