Lipid Partitioning in the Hydrothermal Vent Shrimp Rimicaris exoculata

Abstract. This study examines the composition and partitioning of lipids in the alvinocarid shrimp Rimicaris exoculata from Mid-Atlantic hydrothermal vents. Juveniles and adults at different stages of reproductive development were dissected into abdomen, branchial and ovary/hepatopancreas tissues. Each of these tissues was analysed for total lipid and lipid class composition, and fatty acids and fatty alcohols were identified using GC and GC-MS. Adult and juvenile shrimp differ in the partitioning of lipids between tissues. Juveniles store lipids in the abdomen as wax ester droplets and may use phosphatidyl choline as an additional reserve. Adult shrimp use triglycerides as an energy store, and triglycerides and polar lipids accumulate in ovary and hepatopancreas tissue during reproductive development. The wax ester storage droplets of juvenile shrimp contain high concentrations of n-3 fatty acids, which are photosynthetically-derived and thought to be important for reproductive development in crustaceans. These n-3 fatty acids are concentrated in the ovary and hepatopancreas of adults compared to other tissues. The n-3 fatty acid content of these adult tissues is well within that estimated for whole juvenile shrimp, supporting the hypothesis that the n-3 fatty acids putatively required for adult reproduction are stored from the juvenile stage.     

大西洋中脊轴外新发现的热液泉(30°N)

越来越多的证据表明 :热液泉不仅沿大洋中脊分布 ,也出现在远离扩张中心的老洋壳地区。北纬 3 0°的大西洋中脊和大西洋断裂带的东部发现了一个大的热水田 ,泉口区与已知的海底热水田明显不同 ,因为它处在 1 .5Ma的老洋壳上 ,距扩张轴约 1 5km,热泉的热驱动可能源自海水和地幔熔岩间放热蛇纹岩化的反应。这些热水泉分布在似圆丘状的断块山上 ,陡侧发育碳酸盐烟囱 ,为典型的黑烟囱热水田硫化物构造。泉口液体的温度较低 ( 40～ 75℃ )、偏碱性 ( p H9.0～ 9.5) ,并维系了包括耐热厌氧菌在内的稠密的微生物群体的存在。因大西洋断块的地质特…     

Submersible Observations of the Hydrothermal Vent Communities on the Iheya Ridge, Mid Okinawa Trough, Japan

During the Dives Nos. 409, 410, 480 and 481 of the Japanese submersible Shinkai 2000, conducted on June 10 and 11, 1989 and on May 16 and 17, 1990, several hydrothermal vents and prosperous vent associated biological communities were found on the northern slope of the Iheya Ridge in the Mid-Okinawa Trough (27°32.5′ N, 126°58.5′ E: depth 1,400 m). The first site we found, the “Calyptogena Site”, was characterized by a relatively thick blanket of sediments, pleated and/or laminated lava flows, with occasional lobate pillows and white and yellow stains. Although no remarkable shimmering water and thermal anomalies were detected during the observations, the extraordinarily dense community must be related to hydrothermal activities. The community was dominated by the giant white clam, Calyptogena okutanii, in biomass, and by Neolepas-type primitive scalpellids and slender vestimentiferan tube-worms in number. The second site, the “Pyramid Site”, situated only 200 m northward from the Calyptogena Site has typical clear smokers emitting hot water over 200°C, and is characterized by a hard substratum of volcanic rocks and hydrothermal slabs. No noteworthy succession was perceived at the Calyptogena Site over a year. Many of the vent members occurred at both sites. However, Calyptogena okutanii, which were confined to the sediment bottom, Neolepas spp. and larger vestimentiferan tube-worms were found to thrive only at the Calyptogena Site, being only minor elements in the Pyramid Site. The global distribution of several groups of organisms is discussed preliminarily in zoogeographical terms based on comparison with other submersible missions and surveys done by surface vessels. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Microbial Diversity of Deep-sea Sediments from Three Newly Discovered Hydrothermal Vent Fields in the Central Indian Ridge

Since the discovery of hydrothermal vents in the late 1970s, deep-sea hydrothermal vent fields have attracted great attention as biological hotspots. However, compared with other ocean ridges, the structure and function of microbial communities inhabiting vent fields in the Central Indian ridge (CIR) remain understudied. Here, we provide for the first time 16S rRNA gene-based comparative metagenomic analysis of the sediment-associated microbial communities from three newly discovered vent fields in the CIR. Sediment samples collected in the Invent B, Invent E and Onnuri vent fields varied in geochemical properties, elemental concentrations and associated microbial communities. Proteobacteria (Gammaproteobacteria) was the dominant phylum in Invent B and Onnuri vent fields. In contrast, Invent E mainly consisted of Chloroflexi and Euryarchaeota. Predicted functional profiling revealed that the microbial communities in the three vents are dominated by chemoheterotrophic functions. In addition, microbial communities capable of respiration of sulfur compounds, nitrification, nitrite oxidation, methylotrophy, and methanotropy were found to be the main chemolithoautotrophs. Compared to other vent fields, Invent E showed a predominance of archaeal methanogens suggesting it exhibits slightly different geochemistry. Multivariate analysis indicated that the biogeochemical and trace metal differences are reflected in the sediment microbial compositions of the three vent fields. This study expands our current understanding of the microbial community structure and potential ecological functions of the newly discovered hydrothermal vent fields in the CIR.

     

印度洋深海热液区一株盐单胞菌Halomonas sp.YD-7的分离鉴定及研究

从印度洋深海热液区沉积物中筛选到一株耐盐菌,菌株形态呈杆状,长1.5～2.0 μm,宽0.5～0.7 μm,属革兰氏阴性菌,生长适温为4～55 ℃,最适为35 ℃;pH测试范围为4.0～10.5,最适为7.0;测试NaCl浓度为0～5.13 mol/L,最适为0.86 mol/L,该菌属于兼性厌氧菌.经16S rDNA鉴定该菌属于γ-变形菌纲(γ-Proteobacteria)盐单胞菌属(Halomonas),命名为Halomonas sp. YD-7.该菌与菌株Halomonas sp. ANT9086在进化位置上最为接近,同源性达98.1%,有可能是新种.对该菌株的生理生化特性进行了研究,发现该菌具有很强的适应能力,对温度、盐度和氧气的适应范围广.该菌株还具有很强的耐受和去除Mn2+的能力及一定的耐受和去除Cr6+的能力.表明该菌在污水处理与生物修复方面可能具有重要的应用价值.     

两种虾、贝、藻综合养殖模式的初步比较

利用太平洋牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)和孔石莼(Ulva pertusavar)与凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)以2种方式搭配放养,旨在查明其各自的生态特征及养殖效果。实验中对虾设2个放养密度,分别为17尾/m2和34尾/m2;牡蛎、石莼各设1个放养密度,分别为1 700 g/m2,140 g/m2。实验结果表明,经过50 d的实验,2个密度下对虾的生长均是混养明显快于分养模式(高密度混养与分养对虾体重分别为(7.04±0.19)g,(5.20±0.22)g;低密度混养与分养对虾体重分别为(7.89±0.34)g,(5.66±0.30)g)。总产量也是混养模式稍高于分养模式[高密度混养与分养对虾产量分别为(330.92±8.91)g,(189.47±8.05)g;低密度混养与分养对虾产量分别为(264.97±11.46)g,(135.82±7.27)g]。混养模式水体中的浮游植物的含量高于分室循环水模式中的含量,其它水化学指标间没有明显差异。分养循环水模式下虾室中水体过清、透明度过高,从而导致水中光照强度和光色的变化可能是其中对虾生长较慢的主要原因。     

Variation of the sea surface temperature distribution across the Kuroshio in the Tokara Strait

Distribution of the sea surface temperature (SST) across the Kuroshio has been measured in the Tokara Strait by the Kagoshima Prefectural Experimental Fishery Station, using a thermometer installed on boardEmerald-Amami, a ferry that operates regularly between Kagoshima and Naha. The data from 1 October 1978 to 30 September 1981 were analyzed in this paper.A sharp temperature front is usually formed at the northern edge of the current zone of the Kuroshio, and its position is very variable and moves north and south between Satamisaki and Nakanoshima. The northward migration of the front can easily be traced, but the southward migration is obscure in many cases. Some of the southward migrations seem to be understood as arising from the alternate appearance of two different fronts, namely a weakening of the northern front and a strengthening of the southern front, which are associated with the double structure of the Kuroshio front. The temperature contrast across the Kuroshio front is very weak in August through October, and the phase of its seasonal variation lags a few months behind that of temperature itself. Transitions between the states with and without temperature contrast occur suddenly, though the transition times differ year by year. Periodical fluctuations with a period of several tens of days are often observed in the migration region of the Kuroshio front. The fluctuations sometimes look very periodical within limited time periods, but the fluctuations are very changeable in nature from year to year.The results show that continuous observation of the SST distribution across the Tokara Strait yields a good tool for monitoring fluctuations of the Kuroshio path and the occurrence of the Ohsumi Branch Current, at least in the season when a large horizontal temperature contrast exists.     

"黄海1号"中国对虾体长遗传力的估计

应用数量遗传学原理和全同胞组内相关法估计了"黄海1号"中国对虾(Fenneropenaeus chinensis)孵化后3月龄和4月龄体长的遗传力.实验中的36尾亲虾均来自人工养殖的"黄海1号"第9代选育群体.通过人工授精技术,构建了9个半同胞家系和21个全同胞家系,分别测定了3月龄和4月龄时30尾后代个体的体长.利用SPSS软件的一般线性模型(GLM)过程,计算表型变量的方差组分,估计体长性状的遗传力.分析结果表明,"黄海1号"中国对虾3月龄和4月龄体长的狭义遗传力估计值分别在0.46～0.53和0.44～0.48之间.雌性遗传方差组分均显著大于雄性遗传方差组分(P<0.05),说明雌性遗传方差组分存在非加性效应或受环境影响较大.另外,雌性方差组分估计的遗传力由3月龄的0.53下降到4月龄的0.48,下降程度最大,说明雌性方差组分可能存在显著的母体效应.     

投饵水平对凡纳对虾生长、饲料利用和虾体主要成分的影响

为测定投饵水平对凡纳对虾生长、饲料利用和虾体组成的影响进行了为期一个月的生长实验。实验虾平均体重为0．09g左右,投喂含蛋白质42．15％、能量为18．9kJ/g的饲料,日投饲量分别为虾体重量的4％,6％,7%,8％,10％。结果表明,随着投饵水平的增加,增重率、特定生长率显著提高,而饲料系数、表观消化率和蛋白质效率却显著下降。对对虾虾体组成的分析表明,投饵水平对对虾虾体灰分、脂肪含量的影响显著。根据对虾生长及饲料利用的指标,凡纳对虾幼虾的适宜投饵水平为9．87％。     

低温脂肪酶基因在毕赤酵母中的表达研究

将已有的低温脂肪酶基因克隆至表达载体pPICZα上,并转化毕赤酵母X-33。在低温条件下诱导培养6d后,发酵液中可检测到低温脂肪酶活力。重组酵母发酵液加入二硫苏糖醇后单位酶活力达到32U/mL,与未加入该试剂的原始菌株相比提高4倍以上。对重组脂肪酶的酶学性质研究表明,其最适pH为8.0,最适温度为35℃,50℃温浴30min后,仍有30.04%的活性。以不同碳链长度的4-Nitrophenyl Ester为底物检测其底物特异性,结果显示其较适合作用于短链底物。重组酵母能够在BMMY培养基中胞外分泌表达带有His标签的重组脂肪酶,经镍柱纯化后,SDS-PAGE检测可得到大约35kDa的单一蛋白质条带。     

淋巴囊肿病毒mcp基因变异特征及其基因型分析

淋巴囊肿病毒是引起多种海、淡水鱼淋巴囊肿病的病原,且不同淋巴囊肿病毒分离株间存在一定的差异。本文对25株淋巴囊肿病毒分离株mcp基因的变异特征进行分析,结果表明:分离自同一宿主的淋巴囊肿病毒mcp基因序列并非完全一致,有些同宿主分离株间存在着较少的变异,其MCP蛋白序列间的变异位点多位于不规则结构域、属于非蛋白相互作用位点;分属不同基因型淋巴囊肿病毒分离株MCP蛋白序列间的变异位点也多位于不规则结构域,变异位点为蛋白相互作用位点的比率仅占21.98%。金头鲷淋巴囊肿病毒分离株LCDV-sa是一种新的淋巴囊肿病毒基因型,此25株淋巴囊肿病毒可分为7个基因型。对淋巴囊肿病毒变异的研究,可加深对其感染机制的认识,有助于了解其传播途径,可为淋巴囊肿病的防控提供重要的理论依据。     

外源基因在衣藻叶绿体中高效表达的研究

植物细胞核生物反应器技术快速发展,外源基因表达量低下一直是困扰该表达体系的一个瓶颈,衣藻叶绿体表达体系的建立为克服这一瓶颈带来新的希望.围绕如何进一步提高外源基因在衣藻叶绿体中的表达量,国内外学者近几年来进行了很多研究,并取得了很大的进展.对外源基因的同质化程度、衣藻叶绿体转录顺式作用元件及衣藻叶绿体基因密码子的偏好性等几个方面作了综述.     

海湾扇贝促性腺激素释放激素基因克隆及表达分析

促性腺激素释放激素(Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone,GnRH)是脊椎动物下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴的关键信号分子。近年来的研究显示,GnRH也存在于贝类等无脊椎动物,且在雌雄异体性别分化与繁殖中起重要作用,然而雌雄同体贝类GnRH的研究仍处于空白。本文以海湾扇贝为研究对象,利用RACE技术克隆获得GnRH的cDNA全长序列,该基因长1335 bp,编码101个氨基酸,前体包含1个由24个氨基酸组成的信号肽以及1个具有酰胺化修饰的活性肽(QNFHYSNGWQP-amide)。GnRH在脑足神经节和脏神经节中均有表达,且在2015年10月-2016年1月,GnRH在脑足神经节中的表达量显著高于脏神经节(P<0.05);GnRH在两个神经节中的表达均呈现先上升后下降的趋势,峰值出现在11月份,推测可能与性腺发育启动有关。本研究为深入理解GnRH在贝类繁殖调控中的作用奠定了基础。     

中国对虾“黄海1号”与野生群体F_1代生长发育规律比较

采用4种生长曲线模型对中国对虾"黄海1号"和野生群体F1代15项形态性状的生长规律进行了拟合,以三次函数模型的拟合优度(R2)最高;采用三次函数模型拟合的2个群体各形态性状的生长曲线、拐点月龄以及拐点体重(各形态性状长度)结果表明,中国对虾"黄海1号"的拐点月龄为2.87(拐点体重14.98 g),野生群体F1代的拐点月龄为4.05(拐点体重26.26 g);中国对虾"黄海1号"各形态性状的拐点月龄分布在0.51～3.07之间,达到最大生长速度的顺序分别为:头胸甲长>第1腹节宽>头胸甲高>腹1高>头胸甲宽>体长>全长>腹节5长>腹节3和4长>尾节长>腹节2长>腹节1长>腹节6长;野生群体F1代除第2腹节长的拐点月龄为0.45之外,其它性状的拐点月龄分布在2.38～3.08之间,达到最大生长速度的顺序分别为:腹节2长>腹节1长>腹节3长>腹节 4长>头胸甲高>腹节5长>头胸甲宽>全长>腹1高>腹1宽>尾节长＝头胸甲长＝体长> 腹节6长,除第1和第2腹节长2个性状外,野生群体F1代的其它性状均比中国对虾"黄海1号"发育迟缓了1个月左右.     

壳聚糖酶基因在解脂耶氏酵母中的表达及重组酶性质研究

为构建高效表达壳聚糖酶工程菌株,以Microbacteriumsp.基因组为模板扩增壳聚糖酶基因,目的基因与表达载体pINA1317连接构建重组质粒,重组质粒NotⅠ酶切线性化后转化解脂耶氏酵母Y.liPolytica Po1h。所得结果为PCR扩增得到约1000bp的特异性片段,序列分析表明含有壳聚糖酶全长基因,开放阅读框801bp,编码266个氨基酸残基。转化子酶活力为10.4U/mL,是原菌株酶活力的3.15倍。重组蛋白经DEAE-Sepharose FF分离纯化,达到电泳纯,SDS-PAGE显示单一条带,分子量约41kDa。重组酶反应最适温度为45℃,最适pH为5.6,Km和Vmax分别是0.926mg/mL和6.15U/mL。质谱分析酶解产物主要为三糖和五糖。实现了壳聚糖酶在解脂耶氏酵母中的分泌表达,为壳聚糖酶的工业化生产奠定了理论基础。     

虾池底泥间隙水中氨氮的变化特征及其对虾池生态环境的影响

根据不同类型虾池的生态环境调查资料,研究了虾池底泥间隙水中氨氮的变化特征及其与有机质,硫化物、化学耗氧量和电极电位的关系,同时还探讨了其对虾池生态环境的影响。     

硫应激单环刺螠差异表达的初步研究

采用mRNA差异显示技术(DDRT-PCR)研究了100μmol/L硫化物环境与正常海水中耐硫生物单环刺螠mRNA的表达差异,初步筛选出7条体腔液细胞的差异表达基因,其中1个cDNA克隆片段与其它物种的MAP kinase kinase kinase(MAPKKK)有较高同源性。进一步采用RT-PCR技术对其在硫化物刺激前后的表达进行了检测,结果显示该基因在对照和应激后2 h6、h的个体中表达较弱;刺激12 h后表达量增高,并随应激时间增加,呈明显上调趋势。表明单环刺螠MAPK信号通路可被硫化物刺激激活,进而通过该信号通路调节下游生理反应,为进一步研究单环刺耐硫特性的分子机制奠定了基础。     

中国对虾血淋巴抗菌活力的测定

采用溶藻胶弧菌（Ｖｉｂｒｉｏ ａｌｇｉｎｏｌｙｔｉｃｕｓ）、副溶血弧菌（Ｖ． ｐａｒａｈａｅｍ ｏｌｙｔｉｃｕｓ）、哈维氏弧菌（Ｖ．ｈａｒｖｅｙｉ）、嗜水气单胞菌（Ａｅｒｏｍ ｏｎａｓｈｙｄｒｏｐｈｉｌａ）对中国对虾（Ｐｅｎａｅｕｓ ｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ）血浆样品、血细胞溶解物（ＨＬＳ）样品的抗菌活力进行了测定。表明中国对虾血浆样品对四种细菌均表现出一定的抗菌活力。其中,三种弧菌活细胞数在孵育１ｈ 时呈现最低;嗜水气单胞菌活细胞数在孵育４ｈ 时最少。在三种弧菌中,血浆样品对哈维氏弧菌表现出的抗菌活力最强,而对副溶血弧菌表现出的抗菌活力最弱。血细胞溶解物样品对三种弧菌几乎没有表现出抗菌活力;嗜水气单胞菌在与血细胞溶解物样品孵育２ｈ 时,其活细胞数呈现最低,说明血细胞溶解物样品对该菌表现出了一定的抗菌活力。由此显示,抗菌活力在中国对虾血浆样品中表现得较强,而在血细胞溶解物样品中表现得较弱,血淋巴抗菌因子可以在短时间内对细菌表现出其最强的活力,但对不同种细菌其抗菌作用强弱不同。     

胶州湾浮游桡足类18S核糖体RNA基因序列变异分析

设计了桡足类特异引物,从胶州湾浮游生物混合DNA中选择性扩增了浮游桡足类18S核糖体RNA基因片段,建立了该基因片段变异类型文库。从文库中随机选择83个克隆,对所含的18S核糖体RNA基因片段进行了V,sp I和Bsh NI RFLP分析,发现5种操作分类单元(OTU),并对这些OTU的代表克隆进行了测序。分析发现获得的克隆均属于桡足亚纲。根据各OTU覆盖的克隆数计算的胶州湾浮游桡足类遗传多样性指数为0．96。特定基因序列分析能提供易整合、易比较的多样性数据,也是建立浮游生物群落结构分子生物学剖分方法的基础和形态分类的补充。     

凡纳滨对虾翻译控制肿瘤蛋白Fortilin的毕赤酵母表达及其对血细胞免疫反应的影响

翻译控制肿瘤蛋白Fortilin是1种多功能蛋白,参与重要的细胞活动.并且,对虾fortilin通过抑制病毒复制干扰病毒感染.参照Genbank中fortilin基因序列设计引物,PCR扩增得到凡纳滨对虾fortilin目的基因片段,EcoR I/XbaI双酶切插入表达载体pGAPZαA,转化大肠杆菌,经博来霉素(Zeocin)抗性筛选及测序分析,获得分泌型重组酵母表达载体pGAPZαA-F.酶切线性化后,经电穿孔法转入毕赤酵母细胞X-33,经Zeocin抗性筛选,得到阳性转化子.表达产物的上清液经SDS- PAGE电泳和质谱分析,表明在酵母中成功表达fortilin.以体外原代培养的对虾血细胞检测重组蛋白的免疫活性,结果显示重组蛋白显著提高了血细胞酚氧化酶和超氧化物歧化酶活性.该结果为下一步研究重组fortilin 在对虾养殖中的应用奠定了基础.