Preparation of optimal land use maps for agricultural development using remote sensing techniques

Optimal land use map of Kanholi area, part of Nagpur district,Maharashtra have been prepared using Satellite imagery in 1:1000,000 and 1:250,000 and aerial photographs in 1:60,000 scale with adequate ground checks. The Satellite imagery proved valuable information about landscape characteristics, land use, hydrology and other environmental features. The aerial photographs were used to prepare comparatively large scale land resource association maps in scale 1:60,000 on geomorphology, landuse, soil hydrology. Soil irrigability, land irrigability and land capability maps are also attempted after interpreting soils information collected during field studies. The utility of this technique in preparation of optimal land use map with associated limitations due to scale have been discussed in the paper.     

Automated metric characterization of urban structure using building decomposition from very high resolution imagery

Classification approaches for urban areas are mostly of qualitative and semantic nature. They produce interpreted classes similar to those from land cover and land use classifications. As a complement to those classes, quantitative measures directly derived from the image could lead to a metric characterization of the urban area. While these metrics lack of qualitative interpretation they are able to provide objective measure of the urban structures.Such quantitative measures are especially important in rapidly growing cities since, beside of the growth in area, they can provide structural information for specific areas and detect changes. Rustenburg, which serves as test area for the present study, is amongst the fastest growing cities in South Africa. It reveals a heterogeneous face of housing and building structures reflecting social and/or economic differences often linked to the spatial distribution of industrial and local mining sites. Up to date coverage with aerial photographs is provided by aerial surveys in regular intervals. Also recent satellite systems provide imagery with suitable resolution. Using such set of very high resolution images a fully automated algorithm has been developed which outputs metric classes by systematically combining important measures of building structure. The measurements are gained by decomposition of buildings directly from the imagery and by using methods from mathematical morphology. The decomposed building objects serve as basis for the computation of grid statistics. Finally a systematic combination of the single features leads to combined metrical classes.For the dominant urban structures verification results indicate an overall accuracy of at least 80% on the single feature level and 70% for the combined classes.     

Urban land use mapping and zoning of Bombay Metropolitan Region using remote sensing data

Bombay Metropolitan Region covering an area of about 4,360 sq. km. was selected for urban land use studies and for urban land use zoning. Urban land use mapping was carried out using SPOT multispectral linear array imagery on 1∶25,000 scale employing visual analysis tehcniques. Fifteen maps were prepared depicting the spatial distribution of various urban classes in the Greater Bombay and New Bombay regions. Sixteen urban land use maps were also prepared using Landsat TM data showing the distribution of land use pattern on 1∶50,000 scale for the entire metropolitan region. Urban land use zoning was carried out based upon suitability index on 1∶250,000 scale. This map provides information on the areas to be used for construction and areas to be kept under green belt in the metropolitan region. This study is a joint venture of Space Applications Centre with Bombay Metropolitan Development authority.     

Evaluation of land resources by different technig for their proper utilisation

Soil and land resources inventory and their proper utilisation is important for scientific and economic planning. Advances in scientific technology provided more promising base for abstracting information of soil and land resources for evaluating their potentials and efficient utilisation. Aerial photograph since 1940’s and landsat data from 1970’s opened new vistas of knowledge in such a task and proved to be very promising. Extra information with increased accuracy that is possible through these techniques accentuated their wider applications. The merits and demerits of these two techniques over the conventional approach have been discussed. A case study in an area of Mahaboobnagar district, Andhra Pradesh is presented in this paper. Aerial photographs of 1∶20,000 scale and landsat data of 4, 5 and 7 bands and alse Colour Composite in 1:250000 scales have been used for this study. The data acquired through conventional field work at Rapid Reconnaissance survey level is taken as a base for comparison. The study revealed the superiority of Aerial photograph over other techniques whereas visual interpretation of landsat products yielded additional information over conventional method. The time and cost efficiency was found to be in the order of 1∶3∶7 and 1∶6∶18 respectively for landsat, aerial photograph and conventional field work.     

Satellite remote sensing in urban sprawl mapping & monitoring a case study of Delhi

Visual interpretation of satellite data products coupled with field checking is a very useful technique of finding out the physical growth of urban centres. The expansion of urban centres is very fast and conventional ground methods are slow and in-accurate because by these methods, delineation of built-up area is difficult. Mapping and monitoring the urban sprawl, as a result of urban decay of city centre, at regular intervals is very essential for urban planners to understand the trend of development on the urban periphery and subsequently to regulate it. In this study, various data products like Landsat MSS, TM, Toposheets were used to find out the growth of Delhi urban area since 1975 to 1988. Thematic Mapper imagery was used to prepare a broad landuse/land cover map of Delhi and environs. This study was very useful in finding out the potential, as well as shortcomings of satellite data products in the study of various urban aspects.     

Mapping of wastelands through remote sensing techniques and their reclamation—A case study

Wasteland map (1∶100,000) of Rewasa catchment (Sikar district) has been prepared using aerial photographs and Landsat TM imagery. Thematic Mapper data were helpful in identifying the types of wastelands and details could be derived from the aerial photographs. The types of wastelands identified are sands, gullied land, salt affected areas, and barren rocky area. Depending upon the nature of wasteland, suitable rehabilitation measures like plantations, afforestation have been proposed.     

Role of aerial photographs and landsat imagery in forest resources surveys

Many of the data needs for efficient management of forest resources can be met by aerial photographs. Commercially important tree species can be distinguished from other less important miscellaneous species with the help of aerial photographs. Forests can be classified according to their height and density classes. Aerial photographs have become indispensable for mapping of forests and preparation of forest inventories. A comparison of interpretation results obtained from landsat imagery and aerial photographs (1 ∶ 10,000 Black and White panchromatic photography) with respect to forestry interpretation is given. It is pointed out that the imagery obtained from satellities can be used for reconnaissance of a region and for deciding the priorities for carrying out more detailed surveys of forest resources with the help of air photointerpretation techniques     

基于无人机航摄的真正射影像制作方法探讨

随着无人机航空摄影的不断发展和成熟,利用无人机航摄制作高分辨率数字正射影像图在测绘生产中应用日益广泛。但在城市区域制作大比例尺正射影像图时存在建筑物倾斜、遮挡严重、不能和GIS矢量数据进行很好套合等问题,而数字真正射影像图能很好地解决这些问题。本文基于INPHO软件对城市无人机航摄影像进行真正射影像制作,总结出无人机航摄影像制作真正射影像的作业流程和需要注意的关键问题。     

Use of remote sensing techniques for detailed hydrogeological investigations in parts of Narmada Sagar command area,MP

Of late, airphoto interpretation and Landsat imagery analysis play a vital role in geological mapping for detailed hydrogeological investigations for ground water prospecting. Certain obscure features like lineaments/fracture zones which are masked by surface soil and cultivated lands are easily visible. In hard rocks like granites and basalts the occurrence and movement of ground water are controlled by the fracture pattern. Delineation of potential zones of ground water for successful exploration is possible by the study and analysis of aerial photographs, visual interpretation of Landsat imagery and interactive data analysis system through computer techniques and applications. These techniques constitute for data integration with conventional methods of hydrogeological investigations and exploratory drilling. As a case study an area of 1500 sq km in part of the Narmada river basin of Madhya Pradesh and also forming a portion of Narmada Sagar area covered under topo sheets 46 N/12 and 46 N/16 was taken up. Aerial photographs pertaining to the area of study and Landsat imagery of band 5 and 7 in scale blown upto 1∶250,00 were scanned and analysed. It was observed that the successful artesian wells are located in pominent lineament/fractured zones in the study area. It is also recommended after through analysis different hyddromorphic zonations for future exploration of ground water.     

Urban land use change detection using sequential aerial photographs and spot image case study: Chiangmai,Thailand

In most of the developing countries, cities are expanding due to urbanization. To cope-up with problem, planners/decision makers need up-to-date physical data base for proper planning and management of the cities. Such data base can be generated quickly through aerial/satellite remote sensing techniques. In this ‘Case Study’ of Chiangmai, Thailand, sequential aerial photographs and SPOT image were used for urban landuse change studies. A comparison was also made for the growth studies of SPOT and aerial photographs. The analysis of study revealed that maximum agriculture land was converted to urban landuse. Urban growth of the city found to be 3.5 times less in case of SPOT results compared to aerial photographs. Urban landuse change was observed all around the city.     

Interpretation of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imagery for geological appraisal: A comparative study in Anantapur district of Andhra Pradesh

The paper describes the details of a comparative study of geological interpretations carried out from Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imagery, Landsat MSS (B & W) imagery and Aerial Photographs, covering 2100 sq km of area in Anantapur district of Andhra Pradesh. The area comprises Peninsular—Gneissic Complex and rocks of Dharwar and Cuddapah Super Groups beside the Quaternary alluvial deposits along the Penneru river and its tributaries. Geomorphologically the areas is represented by denudational, fluvial and structural landforms. The study indicates that the details of the geological and geomorphological maps prepared from SAR imagery and aerial photographs are comparable despite the smaller scale of SAR imagery while the same are not exhibited in Landsat imagery mainly due to its low resolution. Although broad lithological units are possible to be discriminated on SAR as well as aerial photographs, some of the finer rock types viz. gabbroic dykes could be discriminated from the delerite dykes in the SAR imagery due to their different surface roughness. Stereoscopic coverage and enhanced micro-relief of SAR imagery gives better geomorphological details in comparison to aerial photographs. A detailed study of lineaments has also been carried out which shows that in SAR imagery there is over-representation of short lineaments due to enhanced micro-relief and radarshadow effects across the look direction and under-representation of lineaments along the look direction. Landsat imagery is perhaps the best for demarcating lineaments of regional magnitude while aerial photographs are good for depicting shorter lineaments. However, certain lineaments seen in SAR imagery are often not continuously seen on aerial photographs.     

Using a Combination of Digital Aerial Photography and Satellite Remote Sensing to Assist Contemporary Restructuring in an Urban Area of South Africa

Abstract

The transition and restructuring process of urban South Africa are currently in the phase of identifying land development objectives. These objectives aim to integrate previously segregated areas through integrated development plans. This research aims firstly to identify and describe the historical development of the spatial form and structure of the secondary city and capital of the Northern Province, Pietersburg and its dispersed peripheral towns. Supervised classification of SPOT HRV multispectral imagery is used to support the theoretical explanation. Images from an airborne digital Kodak DCS 420 camera are used to provide training sites in the pre‐classification stages, and also provide field data to the process of post‐classification accuracy assessment. Secondly, SPOT HRV imagery is applied to identify the stark contrast in urban development between the city of Pietersburg and its surrounding former homeland towns. Both built and natural environmental aspects are investigated. In conclusion benefits and problems of assessing urban morphology and development in a developing country by means of a combination of satellite imagery and digital aerial photography are discussed.     

Colour infrared aerial photographs as data base for reconnaissance soil mapping and land suitability grouping

Colour infrared and panchromatic B & W aerial photographs at 1∶25,000 scale over part of Anantapur district of Andhra Pradesh were interpreted stereoscopically for delineating soilscape units. Soils and land properties were evaluated for suitability of the land for agriculture i.e. paddy and wheat. The results indicate that the relative case in delineating physiographic units offered by colour infrared air-photos does not commensurate with their cost. In the study area, 19.57 and 14.78 per cent area have been found to be suitable for paddy and wheat, respectively.     

Geology of the area around Katta,sindhudurg district,Maharashtra. Based on aerospace data

Geological studies of the area around Katta, in the southern part of the Ratnagiri District of Maharashtra, were carried out with the help of visual remote sensing techniques using LANDSAT imageries on 1:250,000 scale and aerial photographs on 1:60,000 scale. The major stratigraphic units represented in the area under study are the Archean Complex, Kaladgi Supergroup, Deccan Trap, Laterite and Alluvium. The Kaladgis unconformably overlie the Archean metasediments and also at places exhibit faulted contacts with the latter. The major part of the area is covered by a thick evergreen vegetation. The interpretation followed by field work and laboratory work revealed the following:

1. The different lithologic units could be delineated on the aerial photographs.
2. Different lineaments marked on the imagery were found to be due either to faults or fracture zones. Some of the older faults appear to have been rejuvenated after the formation of the laterites.
3. Some of the lithologic horizons can be identified on the Landsat imagery by virtue of their spatial signatures.

These studies indicate that even in the area covered with thick vegetation, aerospace imagery in appropriate band and data scale can provide significant geological information.     

Aerial remote sensing as a useful technique to obtain data on urban population

The aerial remote sensing data can be reliable source to obtain an estimate of urban population. A study was carried out in the city of Coimbatore (municipal area) using aerial photoghraphs of scale 1:4000 taken by a metric camera of 300 mm. focal length in the year 1979. The findings obtained by photo-interpretation compared very favourably with the interpolated population census figures for the year 1979, for the municipal area of the city Coimbatore. Dwelling units counted on the aerial photograph for different types of residential areas classified on the basis of size, shape and pattern are the physical indicators of population. Occupancy rate of dwelling units was determined by sampling survey carried out during field visit itself in this particular study.     

Land resource inventory of Naurar subcatchment

Soil and Land Use Survey of Naurar subcatchment in Almora district of Uttar Pradesh was conducted to assist the authorities of the G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology in their “Area Development Project”. Execution of appropriate soil conservation measures and adoption of improved agricultural practices both aimed at the betterment of the socioeconomic conditions of the population of this backward hilly tract are the major objectives of the project. The University Specialists belonging to various disciplines propose to tackle the problem on an integrated basis. A large scale soil and land use map was prepared through the adoption of a systematic Aerial Photo interpretaion procedure. For this purpose 36 large scale Panchromatic vertical aerial photographs in the scale of 1: 15,000 covering a greater part of the subcatchment and three medium scale aerial photographs in the approximate scale of 1: 40,000 were used both for systematic aerial photo-interpretation and compilation of the data during the field work. The survey provides information about the different taxonomie soil classes in the area. It is observed that about 78.7% of the area is covered under Typic Ustorthents. The erosion hazards have also been mapped and revealed 27.3% of the area under moderate to severe erosion and 26.7% under severe to very severe erosion. Broad suggestions for proper utilisation of land resources have also been made.     

Analysis of urban landuse change using sequential aerial photographs and spot data: An example of north Bhubaneswar,Orissa

As urban area undergoes a rapid change it will be necessary to review development and the urban plans once in five years in relation to important public and other decisions taken from time to time. In order to know the trend of development and landuse patterns, analysis of sequential aerial photographs and satellite imagery of different years can be a useful tool for interpretation of various landuses and their comparison, In the present study an attempt has been made to understand the change detection using sequential aerial photographs of 1974 and 1989, and comparison with SPOT data of I988 with the help of ‘USEMAP’ GIS software package.     

利用早期小比例尺航片制作大比例尺数字产品的精度控制

针对利用早期小比例尺航片制作大比例尺数字产品的技术难题,以1∶60 000航片编绘1∶10 000地形图为例探讨精度控制的技术方法。本文对数字产品进行了平面、高程和相邻地物点间距中误差检验,证明了利用早期小比例尺航片制作大比例尺数字产品制图精度满足规范要求。     

Remote sensing application in urban fringe study a case studý — Delhi

This paper is based on a case study of Delhi. The attempt has been made to find out the usefulness of aerial remote sensing in the study of urban fringe where all sorts of haphazard developments take place. Unauthorised construction, illegal sub-division of land, urban sprawl, environmental degradation are all parts of urban fringe Attempt has been made to find out the efficacy of aerial photos at pre-planning stage and their role in assigning various landuses for planned development of urban fringe zone. For the first time, the concept of “Urban Index” has been used to determine the scale of urbanity by aerial remote sensing technique. Growth of settlements, land speculation, impact of anticipated development proposal have been studied. Aerial photographs have been used to detect depressions, drainage pattern, flooding problems, location of high ground water table areas which are very important for a comprehensive planning and for environmental protection. Limitations of topomaps compared to aerial photographs have been worked out. The study is based on air photo-interpretation technique supported by field checking. *** DIRECT SUPPORT *** A04KF011 00003     

Land cover classification and economic assessment of citrus groves using remote sensing

The citrus industry has the second largest impact on Florida's economy, following tourism. Estimation of citrus area coverage and annual forecasts of Florida's citrus production are currently dependent on labor-intensive interpretation of aerial photographs. Remotely sensed data from satellites has been widely applied in agricultural yield estimation and cropland management. Satellite data can potentially be obtained throughout the year, making it especially suitable for the detection of land cover change in agriculture and horticulture, plant health status, soil and moisture conditions, and effects of crop management practices. In this study, we analyzed land cover of citrus crops in Florida using Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) imagery from the University of Maryland Global Land Cover Facility (GLCF). We hypothesized that an interdisciplinary approach combining citrus production (economic) data with citrus land cover area per county would yield a correlation between observable spectral reflectance throughout the year, and the fiscal impact of citrus on local economies. While the data from official sources based on aerial photography were positively correlated, there were serious discrepancies between agriculture census data and satellite-derived cropland area using medium-resolution satellite imagery. If these discrepancies can be resolved by using imagery of higher spatial resolution, a stronger correlation would be observed for citrus production based on satellite data. This would allow us to predict the economic impact of citrus from satellite-derived spectral data analysis to determine final crop harvests.