人体热量平衡模型及其在人体舒适度预报中的应用

人对外界冷热的调节和舒适感，不能根据气温或其他单一的气象要素来评价。要真正全面表述环境对人体的影响必须运用人体热量平衡模型，人体热量平衡模型全面考虑了所有相关的气象要素、行为参数（活动和服装）和人体参数。运用上海有限域数值在气预报和热量平衡模型计算了体感温度，以衡量人体在环境中的热舒适状况。     

A PRIMARY STUDY OF SUMMER MONSOON INDEX OVER THE SOUTH CHINA SEA AND EAST ASIA BASED ON SATELLITE OBSERVATION

The results by statistical analysis of black body Temperature (TBB) pentad mean from the Japanese GMS in the period of May to August, 1980-2002, show that the summer monsoon index (SMI) is defined to be the pentad mean TBB≤273 K. Its intensity includes three levels: TBB>268 K for weak monsoon, 268 K≥TBB>263 K for normal monsoon and TBB≤263K for strong monsoon over the South China sea and East Asia. In the meantime, a diagnostic method using TBB pentad anomaly is also introduced to help identify monsoon intensity. The SMI is used to run statistical analyses of the initial onset of the monsoon and its pentad variations with the year and month. A fairly close relationship is found between pentad monsoon activity and heavy rainfall periods in the two typical flood years of 1994 and 1998, which resulted from heavy rainfall over the Yangtze River basin and south China.     

基于卫星观测的南海和东亚夏季风指数初探

运用1980-2002年5-8月GMSTBB候平均资料,经过统计分析得到：南海和东亚候夏季风活动指数定义为候平均TBB≤273K;其强度分为3级,即弱季风为268K〈TBB≤273K,一般季风为263K〈TBB≤268K,强季风为TBB≤263K。与此同时,还给出了运用TBB候距平帮助判识季风强度的分析方法。运用该季风指数,统计分析了上述各年季风初始爆发日期和各年各月季风活动情况。另外,还对比分析了1998年长江中下游地区暴雨和1994年华南暴雨2个典型暴雨灾害年季风活动,展示了候季风活动与暴雨期间各暴雨过程之间的密切关系。     

一次远距离台风暴雨过程的熵流指数演变

应用耗散结构理论,结合河南省一次远距离台风暴雨过程,分析了大气排熵指数、边界层上部广义相当位温及广义相当位温平流等三个熵流指数与暴雨的发生和落区的关系,得到:大气排熵指数由高值向低值的演变有利于对流的发展,从而导致对流暴雨形成;暴雨落在大气排熵指数负值中心或负值轴线附近区域;远距离台风暴雨产生前,有高熵空气在边界层上部聚集,边界层高熵中心往往与暴雨落区对应;边界层上部高熵平流的移向往往预示了强降水的未来移向。     

新一代油菜菌核病气象指标初探

受气候变化、油菜品种及种植技术改变等影响,现行的油菜菌核病气象指标已不能满足生产和科研的需要.采用数理统计分析、田间试验、大田调查等方法,并结合相关科研成果,进行新一代油菜菌核病气象指标的初步探讨.结果表明,油菜菌核病的发病初日应提前至2月1日,日平均空气相对湿度大于80%时有利于菌核病的发生.     

以热量平衡为基础的体感温度模型及气候要素的效应分析

通过对丰季人体热量平衡方程的建立与计算，结合我国不同年龄段人群的新陈谢特点，分别建立了不同的体感温度模型，经与我国目前应用较为广泛的人体舒适度统计模型的计算结果相比较，证明以热量平衡为基础的人体感温度模型更具有普遍性。还分析了风，湿度，辐射对体感温度的影响效应。这些结果将为拓宽舒适度服务范围，建立以人体舒适度为核心的城市气象服务体系提供理论依据。     

一个反映中国冬季气温异常的指标——东亚区域西风指数

分析了中国冬季气温变化的主要特征 ,揭示了能够较好反映中国冬季气温异常整体变化的主要空间分布 ;进一步研究了与之相对应的环流异常特征 ,结果表明中国冬季气温的异常与东亚及西伯利亚 50 0 h Pa高度场的异常有着密切的联系。在分析传统季风指数对气温及对应异常环流特征的表现能力的基础上 ,定义了一个能够反映环流异常的东亚区域西风指数 (IEARW)。经检验 ,可以利用 IEARW来反映中国冬季气温变化的主要特征。最后 ,对 IEARW的变化特征进行了初步分析。     

A NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF THE EFFECT OF GLOBAL SSTA ON THE LOW-LEVEL ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION AND PRECIPITATION ANOMALIES

By the numerical simulation,the sea surface temperature anomaly(SSTA)of the Pacific andIndian Oceans.being introduced into IAP AGCM,the observed anomalous circulationcharacteristics on the monthly mean 850 hPa have been confirmed:during an El Nino episode thereappears anomalous westerly flow in the low-level atmosphere over the low-latitude Pacific and theanomalous equatorward air flow over the Southeast Asia coast:during a La Nina episode thereappears anomalous easterly flow in the low-level atmosphere over the low-latitude Pacific and theanomalous off-equator air flow over the Southeast Asia coast.If we introduce only Pacific SSTAinto or take off orographic forcing from the model,the simulated anomalous air flow in the low-level atmosphere over the low latitudes will be different.The precipitation departure in conformitywith the observation over the low latitudes has been simulated with this model as well.     

A STUDY OF CIRCULATION CHARACTERISTICS AND INDEX OF SOUTH CHINA SEA SUMMER MONSOON

Based on height and wind data of NCEP/NCAR and OLR data,patterns of upper aircirculation from April to October have been analyzed,and the South China Sea (SCS) SummerMonsoon Onset (SMO) and retreat have been defined.The empirical formula fitting to the onsetindex of the SCS SMO has been established,and the onset and ending time of monsoon,togetherwith the intensity index sequence during 1953—1999 are given by the analysis of characteristics ofthermodynamic and dynamic factors during the process of SMO.The emergence and developmentof symmetric vortex pair at both sides of the equator in tropical East Indian Ocean,which mayexcite the SCS SMO,can be taken as a short-term prediction indicator of SMO.     

近37年成都地区基于温湿指数的气候舒适度变化特征分析

本文利用成都地区14个区(市)县国家级地面气象观测站1980~2016年的日平均气温、日平均相对湿度数据,采用温湿指数对成都地区气候舒适度进行评价分析,结果表明:成都地区4月和10月为非常舒适月份,无极度不舒适月份,春季和秋季为非常舒适季节,夏季为不舒适季节,冬季为较不舒适季节,近37年气候舒适度总体变好。相比,成都西北部、中部和蒲江县的气候舒适度较好。气候舒适度突变多发生在2009~2013年,冬季的突变发生在1984年,冬季气候舒适度向好转向的特征非常明显。     

1951—2020年广州地区极端气温指数年月尺度变化研究

根据广州国家基本气象站1951—2020年的逐日气温资料,采用线性趋势法、距平及累积距平法和Mann-Kendall检验法,对WMO推荐的16种极端气温指数中的13种以及2种结合本地实际的新的极端气温指数共计15种指数进行计算,从月尺度和年尺度分析广州地区各极端气温指数随时间变化的趋势和突变年份,并对以往研究中较少探究的基期的选择对相对极端气温指数的结果影响进行了对比分析。(1)从年尺度看,广州地区近70 a的夏日日数SU25、酷热日数SU35、热夜日数TR20、非常热夜日数TR26、最高气温TXx、最低气温TNn、最低气温最大值TNx、相对暖夜日数TN90p、暖昼日数TX90p、显著偏暖持续指数WSDI均呈现明显的上升趋势,相对冷夜日数TN10p、冷昼日数TX10p和偏冷持续指数CSDI呈现下降趋势,气温日较差DTR和最高气温最小值TXn变化趋势不明显;(2)新的极端气温指数SU35和TR26的上升速率明显大于SU25和TR20的上升速率,能更好地反映近70 a昼夜体感炎热日数呈现极显著的上升趋势,更加符合评估气候变化对当地生产生活的影响;(3)从月尺度来看近70 a广州地区的暖系列...     

NUMERICAL EXPERIMENTS OF THE EFFECTS OF SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE ANOMALIES OVER THE PACIFIC ON PRECIPITATION IN 1991

A zonal domain,primitive equation model is used in this paper to study the influences of the main sea surface tem-perature anomaly(SSTA)areas over the Pacific on precipitation in 1991.Some numerical experiments are made and themechanisms of the influences are discussed.The results show that the influences of the SSTA are mainly confined withinthe tropical and the subtropical regions.The direct effect of the SSTA is to change the exchanges of the sensible heat andthe water vapour between the air and the sea,through the consequent changes of temperature and the flow fields and thefeedback process of condensation,the SSTA finally affects precipitation.     

A STUDY OF CIRCULATION CHARACTERISTICS AND INDEX OF SOUTH CHINA SEA SUMMER MONSOON*

Based on height and wind data of NCEP/NCAR and OLR data,patterns of upper air circulation from April to October have been analyzed,and the South China Sea (SCS) Summer Monsoon Onset (SMO) and retreat have been defined.The empirical formula fitting to the onset index of the SCS SMO has been established,and the onset and ending time of monsoon,together with the intensity index sequence during 1953-1999 are given by the analysis of characteristics of thermodynamic and dynamic factors during the process of SMO.The emergence and development of symmetric vortex pair at both sides of the equator in tropical East Indian Ocean,which may excite the SCS SMO,can be taken as a short-term prediction indicator of SMO.     

NUMERICAL STUDY ON THE EFFECTS OF SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE ON TROPICAL CYCLONE INTENSITY-PART I:NUMERICAL EXPERIMENT OF THE TROPICAL CYCLONE INTENSITY RELATED TO SST *

In the context of a model of tropical cyclone intensity based on an improved meso-scale atmospheric model, numerical simulation is performed of the track and intensity variation of tropical cyclones(TC) arising from sea surface temperature(SST) variation over a specified sea region. Evidence suggests that the model is capable of modeling quite welt the track and intensity of TC:SST variation leads to an abrupt change in the cyclone intensity:the response of the cyclone to the abrupt SST change lasts 8-12 h.     

EFFECT OF ARCTIC ICE COVER ON THE MONTHLY TEMPERATURE AND PRECIPITATION IN CHINA

Filtering technique, extended empirical orthogonal function (EEOF), spectrum distribution function and correla-tion analysis have been employed to study the relationship between arctic ice cover (AIC) and monthly mean tempera-ture and precipitation in China. The function of power spectrum density shows that not only a semi-annual and an an-nual oscillation but also a quasi-biennial oscillation can be found in AIC area index series, especially in June, Septemberand November. During the period of analysis, it can also be found that there exists a good correlation between the ElNino events and the AIC area index. An analysis on the EEOF of AIC and the temperature over China exhibits somesignificant temporal-spatial patterns and a better time-lag interrelationship between them. The results from the correla-tion analysis indicate that the variation of AIC area has a significant influence on the temperature and precipitation insubsequent months over China. In addition, it experiences a quasi-biennial low-frequency oscillation and displays tocertain extent some features of propagation.     

ENSO对其后东亚季风活动影响的GCM模拟研究

将１～３月赤道东太平洋海表水温距平（ＳＳＴＡ）引入大气环流模式,模拟研究了ＥＮＳＯ（厄尔尼诺和拉尼娜）对其后东亚季风活动的影响。结果表明,由于ＳＳＴＡ在大气中强迫激发出了大气低频振荡,使得ＥＮＳＯ对其后的东亚季风活动仍有明显影响。厄尔尼诺之后的夏季,西太平洋副热带高压偏强偏北且西伸明显,中国东部降水偏少,尤其是华北地区;厄尔尼诺之后的冬季,东亚大槽偏深,冬季风偏强。拉尼娜之后的夏季,中国长江下游为异常副热带高压单体控制,江淮流域雨量偏少;拉尼娜之后的冬季,东亚大槽偏弱,东亚冬季风偏弱。厄尔尼诺的影响比拉尼娜的影响略强,两者的影响并非完全反相。     

NUMERICAL EXPERIMENTS OF THE EFFECTS OF SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE ANOMALIES OVER THE PACIFIC ON PRECIPITATION IN 1991*

A zonal domain,primitive equation model is used in this paper to study the influences of the main sea surface temperature anomaly(SSTA) areas over the Pacific on precipitation in 1991.Some numerical experiments are made and the mechanisms of the influences are discussed.The results show that the influences of the SSTA are mainly confined within the tropical and the subtropical regions.The direct effect of the SSTA is to change the exchanges of the sensible heat and the water vapour between the air and the sea,through the consequent changes of temperature and the flow fields and the feedback process of condensation,the SSTA finally affects precipitation.     

全球热带海表温度异常的POP预报模型

在对全球热带海表温度异常（ＳＳＴＡ）进行主振荡型（ＰＯＰ）分析的基础上上综合考虑大尺度海洋运动状况和长期预报的特征引入了相位划分预报方案,将典型ＰＯＰ模态进行相位划分并综合考虑它们的相关位承替规律预报ＳＳＴＡ未来发展趋势,独立样本事后预报结核下实相位划分预报方案能提供较好的预报信息。     

热带季节内振荡时空特征的诊断研究

文中应用谱分析、小波分析等方法及较长时段的资料进一步总结了热带季节内振荡的一些基本气候特征。热带季节内振荡主要活跃在 3个地区 ,最强的是西太平洋地区 ,其次是印度洋地区 ,第三是东太平洋沿岸的赤道以北地区。热带季节内振荡有明显的季节变化 ,西太平洋地区和印度洋地区的季节内振荡 1a中有两次极大值 ,冬季主要活跃在南半球 (10°S附近 ) ,而夏季则活跃在北半球 (10°N附近 ) ,春、秋季热带季节内振荡则明显减弱。东赤道太平洋北侧的季节内振荡只在夏季活跃 ,而冬季则很弱 ,且不随季节而南北移动。对于大气的大尺度要素 ,例如u风场 ,热带季节内振荡的能量主要集中在 1波。而对于像降水这样尺度较小的要素 ,热带季节内振荡的能量则相对较分散 ,尽管它仍然在 1波有最大的能量 ,但 2～ 4波也具有较接近的能量。热带季节内振荡以东移的波动为主。热带季节内振荡存在着年际甚至更长时间的变化。 2 0世纪 70年代末期季节内振荡的幅度有一明显的突变。