地下水-陆生植被系统研究评述

依赖于地下水的生态系统广泛分布,潜水含水层本身是个生态系统,地下水不仅维持许多水生生态系统,而且是干旱-半干旱地区陆生植被生存的重要水源。研究地下水与植被的相互联系是生态水文地质学的主要组成部分,重点介绍地下水-植被系统的研究方法。植被吸收的地下水量占总蒸腾量的比例是评价植被依赖地下水程度的一个定量指标,蒸腾量比例呈季节性与区域性变化,取决于植被类型、地下水位埋深与动态变化、土壤岩性与气候条件。植被总蒸腾量可以用涡流相关系统测量。地下水的蒸腾量可以用植物茎流计测量,或者用地下水位昼夜变化估算。用同位素混合模型也能估算地下水占总蒸腾量的比例。植被对地下水位下降的响应可能有两种形式,一种是线性比例响应,另一种是临界突变响应,只有通过长期系统观测植被长势与地下水位的变化才能利用统计分析建立两者响应关系。目前,植被-水文模型只能模拟植被冠层截流与蒸腾对土壤水与地下水的影响,或者模拟土壤水-地下水对植被生长的影响,地下水与植被相互作用与反馈的耦合模型还是个空白。     

土地整治研究进展综述与展望

我国土地整治于上世纪90年代后期提出并开始实施。十多年来,我国土地整治在提高农业综合生产能力、加快农业现代化、推进工业化和城镇化进程及实现城乡统筹发展等方面发挥了重要作用。随着土地整治工作的全面推进,土地整治日益受到专家学者的重视。文章系统总结了近年来国内外在土地整治模式、土地整治规划、土地整治评价、土地整治公众参与、土地整治工程技术、土地整治对生态环境影响等方面研究所取得的重要进展。基于我国土地整治工作在新形势下面临更加严峻挑战的背景,提出土地整治中土地财产权保护、生态文明建设、制度保障体系、工程技术支撑等重点研究方向。     

A century and counting: Geographical research on Guatemala in historical perspective

In his recent book Putting Science in its Place: Geographies of Scientific Knowledge (2004), David Livingstone challenges historians of geography to locate that history in space and places, as well as time. Using the national/cultural space that is Guatemala, this paper plots some of the co-ordinates, contours, and questions that such a geographic history might entail. Particular emphasis is placed on providing a first approximation of the contours the history of geographic research in, and on, Guatemala. The main focus is on the work of self-identified geographers, though many scholars in cognate fields, especially historians, archaeologists, and anthropologists have made important contributions to this history. Clear phases in this history are evident, starting in the late 19th century with the work of the German geographer Karl Sapper. North American geographers came to dominate the record in the post-WWII period. The current phase promises not only a new generation of researchers, but also new directions as well as some continuities with topics and questions with a century-old time-depth. This paper seeks to contribute to the largely inchoate project of producing histories of geography at the regional, national, and continental scales for Latin America.     

The convincing identification of terrestrial meteorite impact structures: What works,what doesn't,and why

In the geological sciences it has only recently been recognized how important the process of impact cratering is on a planetary scale, where it is commonly the most important surface-modifying process. On the Moon and other planetary bodies that lack an appreciable atmosphere, meteorite impact craters are well preserved, and they can commonly be recognized from morphological characteristics, but on Earth complications arise as a consequence of the weathering, obliteration, deformation, or burial of impact craters and the projectiles that formed them. These problems made it necessary to develop diagnostic criteria for the identification and confirmation of impact structures on Earth. Diagnostic evidence for impact events is often present in the target rocks that were affected by the impact. The conditions of impact produce an unusual group of melted, shocked, and brecciated rocks, some of which fill the resulting crater, and others which are transported, in some cases to considerable distances from the source crater. Only the presence of diagnostic shock-metamorphic effects and, in some cases, the discovery of meteorites, or traces thereof, is generally accepted as unambiguous evidence for an impact origin. Shock deformation can be expressed in macroscopic form (shatter cones) or in microscopic forms (e.g., distinctive planar deformation features [PDFs] in quartz). In nature, shock-metamorphic effects are uniquely characteristic of shock levels associated with hypervelocity impact. The same two criteria (shock-metamorphic effects or traces of the impacting meteorite) apply to distal impact ejecta layers, and their presence confirms that materials found in such layers originated in an impact event at a possibly still unknown location. As of 2009 about 175 impact structures have been identified on Earth based on these criteria. A wide variety of shock-metamorphic effects has been identified, with the best diagnostic indicators for shock metamorphism being features that can be studied easily by using the polarizing microscope. These include specific planar microdeformation features (planar fractures [PFs], PDFs), isotropization (e.g., formation of diaplectic glasses), and phase changes (high pressure phases; melting). The present review provides a detailed discussion of shock effects and geochemical tracers that can be used for the unambiguous identification of impact structures, as well as an overview of doubtful criteria or ambiguous lines of evidence that have erroneously been applied in the past.     

华北克拉通东部胶北地体早前寒武纪表壳岩系：研究进展与综述

胶北地体是华北克拉通早前寒武纪基底岩系的代表性出露区,变质表壳岩系在该地体的分布较为普遍。由于这些表壳岩系对探究华北克拉通早前寒武纪地质演化历史、资源和表生环境演化等的重要作用,国内外学者从岩石单元划分、时代框架、变质演化、含矿性及对表生环境演化的启示等多个方面开展了研究工作,并取得很多重要的研究进展。但是由于研究者对这些表壳岩系的岩石单元划分提出了多个不同方案,造成了岩石单元定义不清、使用混乱的情况。对表壳岩的岩石类型、空间分布和时间格架的研究,也存在多种不同意见,其中对古元古代变质沉积岩形成时代的争议最大。本文对不同的岩石单元划分方案进行梳理,总结研究进展,并对研究中存在的问题和争议进行讨论,明确未来研究方向。传统观点认为,胶北地体早前寒武纪表壳岩系包括中太古界唐家庄岩群、新太古界胶东岩群以及古元古界荆山群和粉子山群。本文在综述相关研究进展的基础上,结合地质年代学研究结果和野外地质关系发现：(1)唐家庄岩群和胶东岩群的一部分岩石记录太古宙晚期和古元古代两期变质作用,表明这部分岩石的形成时代应该在新太古代之前,但是目前对两个岩石单元的原岩形成时代尚无明确约束;(2)唐家庄岩群变质级别普遍为麻粒岩相,而胶东岩群岩石大多显示角闪岩相矿物组合;(3)分布于昌邑-莱州一带的含铁岩系原来被划归古元古界粉子山群小宋组,一些学者依据新的定年结果提出小宋组的形成时代应该为新太古代(约2.7~2.5Ga),属于新太古界胶东岩群;(4)古元古代(约2.2~2.1Ga)的花岗岩和辉长岩在胶北地体较为常见,呈现双峰式岩浆特征,在一些地区识别出古元古代岩浆岩与小宋组含铁岩系、荆山群野头组变质沉积岩呈侵入接触关系,暗示两个岩石单元的形成时代应该早于~2.1Ga;(5)从野外产状特征来看,胶北地体唐家庄岩群和胶东岩群的很多变质基性-超基性岩的原岩可能并不是火山岩,而是侵入岩。基于胶北地体古元古代岩浆活动、表壳岩系与其底部岩系的接触关系,并综合考虑其沉积、变质和岩浆活动的时代框架,本文认为胶北地体古元古代表壳岩系形成的构造背景为克拉通伸展盆地,代表华北古元古代活动带在胶北地体的早期响应。虽然关于胶北地体早前寒武纪表壳岩系的研究取得很多进展,但由于多期变质变形的叠加改造,表壳岩原始结构和构造已经被后期变形样式置换,对其岩石单元划分、每个岩石单元的岩石组成、区域对比关系、年代学框架和构造含义等多个方面,仍然存在很多问题和争议有待于深入研究。

     

多水塘系统水文连通及其对磷输移影响研究进展

多水塘系统是农业流域常见的小型水利工程,空间交错的沟塘结构导致其水文连通过程复杂多变,对流域营养盐截源控污影响显著。为强化多水塘系统水文连通对磷输移影响的认知,以多水塘系统及其水文连通的定义内涵为切入点,归纳了多水塘水文连通性评估方法;基于景观格局、水文过程和生物地球化学过程聚焦多水塘系统对磷输移的调控作用;阐明了水文连通变化通过驱动干湿交替对磷输移环境以及通过调节水分滞留时间对磷输移通量的影响。指出多水塘系统水文连通变化的驱动机制、沟塘滞留效率的尺度扩展、定量模拟和优化调控是未来多水塘系统环境效应研究的重要方向,以期为保障多水塘水质改善功能提供理论依据。     

Recent progress on reservoir history matching: a review

History matching is a type of inverse problem in which observed reservoir behavior is used to estimate reservoir model variables that caused the behavior. Obtaining even a single history-matched reservoir model requires a substantial amount of effort, but the past decade has seen remarkable progress in the ability to generate reservoir simulation models that match large amounts of production data. Progress can be partially attributed to an increase in computational power, but the widespread adoption of geostatistics and Monte Carlo methods has also contributed indirectly. In this review paper, we will summarize key developments in history matching and then review many of the accomplishments of the past decade, including developments in reparameterization of the model variables, methods for computation of the sensitivity coefficients, and methods for quantifying uncertainty. An attempt has been made to compare representative procedures and to identify possible limitations of each.     

滩坝沉积研究进展综述

滩坝是发育于滨岸带非常重要的一种沉积相类型和油气储集体,是滩和坝的总称。国外关于滩坝的研究,多集中于对现代沉积与野外露头的考察,侧重于成因机理的解释;中国的沉积学家、石油地质学家则偏重于陆相湖盆滩坝的沉积特征与油气地质意义的研究。作者从滩坝的成因出发,对滩坝的分类、沉积模式、控制因素、古地理及油气意义进行了总结梳理,提出滩坝是“风(风浪)-源(物源)-盆(盆地演化)”系统内综合作用下的产物,表现在:波浪是滩坝形成的动力;物源是滩坝形成的物质基础;盆地层序-构造演化过程中古地貌与古水深决定了滩坝的发育位置与范围。研究滩坝发育的控制因素,有利于为其在垂向上和平面上的分布预测提供有力的支持,具有重要的油气勘探意义。滩坝砂体记录了其形成时的古地理条件。特别地,通过对滩坝砂体沉积特征的解剖,可以一定程度上定量反映其形成时的古风浪条件,进而可以恢复古大气流场,这对古气候的恢复起到了重要的补充作用。     

钼同位素地球化学研究进展及其在成矿作用研究中的应用潜力

近年来,随着多接收器电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(MC-ICP-MS)的广泛应用和测试精度的不断提高,非传统稳定同位素成为同位素地球化学最前沿和最活跃的研究领域。其中钼同位素作为非传统稳定同位素发展较为成熟的方向之一,已经逐步应用到地球科学、生命科学、环境科学等各个重要领域,并取得了长足的发展。本文对近些年国内外所取得的钼同位素研究成果进行了系统整理、总结,并对钼同位素的应用潜力进行了概括性的综述,主要包括钼元素及其同位素的地球化学特征、钼同位素分析测试技术、钼同位素的分馏机制、不同地球化学储库的钼同位素组成、成矿作用过程中钼同位素组成的变化特征及其在矿床中的应用。以期让更多人了解钼同位素这一非传统稳定同位素的最新研究进展,进一步探索成矿作用过程中钼同位素的组成特征、分馏机制和影响因素等,并有效推动钼同位素地球化学在成矿作用研究方面的应用。     

城市化对降水影响的研究综述

通过长期研究,关于城市化会对局地降水产生一定影响已成为共识,但由于不同地区降水形成、分布机制的复杂性以及气象观测资料、数值天气模式的局限性,目前国际上对于城市化影响降水的物理机制及驱动因素仍存在不同认识,关于不同条件下城市化对降水影响的具体规律也具有争议。在阐述城市化对降水影响的主要物理机制的基础上,从站点资料解析和综合遥感资料解析两方面归纳和比较了近年城市化对降水影响的主要资料检测事实,总结了关于城市化单一因素和综合因素对降水影响的数值模拟试验的主要结论,最后从城市综合气象观测试验、城市化降水效应的系统检测、城市化降水效应的精细化模拟、城市化降水效应的区域影响、城市化降水效应的适应与调控5个方面,论述了存在的主要问题及发展方向,为深化对城市化降水效应的科学认识以及应对其不利影响提供了参考。     

Research progress on aging of organic pollutants in geosorbents: a review

Geosorbents are the main host of anthropogenic organic pollutants and play a vital role in their fate and transport in the natural environment. Soil and sediment are the most common and abundant geosorbents in the natural environment; their interactions with organic pollutants, especially sorption and desorption processes, have been extensively studied from the perspectives of thermodynamics and kinetics. Recently, the aging of organic pollutants in geosorbents has drawn increased attention, leading to an improved understanding of interactions between organic pollutants and geosorbents and informing remediation criteria. Aging has been deemed important in accurately assessing ecologic and health risks of organic pollutants, and both positive and negative impacts have been reported in studies of natural and artificial sorbents. This paper summarizes recent research progress on organic pollutant aging in geosorbents, including related mechanism research, influence factors, bioavailability assessments, and biological and physicochemical remediation of aged organic pollutants. We also discuss issues in the current research and bring forward suggestions for future study.     

青藏高原植被动态与环境因子相互关系的研究现状与展望

青藏高原是中国乃至全球对气候变化最敏感的地区之一,是全球平均海拔最高的地理单元,对周边地区起到重要的生态安全屏障作用.近年来,当地植被受到气候变化和人类活动的双重压力.本文基于文献检索分析青藏高原的植被生理、生态特征对气候变化和人为干扰的响应,并利用荟萃分析定量综述植被覆盖度变化对土壤理化性质的影响.在此基础上分析青藏...     

水分蒸散发研究国内外进展与趋势

蒸散发(evapotranspiration)是联系大气过程和陆面水文过程的关键环节,对区域/流域水循环过程和水量平衡具有重要影响。然而,随着全球气候变暖和人类活动的影响,近年来全球各地区(潜在)蒸散发及其对气象要素的响应发生了显著变化。如何精确测定和估算蒸散发已成为定量研究水循环响应全球气候变化的重要内容。本文从蒸散发理论方法的发展、国内外蒸散发的变化趋势及影响因素、蒸散发的时空变化及敏感性分析三个方面进行综述,总结了目前国内外蒸散发的主要估算模型。估算和测定蒸散发的主要方法有水文学法、微气象学法、植物生理学法、遥感方法和SPAC综合模拟法。本文综述了各种蒸散发估算、测定方法的适用性和优缺点,基于敏感性和趋势分析重点总结了蒸散发的变化趋势及影响因素。研究表明,全球范围内不同地区均出现"蒸发悖论"现象,潜在蒸散发或蒸发皿蒸发量呈减少趋势,日照时数和风速是影响蒸散发变化的主要因素。本文系统的对比分析可以为研究气候变化条件下的水循环过程及对水资源的影响、大气—土壤—植被系统的水文循环机理、农业管理等提供重要的科学依据。     

Geothermal energy research in Kenya: a review

Geothermal energy for electricity generation is likely to become increasingly important in Kenya in the future. There are numerous centres of thermal activity in Kenya, particularly within the Rift Valley, although aridity and, consequently, availability of water may be a constraint to the development of large scale natural hydrothermal systems. Geothermal resources in the islands of Lake Turkana and those close to other rift lakes deserve further investigation as they do not suffer from the constraints of a shortage of water. The experience gained so far at Oikaria shows that environmental problems can be adequately addressed, though constant monitoring is necessary. H₂S emissions preclude the setting up of permanent residences within about 5 km of the geothermal power stations. Trace elements and radiation from geothermal fluids need to be monitored with respect to their impacts on plants and animals. The impact on the local hydrogeology also requires close observation. Multistage uses of geothermal fluids will greatly increase the benefits derived from this resource.     

铬同位素在高温岩浆过程中的研究进展

铬(Cr)属于氧化还原敏感元素,在岩浆过程中是一种中度相容和轻度亲铁元素。Cr在硅酸盐地球中主要有三种价态:Cr²⁺、Cr³⁺和Cr⁶⁺。Cr存在于不同来源的矿物和岩石中,其氧化还原状态和同位素组成可以为其成因、氧化还原条件和相关成矿历史提供有价值的信息。近年来,铬同位素越来越多地应用到现代环境、古环境、行星的演化以及高温地质过程等领域中,而高温地质过程中储库的铬同位素及其分馏机理研究是其他工作的基础。尤其是随着质谱技术的发展,Cr同位素在高温环境中的分馏机制及行为也引起了更多的关注。本文主要介绍不同储库的Cr同位素组成及高温岩浆过程中Cr同位素研究的最新进展。     

湿地生态水文学研究综述

基于湿地生态水文研究文献计量分析,透视国内外有关湿地水文、生态水文和水资源等领域的重大研究计划和重要学术会议,系统总结了湿地生态水文学发展历程,可分为萌芽起步阶段（20世纪50年代至80年代）、研究探索阶段（20世纪90年代）和快速发展阶段（21世纪以后）3个阶段,列举了重要代表性研究成果,并重点阐述了湿地生态水文学研究进展;基于对国际湿地生态水文学发展历程、研究进展及热点的综合分析,未来湿地生态水文学研究主要向基于"多要素、多过程、多尺度"的湿地生态水文相互作用机理及耦合机制、气候变化对湿地生态水文的影响机理及适应性调控、湿地"水文-生态-社会"耦合系统互作机理及互馈机制和基于湿地生态需水与水文服务的流域水资源综合管理等方向发展。最后,以国家重大需求为导向,提出了未来中国湿地生态水文学优先发展方向及建议。     

碳酸岩研究进展

碳酸岩(carbonatite)一词自首次被提出至今已有一百多年的历史, 它是一种神秘而颇具争议的岩石类型。碳酸岩富含碳酸盐矿物, 通常与基性、超基性或碱性硅酸盐岩伴生形成碳酸岩-硅酸盐岩杂岩体, 具有独特的化学成分和矿物学特征并具有承载重要经济矿床的能力。在过去的几十年里, 碳酸岩的研究在岩石成因及岩浆起源、地球化学与地质年代学、高温高压实验、与碳酸岩相关的经济矿产、碳酸岩型稀土矿床中稀土元素的富集分异及成矿机理等领域取得了巨大进步。本文从碳酸岩的定义与分类、成岩背景与时空分布、岩石学特征及矿物组成、岩浆起源及演化过程以及与碳酸岩相关的矿产资源等方面对碳酸岩的研究进展进行了综述与评论, 提出从成因角度探索碳酸岩分类方案的必要性, 总结和梳理了我国目前发现的碳酸岩的产地和分布特征, 并认为碳酸岩岩浆与硅酸盐岩浆演化具有差异性, 应重视对碳酸岩岩浆演化过程中熔体-流体过渡阶段的研究。最后从文献计量学角度利用大数据和可视化手段对来自Scopus数据库的近十年以"carbonatite"为检索词的近千篇文献进行了可视化分析, 总结归纳了碳酸岩现阶段的研究热点, 并对未来碳酸岩的研究趋势进行了展望。     

Natural hazard chain research in China: A review

Most catastrophic disasters are triggered by multi-hazards that occur simultaneously or sequentially rather than singly; this can result in more severe consequences. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the occurrence, development, and transformation of hazard chains and comprehend their rules in order to predict secondary hazards. An effective action for reducing potential losses can be taken to block a hazard chain before it expands and transforms. Many studies have been conducted on hazard chains, some of which are of great significance. This article is a comprehensive literature review on hazard chains. First, an introduction to the definition, classification, and recognition of hazard chains is given. Then, some typical researches on mechanical studies of geological hazard chains, meteorological hazard, chains and geological–meteorological hazard chains are presented. On the basis of case studies on hazard chains, the following comprehensive methodologies are summarized: (1) engineering geology methodology, (2) integrated geographical assessment methodology, (3) system dynamics methodology, and (4) methodology of disaster physics. Reconstruction as a part of the disaster process is also reviewed. However, the research presented is still in the beginning stage; neither the mechanics nor the methodology is finalized. Research on hazard chains still has a long way to go.     

陆生植被对河流沉积作用的影响：生物沉积作用研究的一个重要主题*

河流是大陆景观最为动态化的地貌构成单元,地质学家经过长期的研究,得出了一个引人注目的假说,即古生代中期曲流河的显著发育与陆生植被的繁盛存在紧密的联系,从而导致了在陆生植被对河流沉积作用影响方面的深入研究。尽管还存在一些不同的认识和争论,陆生植被对河流沉积作用的影响,得到了越来越多的地质事实的支持。立足于前人的研究成果,从陆生植被阶段的划分以及植物在古生代早中期关键的演变事件入手,介绍植被的起源和演化与河流沉积作用尤其是河流样式演变之间的耦合关系。厘清上述科学理念的变化和进步,将有助于河流相沉积的正确解释,从而为现代和古代河流过程的进一步研究提供重要的思考线索和研究途径。更为重要的是,在地球历史长河之中,有胚植物（陆生植物）在陆生大陆景观上的古生代繁殖是最为壮观的变化之一,由此而造成的全球变化包括：（1）由于岩石风化作用和碳储存的增强,将造成的大气圈二氧化碳含量的降低;（2）晚古生代冰川作用;（3）陆生营养物径流量的增加与海洋生物的灭绝事件之间的联系等。所以,陆生植被的起源与演化对河流沉积作用的影响,就成为生物沉积作用研究的一个重要主题。     

浅成低温热液型金矿研究综述

浅成低温热液型金矿是重要的金矿类型,近年来对该类矿床的地球化学特征、成矿岩浆背景、成矿机理及成矿模式等方面的研究取得了重大进展。研究表明,该类矿床形成时代主要是中、新生代,其次为晚古生代;高硫化型矿床主要形成于挤压应力场环境和流体混合导致成矿物质沉淀,而低硫化型矿床主要产于张性或中性环境下由于流体的沸腾使得成矿物质沉淀;蒸气冷却收缩模式合理地解释了浅成低温热液矿床和斑岩矿床在时间和空间上的共生关系,对指导找矿具有一定的实践意义。