Fast imaging and inversion of on and off shore electromagnetic data

We consider thin layer algorithms for inversion of electromagnetic data acquired on large experimental grids. These algorithms do not involve targeted search of the model parameters. Instead, they determine an integrated characteristic of the model, i.e. heterogeneous conductance or transverse resistance, using a filtration technique developed for thin layer models, which adequately represent the geo-electric situation by a sequence of laterally homogeneous and heterogeneous layers. The corresponding filter reflects impedance/admittance relations between different components of the electromagnetic field in the stratified part of the model. Convolution of such filters with the data obtained from experimental measurements represents the most time consuming part of the computation. The convolution is carried out using a high performance algorithm, which makes the process of inversion extremely fast. The choice of a particular inversion algorithm is dictated by the specific geo-electric situation in the area of interest and the electromagnetic data subject to interpretation. Typically, most computations can be carried out in up to several minutes using a regular desktop or laptop PC.We restrict our consideration to two simplest algorithms for determination of the conductance of heterogeneous conductive layers (S-algorithm) and the transverse resistance of heterogeneous resistive layer (T-algorithm). The algorithms can be useful for interpretation of data acquired in on- and off-shore conditions with natural and controlled sources. Inversion can be jointly carried out for data sets collected for different source locations, at different frequencies, etc. Likewise, the algorithms can be used for interpreting the data collected using a moving source.Performance of the algorithms is demonstrated on a set of test inversions of numerically simulated data sets. The first group of the examples is typical for environmental applications. It is studied using the S-algorithm applied to natural and controlled source measurements for shallow and deep targets. The T-algorithm is applied for delineation of a gas hydrate type of reservoir using the data numerically simulated for such a problem.In geo-electrical situations that can be addressed using thin layer models, results of inversion hardly require any further elaboration. For instance, this happens when parameters of the heterogeneous layer satisfy thin layer conditions and its thickness can be determined from seismic measurements. When this is not the case, the model found by a thin layer inversion usually reveals correct location of the anomalous body and provides reasonable estimate of its integrated electric properties. In such situations the algorithm works as an imaging technique, which together with seismic information on the layer boundaries provides a justified initial model for a full scale 3D inversion and hopefully allows for avoiding pitfalls associated with a straightforward application of more traditional 3D inversion algorithms.     

基于非结构三角网格的海洋CSEM和MT二维联合反演研究

采用非结构三角形网格结合快速Occam算法对海洋可控源电磁(CSEM)与大地电磁(MT)数据进行二维联合反演试验研究.非结构三角形网格能够准确地模拟起伏地形和复杂地质构造,对反演目标区域采用精细网格剖分,其他区域采用粗网格剖分,在满足精度的前提下减少了不必要的计算量.将CSEM与MT数据加入到同一反演数据集中,通过对联...     

大地电磁交错采样有限差分二维正反演研究

交错采样网格能自动保证电磁场分布遵守能量守恒定律。本文基于交错采样网格,推导了大地电磁二维有限差分正演过程,实现了二维正演程序;通过与一维解析解对比,验证了算法的正确性且具有较高的计算精度。随后利用有限内存拟牛顿最优化算法,实现了交错采样有限差分二维反演;通过理论模型反演,验证了反演算法的稳定性,揭示有限内存拟牛顿反演计算效率明显优于非线性共轭梯度法。最后,通过对宕昌县官鹅沟大地电磁资料反演解释,查明了测区深部构造特征,表明算法具有较强实用性。     

磁电法基本原理、发展现状及前景展望

磁电法作为一类特点明显的电磁勘探方法在外国(美国、加拿大、澳大利亚等)已经有了成熟的应用,但是该类方法在我国应用研究较少,甚至不为众人所知。本文从数据采集与分析、正反演技术以及应用现状3个方面详细介绍了国内外磁电法的技术原理和发展现状;总结了磁电法的优缺点及适用的条件,对于我国未来磁电法的发展提出了建议。综述表明:1)目前地面数据采集为中梯方式,可以借鉴其他应用成熟的电磁法观测方式;2)磁电法从静电场理论出发无法得到绝对电导率,可以尝试频率域理论;3)地面数据的深度分辨能力需要提高,可以通过多源多分量三维反演来提高反演的准确性;4)建议在国内将磁电法的应用范围扩展到井中、海洋以及环境和工程领域。     

TEM探测深部煤层上覆多电性层的OCCAM反演

瞬变电磁法（TEM）以其对低阻体反映灵敏而被广泛用于煤矿水文地质勘探中,当煤层埋藏较深,上覆地层纵向上有多种电性层存在时,瞬变电磁法晚期经验公式计算结果已不能反映实际情况。通过深入研究OCCAM反演算法,认为选择使误差目标函数达到最小的正则化参数,在反演迭代步长过大时进行压缩迭代步长的控制方法,以及最光滑的模型约束,可以提高反演分辨率。在瞬变电磁数据处理中使用加入了上述参数、控制和约束的反演技术,经对理论模型数据进行反演,反演结果与模型的电性分布规律吻合,表明算法正确;在华北煤田深部采场的瞬变电磁法探测应用中,OCCAM反演分辨出了煤层上覆多种电性地层,效果较好。      

半航空瞬变电磁自适应正则化-阻尼最小二乘算法研究

反演问题一直是地球物理的重点研究问题之一。本文以长导线源半航空瞬变电磁为例,对时间域半航空数据进行一维反演研究。将自适应正则化(ARIA)反演方法和阻尼最小二乘(LM)反演方法相结合,提出一种改进的反演方法:自适应正则化-阻尼最小二乘(ARIA-LM)反演算法。本文选用三层理论模型对比阻尼最小二乘算法、自适应正则化反演算法与本文方法,并使用四层理论地层模型来验证算法的有效性和可靠性。结果表明:该算法在一定程度上对高阻分辨率增强,能有效提高反演的精度及稳定性。     

基于可控源电磁法阻抗信息的有限内存拟牛顿法三维反演

本文研究了利用阻抗信息进行可控源电磁勘探有限内存拟牛顿法三维反演的技术。首先用理论模型来验证有限内存拟牛顿法反演的准确性和可行性。观测参数为复阻抗Z_xy分量,采用交错网格有限差分方法计算模型响应,反演采用有限内存拟牛顿法。数值模拟结果表明：有限内存拟牛顿法反演迭代速度较快,每4 min迭代一次,拟合差由146.00下降到1.78,收敛稳定;异常体的位置与理论模型吻合较好,有效地验证了有限内存拟牛顿法可控源三维反演的正确性。为了进一步验证该方法的实用性,将其应用到隐伏钼矿可控源电磁勘探工作中。工区的反演结果显示：在工区北西段深部存在高阻异常,其上为低阻异常。截取过钻孔的3号测线发现,-500~-100 m的位置表现为低阻,东侧存在向上涌起的高阻。推测此低阻为矿化蚀变带,延伸较深。该异常与钻探资料揭示的钼矿脉一致,证明了反演结果的准确性。因此,利用可控源观测得到的阻抗信息进行有限内存拟牛顿法三维反演,可以获得可靠的三维电阻率分布。     

S-wave velocity profiling from refraction microtremor Rayleigh wave dispersion curves via PSO inversion algorithm

The refraction microtremor method has been increasingly used as an appealing tool for investigating near surface S-wave structure. However, inversion, as a main stage in processing refraction microtremor data, is challenging for most local search methods due to its high nonlinearity. With the development of data optimization approaches, fast and easier techniques can be employed for processing geophysical data. Recently, particle swarm optimization algorithm has been used in many fields of studies. Use of particle swarm optimization in geophysical inverse problems is a relatively recent development which offers many advantages in dealing with the nonlinearity inherent in such applications. In this study, the reliability and efficiency of particle swarm optimization algorithm in the inversion of refraction microtremor data were investigated. A new framework was also proposed for the inversion of refraction microtremor Rayleigh wave dispersion curves. First, particle swarm optimization code in MATLAB was developed; then, in order to evaluate the efficiency and stability of proposed algorithm, two noise-free and two noise-corrupted synthetic datasets were inverted. Finally, particle swarm optimization inversion algorithm in refraction microtremor data was applied for geotechnical assessment in a case study in the area in city of Tabriz in northwest of Iran. The S-wave structure in the study area successfully delineated. Then, for evaluation, the estimated Vs profile was compared with downhole data available around of the considered area. It could be concluded that particle swarm optimization inversion algorithm is a suitable technique for inverting microtremor waves.     

大定源瞬变电磁一维自适应正则化反演

自适应正则化反演对初始模型要求较低,直接对瞬变电磁响应数据进行反演。正则化因子通过计算每次迭代的数据目标函数和模型目标函数自适应的得到,从而快速获得地下的地电结构。本文采用自适应正则化反演算法对大定源回线瞬变电磁一维层状模型进行反演,使用均匀半空间作为初始模型,首次采用模型对深度的二阶导数极小的模型约束,通过典型理论模型的反演计算,证明了TEM自适应正则化一维反演算法拟合效果好、精度高,由于不用反复搜索正则化因子,并且收敛速度快,体现了良好的稳定性和可靠性。     

利用可控源音频大地电磁法勘探富水陷落柱

河北某矿区内水文地质条件复杂,含水层多,富水性强,断层裂隙发育,电阻率与岩性、构造相关性强。在可控源音频大地电磁法施工中采用赤道偶极装置,利用PHOENIX公司的V6-A电磁测深仪,测量Ex和Hy,经对采集的原始数据进行剔值、去噪、滤波、校正处理,及反演成像,得到了每条测线反演的电阻率数据,并绘制出各其电阻率反演断面图。解释结果经矿方打钻验证,物探资料可靠。     

Application of VES and TDEM techniques to investigate sea water intrusion in Sidi Abdel Rahman area, northwestern coast of Egypt

The present study is an approach to detect the sea/freshwater interface in Sidi Abdel Rahman area, northwestern coast of Egypt using both vertical electrical sounding and time domain electromagnetic. The measured vertical electrical soundings are interpreted in 1D and 2D manner. The 1D inversion is carried out using the commercial software (RESIST), whereas 2D resistivity nonlinear iterative inversion scheme based on the finite element technique and regularization method was used. The time domain electromagnetic stations are interpreted using Temixxl-4 software by Interpex Ltd. To have the advantages of the vertical electrical sounding in shallow depths and time domain electromagnetic in deep depths, a joint inversion algorithm is applied for the electric profile and the nearby electromagnetic profile. Very low resistivity values have been observed near the coast as well as a considerable salt/fresh water interface. The tip-top portion of the interface lies approximately 1,000 m from the shore line.     

时间域航空电磁数据加权横向约束反演

传统的单点一维反演技术处理时间域航空电磁数据得到的电阻率和层厚度容易呈现横向不连续性,导致层界面不光滑。即使相邻测点的反演结果也会出现突变现象,与实际地质情况不符,给解释工作带来困难。笔者针对时间域航空电磁数据空间采样密集、在沉积岩地区工作时地下电性结构横向连续性较好的特点,研究了时间域航空电磁数据参数加权横向约束反演方法。反演时同时考虑数据拟合、相邻测点电阻率和层厚度横向约束以及深度横向约束,利用参数加权来调整对各层模型参数和深度横向光滑度的约束强度。通过对理论和实测数据反演并与传统的单点一维反演结果进行对比,验证了拟二维横向加权约束反演是处理时间域航空电磁数据的有效方法。横向约束反演结果电阻率和层厚度横向光滑连续,层界面清晰。引入参数加权实现对不同参数横向光滑度和连续性的制约,可进一步提高反演解的稳定性。加权因子对反演结果有较大影响,在实际应用中,应该综合考虑地质资料选择合适的加权因子。     

测高数据不准时的直升机航空瞬变电磁一维反演方法理论研究

航空电磁勘探中,高度计显示的发射线圈高度数据往往是不准确的,这可能会影响反演结果,出现假异常现象。针对这一情况,提出了一种高度计数据不准确条件下的航空瞬变电磁资料一维反演方法,在重构地电参数的同时也对发射线圈高度值进行校正。由于航空电磁反演问题是典型的病态问题,使用正则化反演方法,正则化因子由数据目标函数与模型目标函数之间的关系以自适应方式给出,使得反演迭代能稳定进行。以直升机航空瞬变电磁资料反演为例,用理论模型响应数据加入噪声进行反演,结果表明,无论初始高度值是高于真值还是低于真值,该反演方法均能够较好地重构地下介质参数和发射线圈高度值;作为反演初值的发射线圈高度测量值越准确时,反演迭代收敛速度就越快,反演效果也越好。     

三分量地-孔瞬变电磁法积水采空区探测试验

孔中物探方法是近几年行业研究的热点,考虑到金属矿上应用较成熟的地-孔瞬变电磁法具有径向探测距离远,数据信号不易受地面电磁干扰影响等特点,将其应用到煤矿积水采空区探查领域。采用三维时域有限差分算法对钻孔不同方位的积水采空区模型的总场响应、异常响应进行了数值模拟,总场三分量对积水采空区反映明显,异常场三分量形态组合能判别异常体的方位。采用等效涡流原理,研究了利用异常场三分量来反演异常体的位置、倾角和规模等参数的空间定位算法。通过不同方位的理论模型测试,不同时刻的反演等效电流环大小、位置的组合能反应含水采空区的空间位置及规模。最后在陕北某矿针对已知含水采空区开展地-孔瞬变电磁法探测试验,采集的三分量信号光滑可靠,且异常反应明显,并对不同时刻的异常场三分量数据进行反演处理,反演结果与实际采空区位置和规模基本一致,证明该方法可作为煤矿钻孔中探查积水采空区的有效手段。      

电磁资料在柴达木盆地东部地区石炭系勘探中的应用

以柴达木盆地东部新采集的电磁资料为基础,同时以钻井、地震资料为约束,结合其他勘探资料、重力资料进行柴东地区石炭系综合研究、联合解释。研究过程中,首先对电磁资料进行了前期的预处理和反演,主要采用了一维Bostick反演、一维连续介质反演、二维共轭梯度反演、二维连续介质反演及最优化电性分层等反演技术;而后通过对电磁资料进行联合解释和综合研究,得出了柴达木盆地东部石炭系厚度图、石炭系埋深图等柴东地区综合研究成果;最后利用上述研究成果预测了柴达木盆地东部石炭系含油气有利区带,并且进一步针对柴达木盆地东部石炭系勘探提出了有意义的结论和建议。     

高密度电阻率法比值参数基于阻尼最小二乘反演

三电位电极系中装置的探测精度和数据处理方法的研究一直是地球物理工作者研究的一个热点,同时也存在很大的争议。利用正演模拟结果讨论了岩溶地区几种可能存在的地质条件下三种装置的探测精度,发现β装置和γ装置的探测效果明显优于α装置;然后利用正演计算得到的数据合成比值参数(T),对合成数据T进行最小二乘反演,发现T值反演结果和视电阻率反演结果一致,并在噪声影响较大的区域,T值反演结果优于T值等值线图,可作为判断异常体特征的一个依据,也可验证视电阻率的反演结果,弥补由于噪声对某种单一装置探测效果的影响。以义马某地的水文地质勘察为例,T值最小二乘反演结果表明,在含水低阻区域T值也呈现小值异常,且显示的异常体边界准确,结构特征明显。利用T值反演对数据处理具有重要的意义,应予以重视。     

积分方程法三维模拟井地电法并行算法研究

在积分方程法模拟三维电磁响应原理的基础上,对井地电法三维正演模拟并行算法做了研究。同时,还利用Fortran 6.5和消息传递接口(MPI)开发了井地电法三维正演模拟并行计算程序。在求解大型线性方程组时,采用的是稳定的双共轭梯度(BICGSTAB)算法,单机正演程序与并行正演程序的计算结果有着很好的一致性,这说明了并行算法的正确性,为进一步开发井地电法三维反演并行程序奠定了基础,也为井地电法三维正、反演程序实用化提供了技术支持。     

考虑激发极化效应的瞬变电磁一维Occam反演

大地的感应激发极化效应有时会在瞬变电磁晚期响应上产生负值变号现象。常规实电阻率瞬变电磁反演由于没有考虑激发极化效应,对于观测数据负值部分的解释一直存在问题,这影响了反演解释的真实性和可信度。对此,本文首先将Cole-Cole复电阻率模型加入正演计算,并验证了计算的准确性。然后在阻尼最小二乘法的基础上加入Occam平滑约束来构建反演方程,能够同时反演出零频电阻率、充电率、时间常数以及频率相关系数,实现了一维瞬变电磁复电阻率反演算法。最后,建立具有不同程度激发极化效应的典型层状理论模型进行反演试算与结果分析,结果表明,在激发极化效果明显的低阻高极化地层中,复电阻率反演效果更好。与实电阻率反演结果的对比说明,瞬变电磁复电阻率反演既可以达到实电阻率的常规反演效果,也能解决实电阻率无法实现的负值拟合问题。     

基于时间卷积网络的地震波阻抗反演

近些年来,深度学习网络的兴起极大地推动了人工智能技术在地震数据处理、反演以及解译等领域的应用.地震波阻抗反演是石油地震勘探领域的一项关键技术,其反演精度在圈定油气储层构造中起到非常重要的作用.提出了一种基于数据驱动时间卷积网络（temporal convolution network,TCN）模型的地震波阻抗反演方法,旨在无需建立初始反演模型,直接利用工区的少量测井标签数据,以地震振幅数据为输入,将波阻抗反演转化为时间序列建模任务,最终输出地下模型的阻抗信息.采用Marmousi2数据集对基于TCN的波阻抗反演模型进行训练、验证和测试,结果显示,在测试集上该模型预测结果的皮尔逊系数和决定系数分别达到97.92%和95.95%,并对远离训练区域的波阻抗信息预测有着良好的泛化性,且在预测时间和预测精度等方面都要明显优于前人的相关研究工作.上述结果表明,TCN时间序列深度学习模型在复杂地层波阻抗反演中具有一定优越性和应用前景,为地震波阻抗反演提供了新思路.      

Hydrogeophysical investigation and estimation of groundwater potentials of the Lower Palaeozoic to Precambrian crystalline basement rocks in Keffi area, north-central Nigeria, using resistivity methods

The use of resistivity sounding and two-dimensional (2-D) resistivity imaging was investigated with the aim of delineating and estimating the groundwater potential in Keffi area. Rock types identified are mainly gneisses and granites. Twenty-five resistivity soundings employing the Schlumberger electrode array were conducted across the area. Resistivity sounding data obtained were interpreted using partial curve matching approach and 1-D inversion algorithm, RESIST version 1.0. The 2-D resistivity imaging was also carried out along two traverses using dipole–dipole array, and the data obtained were subjected to finite element method modeling using DIPRO inversion algorithm to produce a two-dimensional subsurface geological model. Interpretation of results showed three to four geoelectrical layers. Layer thickness values were generally less than 2 m for collapsed zone, and ranged from 5 to 30 m for weathered bedrock (saprolite). Two major aquifer units, namely weathered bedrock (saprolite) aquifer and fractured bedrock (saprock) aquifer, have been delineated with the latter usually occurring beneath the former in most areas. Aquifer potentials in the area were estimated using simple schemes that involved the use of three geoelectrical parameters, namely: depth to fresh bedrock, weathered bedrock (saprolite) resistivity and fractured bedrock (saprock) resistivity. The assessment delineated the area into prospective high, medium and low groundwater potential zones.