北太平洋气候若干特点分析

利用1950-1995年共46 a的北太平洋船舶报资料,以5°×5°网格为统计单元,绘制了历年各月风向频率、平均风速、6级和8级大风、能见度(≥10 km和≤4km)、雾、雷暴频率等气象要素分布图.在对影响海上航行的风、能见度、雾、和雷暴等主要气象要素进行统计的基础上,较为详细分析表述了北太平洋风、能见度、雾、雷暴等海洋气候要素的分布特点及其年变化规律.     

菲律宾海的气候特征

本文根据1950～1995年共46年西北太平洋船舶资料,以5°×5°网格为统计单元,绘制的累年各月风、温度、气旋、降水、能见度、雷暴、雾等气象要素图,并结合国内外其它资料对菲律宾海进行了较为详细的分析研究,阐明了该海区的气候特点及其变化规律.     

北印度洋风浪场特点及最佳航线分析

对１９８０－１９９０年北印度洋气象船舶报资料,按２°×２°网格进行了分析。通过分析研究阐明了北印度洋风,浪,涌的特点及其变化规律,这一海区是世界名的季风气候区,季风时期的风向,风浪传播方向,涌浪传播方向基本一致,夏季的西南季风比冬季的东北季风要强盛得多;大浪大涌频率高达８０％－９０％,该海域与南海属同一类型,但特点正好相反,按照船舶航行的对水气象条件的要求,横穿北印度洋时间以季风转换月份为最佳     

北印度洋风浪场特点及最佳航线分析

对1980—1990年的北印度洋气象船舶报资料,按2°×2°网格进行了分析。通过分析研究阐明了北印度洋风、浪、涌的特点及其变化规律。这一海区是世界著名的季风气候区,季风时期的风向、风浪传播方向、涌浪传播方向基本一致,夏季的西南季风比冬季的东北季风要强盛得多,大浪大涌频率高达80％－90％。该海域与南海属同一类型,但特点正好相反。按照船舶航行对水文气象条件的要求,横穿北印度洋的时间以季风转换月份为最佳,冬季次之,夏季航行则相当危险。     

35°S以北的印度洋的气候状况和季风特征

３５°Ｓ以北的印度洋位于热带和副热带,北印度洋和印度次大陆及东南亚是全球最显著的季风气候区。北印度洋冬季为东北季风控制;但由于青藏高原阻断了冷空气,没有寒冷天气夏季风在南亚和东南亚陆上主要表现为暴雨,在北印度洋上主要表现为强劲的西南风;特别是在阿拉伯海的索马里急流区,夏季经常有６￣８级以上的西南大风。在春秋季的季风过渡季节,北印度洋时有台风发生,强风暴潮给孟加拉国造成极大的灾难。在春秋季的季风过渡     

北大西洋风场和海浪场特点分析

根据1950～1995年共46a的北大西洋气象船舶报资料,对按5°×5°网格统计的风、浪要素进行分析研究,阐明了北大西洋风、浪、涌的特点及其变化规律.该区是世界典型的季风气候区,季风时期的风向、风浪传播方向、涌浪传播方向基本一致,低纬地区常年盛行东北浪.冬季季风比夏季季风强盛,相应的平均波高、大浪大涌频率也较大.该海域与北印度洋同属季风气候区,但其特点正好相反.本文提供了较翔实的风场和浪场资料及变化规律.     

南印度洋风场时空特征分析

本文根据1950～1995年共46a的南印度洋船舶气象报资料,按1°×1°和5°×5°网格统计的海面风进行分析研究。通过分析每月各要素的等值线分布图,得出南印度洋风场季节变化不如北半球各大洋显著,但仍有较明显的季节变化,只是季节性差异较小,冬季比夏季风强盛,相应的平均风速、6级和8级以上大风频率也较大;全年风场基本相似,10°S以北为季风气候区,而其它海域信风区常年盛行东南风,40°S以南盛行偏西风。本文为船舶远洋交通运输、远洋出访和科学试验等活动,提供了较为详细的风场资料及变化规律。     

北太平洋风场特点

本文根据 1950～1995年共46a的北太平洋气象船舶报资料，按 5°＊5°网格统计的逐月平均气压、风向频率、平均风速、≥6级和≥8级大风频率等要素进行绘图分析，阐明了北太平洋气压场、风场特点及其变化规律。     

基于地基微波辐射计观测的东营地区低能见度天气指示性分析

针对东营市2016—2017 年出现的27 个低能见度天气过程,利用 MP -3000A 型地基微波辐射计二级数据,计算过程影响期间逐10 min 的逆温层温差、逆温层厚度和低层相对湿度等物理量。 结合空气质量和能见度变化情况,按照雾和霾、雾、降水三类天气对 27 次过程进行分类研究,总结地基微波辐射计观测的温湿度量对低能见度天气的指示意义和参考指标。结果表明:(1)雾和霾共同影响导致的低能见度天气出现在冬半年,PM2. 5浓度越大通常对应的能见度越低;逆温层温差和逆温层厚度与能见度的相关系数分别为-0. 39 和-0. 45,逆温层温差增大指示能见度降低,逆温层厚度减小指示能见度升高。低层相对湿度在 90%以上时,能见度受雾影响通常小于 2 km;低层相对湿度在80%以下时,能见度受霾影响仍然维持在5 km 以下。(2)雾影响导致的低能见度天气多出现在冬半年,与 PM2. 5浓度无关;逆温层温差和逆温层厚度与能见度的相关系数分别为-0. 54和-0. 45。在逆温层生成和破坏阶段,逆温层温差变化幅度大,对能见度的指示性更强,而逆温层厚度变化幅度相对较小,多维持在 300 ~ 400 m 之间。低层相对湿度 90%以上时能见度通常小于5 km,当低层湿层消失后能见度升高至 5 km 以上。(3)降水影响导致的低能见度天气出现在夏季,多伴随短时强降水出现,强降水时段逆温层温差达到8 ℃ 以上,逆温层厚度为 500 m;强降水结束后,逆温消失,能见度转好。     

第二讲 世界海雾的分布和季节变化

一、太平洋的雾 1.概况 太平洋上的雾,分布在30°N以北和35°S以南洋面上,而中间的热带洋面上极少有海雾发生。 从北太平洋海雾分布来看,雾区集中于30°─50°N的洋面上,50°N以北除白令海峡夏季有雾之外,其他海域很少有雾。在这一带状雾区里,海雾的分布也是不均匀的,其中以大洋两侧海岸附近的海雾较多,而大洋中部却较少。北太平洋西岸,从千岛群岛南下到日本北海道一线,为北太平洋海雾最频繁的区域,而且雾的浓度也大。北太平洋东部加利福尼亚沿岸也是一个海雾区,虽然其频率和浓度与千岛群岛雾区相比较为逊色,然而在北太平洋东岸却是一个显著的海雾区。 海雾的分布有明显的季节变化,春、夏季分布范围广,出现频率高,且西部胜于东部;秋、冬季分布范围小,出现频率低,东部略高于西部。从冬季到夏季,海雾的分布范围逐渐由     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.