Remote sensing and GIS application in change detection of the Barak River channel,N.E. India

Rivers flowing through the alluvium invariably have very low gradient forcing the river to flow slowly in a meandering and zigzag path. Nature and intensity of meandering is governed by the geological and tectonic conditions of the river basin. Barak River in tectonically active south Assam (Northeast India) exhibits intense meandering and shifting of the river course. Topographic data of two different years and satellite images of 4 different years covering a section of the Barak River have been investigated to verify the nature of changes undergone by the river through times. This study reveals active northward shift of the river and a prominent neck-cut off in the initial part of the study area. Northward shift of the river also occurred in the area west of Silchar. But, in the western part the river has shifted both towards north and south. Oscillatory shifting in the river channel has also been noticed. The river has shown a overall northward shift which is probably due to uplift of the southern part of the Barak River valley.     

Studies on the morphological changes in the mahanadi estuary and hukitola barrier island with the aid of photo interpretation techniques

Hukitola Bay, situated north of Mahanadi River Delta system in Orissa State is ptotected by a barrier island. This island also provides protection to the coastline in this region from the onslogunt of high waves during southwest monsoon. As such, the changes in the Mahanadi estuary governs the stability of this island to a considerable extent. From the examination of hydrographic charts as well as the toposheets prior to the year 1952 it is observed that the Mahanadi river had a long northerly course along a sandspit six km long prior to its confluence with the sea. With the breach in the sandspit at its southern extrem ty during October 1 51, the mouth of the river shifted southwards by about six km. Photographs taken during 1973 have indicated that the mouth of this river has again migrated northwards by about four Km between 1952 and 1973. The development of a new barrier isiand towards east of the existing Hukitola island is also in evidence. As a sequel to these studies it is inferred that despite the changes in the morphology of the barrier island over the past three decades, the barrier island at this region would be a permanent feature and continue to provide protection to the main coastline in this reach.     

Dynamics of chromophoric dissolved organic matter in Mandovi and Zuari estuaries — A study through in situ and satellite data

The spatial and temporal distribution of absorption of chromophoric dissolved organic matter at 440 nm (a_CDOM (440)) in the Mandovi and Zuari estuaries situated along the west coast of India, has been analysed. The study was carried out using remotely sensed data, obtained from the Ocean Colour Monitor (OCM) on board the Indian Remote Sensing satellite — P4, together with in situ data during the period January to December 2005. Satellite retrieval of CDOM absorption was carried out by applying an algorithm developed for the site. A good correlation (R=0.98) was obtained between satellite derived CDOM and in situ data. Time series analysis revealed that spatial distribution of CDOM has a direct link with the seasonal hydrodynamics of the estuaries. The effect of remnant fresh water on CDOM distribution could be analysed by delineating a plume in the offshore region of the Zuari estuary. Though fresh water flux from terrestrial input plays a major role in the distribution of CDOM throughout the Mandovi estuary, its role in the Zuari estuary is significant up to the middle zone. Other processes responsible for feeding CDOM in both the estuaries are coastal advection, in situ production and resuspension of bottom settled sediments. The highest value of a_CDOM(440) was observed in the middle zone of the Mandovi estuary during the post-monsoon season. The relation between a_CDOM(440) and S (spectral slope coefficient of CDOM) could differentiate CDOM introduced in to estuaries through multiple sources. The algorithm developed for the Mandovi estuary is S=0.003 [a_CDOM(440)^−0.7091] while for the Zuari estuary, S=0.0031 [a_CDOM(440)^−0.777], respectively.     

黄河口水体光谱特性及悬沙浓度遥感估测

通过黄河口含沙水体野外遥感光谱反射率的观测实验，探讨了黄河口水体表观光谱特性，分析了悬浮体中有机颗粒含量和悬沙粒度对光谱特性的影响。针对Landsat TM／ETM^＋影像波段特性，对黄河口含沙水体在其可见光至近红外4个波段的光谱特性进行了模拟分析，并结合表观光谱观测数据建立了经验回归函数，以估测不同时相黄河口水体表层悬沙的浓度。     

辐射沙脊群海域悬沙场遥感反演方法

利用2006年江苏908调查水文泥沙测验数据和同期MODIS影像建立遥感定量反演模式,获取了半个潮周期的悬沙场以及全潮平均悬沙场,进行了辐射沙脊群海域悬沙场遥感反演方法的研究,并结合悬沙数学模型对结果进行了验证。研究表明,在辐射沙脊群海域,敏感参数(B1-B4)/(B1+B4)的对数模式反演悬沙场精度较高;遥感反演结果在总体上与数学模型计算结果相似,悬沙高值区主要分布在弶港、废黄河口和长江口附近;在细节上比数学模型表现得更精细,能清晰地反映河口、沙洲、水道等地貌对悬沙分布的影响。     

光学测微法在宽水域跨河水准中的应用

本文介绍了在虎门大桥高程控制同的施测中，采用光学测微法，利用自制的特殊觇牌，完成了珠江口1．1km～1．4km四段宽水域的跨河水准测量．其精度达到工程测量二等水准指标．这种方法设备简单、易于操作，具有实用、推广价值．     

一种河口湾海岸线渐进化简方法

形态复杂的河口湾海岸线自动化简是当前线要素化简研究的难点之一。在现有研究基础上,结合地理特征影响下河口湾海岸线形态特点及海图综合约束,提出一种河口湾海岸线渐进化简方法。该方法以约束Delaunay三角网为支撑构建河口湾骨架线二叉树模型,结构化表达河口湾海岸线形态特征;基于此模型,通过叶子流路渐进取舍、"退化"充分化简细小弯曲或弯曲细小部分,通过局部夸大消除河口湾内视觉冲突等,实现河口湾海岸线化简。试验结果表明,该方法充分化简目标尺度下不可视的局部细节,顾及河口湾海岸线整体形态特征保持,在几何层次、地理层次上都具有一定优越性,适于多种形态河口湾海岸线化简应用。     

The role of multispectral imagery in elucidation of recent channel pattern changes in middle ganga plain

The mapability of Landsat images has opened up a new potentiality for study of channel pattern changes which was earlier not so easy due to nonavailability of suitable evidences at different timespans. Middle Ganga plain covering largely the northern part of Bihar and parts of eastern Uttar Pradesh is in a slate of perpetual flux due to large scale channel migration and avulsion resulting in devastating floods. Mosaic of three Landsat images has helped to study the channel changes which have occurred since 1935. The course of the river Ganga has beeh digitised along a basal line and two dimensional coordinates are taken at as many as more than fifty sample points for studying the magnitude and direction of channel changes during 1935–1975 period. The analysis shows that the main multiple channel river Ganga is under the huge hydrostatic thrust to be shifted towards south of its basin annually at a very high rate of 100 Meter per year all along the course except at its upstream near Ghazipur and at Monghyr where the shifting is towards north. The northward bend at Monghyr may be due to the presence of the Precambrian outliers here. For the multi-and single channelld tributaries of Ganga in channel behaviour is mainly in three directions—the lower water channels in the floodplain of Ganga are shifting to the south in conformity with that of their parent stream, the tributaries in Gogra-Gandak doab are shifting towards east but the shifting of the Kosi-Mahananda group of tributaries in the eastern part of the basin is towards west These channel pattern changes thus known at the interregional scale from the Landsat images may further be integrated with the study in hydrogeomorphology and their pertinent environmental impact.     

基于RS和GIS的黄河口海岸线演变及土地利用研究

基于RS和GIS技术,利用黄河口1977—2017年的Landsat MSS/TM/OLI影像数据,采用归一化差值水体指数(Normalized Difference Water Index,NDWI)、大津算法(OTSU)以及最大似然分类和目视解译等方法分别提取6个不同时期的海岸线和土地利用类型,分析海岸线演变和不同土地利用类型的动态变化规律。结果表明:40年来黄河口海岸线总体呈递增趋势,从1977年的253.44km增加到2017年的594.16km,且时间和空间的变化显著,不同时间段的不同海岸线地段呈现不同的特征,黄河口海岸线变化主要受黄河流路的改变、海水侵蚀、人类活动等影响,入海口流路改变对海岸线的影响尤为明显;时间上,黄河三角洲的土地利用变化表现为自然类型转向人工类型,水体和滩涂等自然类型持续减少,盐田和养殖池等人工类型逐渐增多,盐田面积从74.97km~2增长到298.1km~2,养殖池从21.2km~2增加到761.7km~2;空间上,黄河口整体呈现向海边推进的趋势。     

Coastal landform mapping around the Gulf of Khambhat using Landsat TM data

Landsat TM data was utilised for coastal geomorphic mapping around the Gulf of Khambhat. Various landforms like shoreline, estuaries, mudflats, islands, mangroves, relict aluvium, cliffs, dunes, flood plains, paleochannel, paleomeanders, oxbow lake, etc. were delineated. The estuaries were divided into salt-wedge estuary, fully mixed estuary and partially mixed estuary based on amount of freshwater discharge and nature of tidal currents. The mudflats were classified into high tide flats, intertidal slopes and subtidal zones. These classes were further classified based on their composition. It was concluded that TM data has broughtout many new features and improved the classification of coastal landforms. The presence of coastal features like drowned river valleys, paleomudflats, relict alluvium, dunes, paleomeanders, oxbow lake and terraces clearly indicate the sea-level changes of the Quarternary period.     

Change detection study of islands in Hooghly estuary using multidate satellite images

River estuarine environment constitutes a highly dynamic fluvio-morphological setting where processes of accretion and deposition are active. Hooghly estuary, being one of the largest of estuaries in the east coast of India, needs constant monitoring. Multidate satellite images of IRS-1A L1SS-I and Landsat MSS for 1975–1991 period are studied to detect long term morphological changes in this estuary. The study reveals that the estuarine islands like Sagar, Ghorarmara and Suparbhanga are eroding whereas Lohachara islands has completely eroded off Nayachara island near Haldia due to its shape and size bifurcates the river into two channels. The island as revealed from Satellite images is in accretional phase where the total surface area has increased. The study, therefore, indicates that constant monitoring of spatial and temporal changes in this type of environment would help to understand physical processes.     

辽河口湿地管理信息系统设计与实现

为了对辽河口湿地生态修复与科学管理保护提供基础支撑,本文设计并开发了辽河口湿地管理信息系统:系统以基于网络的地理信息系统(WebGIS)为基础,以整合湿地演化过程和退化机制、河口区生态用水的河网调控、河口湿地净化功能为关键技术,实现了辽河口湿地数据的信息化和系统化管理,能够为湿地管理与决策提供依据。     

应用遥感技术分析韩江河口悬沙的动态特征

利用韩江河口近20多a的卫星影像资料，结合GIS技术，通过对韩江河口流势、流态和水沙输移特征的分析，探讨韩江河口 出口水流动力状况及其对泥沙输移的影响。结果表明，韩江河口区内泥沙含量较低，在河口区内涨落潮流呈西南-东北向运动，在 河口外则易受西南沿岸流影响，具有近岸输沙的特性。     

Evaluation of optical remote sensing-based shallow water bathymetry for recursive mapping

Water depth estimation using optical remote sensing offers a reliable and efficient means of mapping coastal zones. Here, we aim to find a suitable model for fast and practical bathymetry of an estuary using Indian Remote Sensing Satellite (IRS) Linear Imaging Self Scanning Sensor (LISS-3) images. The study examines three different models; (1) least square regression model, (2) spectral band-ratio method and (3) multi-tidal bathymetry model. The findings are supported with in situ observed depth values and statistical estimates. Although the least square regression model has provided best results with root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.4 m, it requires a large number of observed data points for absolute depth estimation. Spectral band-ratio and multi-tidal model provides results with RMSEs 2.1 and 0.9 m, respectively. The present investigation demonstrates that multi-date imagery exploitation at disparate tide levels is the best estimation technique for recursive shallow water bathymetry where in situ observation is not possible.     

神舟三号CMODIS数据获取长江口悬浮泥沙含量的时空分布

悬浮泥沙含量的时空分布是分析河口海岸冲淤变化、估算河流入海物质通量、研究海洋沉积速率和海洋环境的重要参数.成像光谱仪技术包含了丰富的空间、辐射和光谱三重信息.用中国神舟三号上34个波段的中等分辨率成像光谱仪（CMODIS）数据,采用经验线性法对其辐射亮度值进行了反射率转换,结合长江口现场调查资料,对长江口悬浮泥沙含量时空分布进行了遥感定量反演,取得了很好的效果.     

Sentinel-2影像多特征优选的黄河三角洲湿地信息提取

以北方典型河口湿地—黄河三角洲湿地为研究区,采用在特征选择和分类提取等方面具有明显优势的随机森林算法,对研究区内的湿地信息进行提取。首先基于多时相、光谱信息丰富的Sentinel-2数据生成4类不同的特征变量,包括光谱特征、植被指数和水体指数、红边指数、纹理特征;再根据以上特征构建6种不同的提取方案,对黄河三角洲湿地信息进行提取并验证不同方案的提取精度,旨在选择最佳方案改善湿地信息提取的效果。结果表明:(1)有效地使用多种特征变量是提高湿地信息提取的关键,就不同特征对湿地信息提取的贡献率而言,红边指数植被指数和水体指数光谱特征纹理特征;(2)基于随机森林算法优选的特征变量提取效果最佳,总体精度高达90.93%,Kappa系数为0.90,表明随机森林算法可以有效地进行特征选择,在特征变量数据挖掘的同时,仍能保证湿地信息提取的精度,提高运行效率。本研究为湿地信息提取在数据源选择、特征选择和方法选择方面提供了一种新思路、方法和技术手段。     

利用潮汐性质相似性的长江口水域深度基准面传递精度研究

根据长江口水域长期验潮站的潮位资料进行大量深度基准面传递试验,研究了深度基准面传递精度与潮汐类型值差、传递距离、地形环境特征之间的具体数值关系。该研究成果对长江口水域里深度基准面传递精度指标估计具有参考意义。     

基于波段组合的高光谱数据湿地分类研究

对高光谱数据进行波段组合,可以减少信息量的冗余,提高数据的处理速度。对黄河口入海口湿地进行分类,对合理利用、开发保护该地区湿地资源具有重要意义。本文首先分析了“珠海一号”高光谱数据各个波段的信息量及波段之间的相关系数,然后利用最佳波段指数(OIF)方法选出波段组合B7-B8-B32,进一步在OIF基础上设置信息量与相关系数阈值,选出波段组合B7-B18-B32,实验结果证明分类精度提高了5.4%。最后,根据地物的光谱特征分析,选择光谱差异较大的波段进行组合B6-B13-B18,分类后精度比OIF筛选出的波段组合精度高12.6694%。经实验验证,结合地物光谱特征的波段组合可以大大提高分类精度。     

Coherent GPS reflections from the sea surface

In this letter, we explore a method to obtain accurate ocean heights using measurements of the global positioning system (GPS) carrier phase after reflection on the sea surface. A carrier tracking algorithm is employed in measuring travel path differences between GPS direct and reflected signals collected from antennas suspended over a marine estuary, when roughness guarantees partially coherent reflections at the GPS L1 frequency. This technique proves to be sensitive to surface roughness and able to follow tide variations with a precision better than 5 cm (1-sigma) for sea states with significant wave heights below 10 cm. It is expected that this technique could be further extended to rougher sea states using GPS frequency combinations with longer synthetic wavelengths.