二维波状地形上的流场

在一个简化的二层模式中，求解大气波动方程，得到了二维波状起伏地形上扰动流线的分析解。研究了在上、下两层大气中，不同的温度廓线和风速廓线情况下，地形引起扰动的流场形式，同时讨论了支配扰动振幅的大气因子和地形特征。分析解的结果表明:若大气低层为深厚的不稳定层，地形引起的波动很微弱;如低层大气强稳定，上层大气弱稳定，则可能产生较强的波动;而当上层稳定度增加时，可产生非陷波，有利于高层动量下传，造成较大的地面风速。     

二维波状地形上的流场

本第一部分，在一个简化的二层模式中，求解大气波动方程，得到了二维波状起伏地形上扰动流线的分析解，研究在上、下两层大气中，不同的温度廓线和风速廓线情况下，地形引起扰动流场形式，同时讨论了支配扰动振幅的大气因子和地形特征。章第二部分，利用大气非静力方程组求出几种大气条件下流场扰动的数值解，并和分析解做了比较。     

小尺度对流的发展和环境间相互作用的一个近似分析

本文应用一个近似的模式,分析了大气中小尺度对流发展时和环境(平均运动)间的非线性相互作用。分析结果指出,对流除在不稳定和中性稳定层结条件下可以发展外,在稳定层结条件下也可以得到发展,并且扰动的振幅最后均趋于有限值。同时,由于扰动的发展,大气的平均状态也要发生改变,不论开始时大气的层结如何,最后均趋向于中性,而大气的平均风速最后一般都要减小。     

迎风坡面上流场和温度场分布的分析解

本文利用二层模式,分别得到低层大气稳定和不稳定时的大气波动方程表达式,并在特定的斜坡地形上,求出流线扰动的分析解。进一步讨论了不同上游大气条件下,地形造成的流场、温度场和湿度场分布,以及产生地形急流和地形云的判据。     

静力稳定度对大地形降水影响的数值模拟研究

利用ARPS模式,通过调节过大地形山脉的湿大气静力稳定度进行敏感性试验,研究了湿大气静力稳定度对大地形降水的影响。结果表明,湿大气静力稳定度的改变影响了地形重力波的形成、维持和传播机制。当静力稳定度偏小时,地形重力波容易破碎,得不到有效维持;当静力稳定度偏大时,地形重力波又不易形成;仅当静力稳定度达到适合的强度时,地形重力波才能得到有效维持和传播。此外,垂直上升速度分布、辐合辐散运动及水汽的凝结输送等是影响大地形降水强度及分布状况的重要因素。     

低层不稳定大气边界层中的地形阻力

采用两层大气模式,通过求解线性化大气动力学—热力学方程组,得到在上层稳定层结覆盖的不稳定大气边界层中,简单三维地形引起的地形波及其波动阻力的解析表达式。讨论了地形及大气条件对地形波及波动阻力的影响。结果表明:即使在大气低层为不稳定边界层时,三维地形引起的波动在大气动量平衡中仍可起明显作用。     

锋面滑升运动的物理机制

锋面滑升运动是形成锋面降水的重要原因,弄清锋面滑升运动的物理机制对锋面降水的预报是必要的。依据大气动力学原理,对锋面滑升运动的物理成因进行了研究。已知暖空气沿锋面的滑动与暖空气垂直于锋面的风速(u_w)和锋面移动速度(c)之差有关。当暖空气垂直于锋面的风速小于锋面的移动速度(u_wc)时,暖空气向上滑动;当暖空气垂直于锋面的风速大于锋面的移动速度(u_wc)时,暖空气向下滑动。因为锋面的移动速度小于锋后冷空气垂直于锋面的风速(cu_c),所以,暖空气沿锋面的滑动与锋区中垂直于锋面方向的风速的分布有关,当锋区中有(?)u/(?)u0时,暖空气必定向下滑动;暖空气若向上滑动,锋区中必为(?)u/(?)x0。本文依据大气动力学原理给出了锋面坡度公式,通过演绎该式,得到了分析锋区中(?)u/(?)x的公式,结果表明:(1)当锋面坡度增大时,大气沿锋面向上滑动,反之向下滑动。(2)锋面强度加强时,大气沿锋面向上滑动,反之向下滑动。(3)暖平流时上滑,冷平流时下滑。(4)当锋面上出现气旋式涡度增大时,大气沿锋面向上滑动,反之向下滑动。(5)当垂直于锋面方向的地转风沿锋面由下向上增大时,大气沿锋面向上滑动,反之向下滑动。     

不稳定边界层下地形重力内波

水槽实验及线性理论研究表明,当低层大气处于近中性或不稳定时,如果地形引起的动力扰动足够强,地形扰动可在上部稳定层结中激发出重力内波,波动反过来影响低层流场,引起动量输送。低层大气处于近中性或不稳定时,地形波同样对大气运动可产生波阻,这应引起模式工作者的重视。最后讨论了大气粘性对中性或不稳定层结下地形波的影响。     

稳定行星边界层相似性函数A,B,C的实验研究

本文使用位于粗糙和不均匀地形上北京320米气象塔夜间边界层风速、风向和温度资料,用行星边界层u分量第一个极值高度作为行星边界层高度尺度,用边界层内的平均风速和平均位温作为速度和位温特征尺度,分析得到在稳定条件下相似性函数A_m、B_m和C_m以及行星边界层高度的参数化表达式。 分析表明,可以将广义相似性理论推广到粗糙而不均匀地形上的大气边界层中。     

青藏高原东北边坡复杂地形重力波的数值模拟

基于2007年7月青海祁连站的野外加密探空资料,结合高分辨率的三维边界层模式,模拟研究了青藏高原东北边坡复杂地形条件下,边界层对流引起的干动力过程对该地区地形重力波产生及传播的影响机理。结果表明:在不同的背景场强迫下,高原东北边坡复杂地形上空对流和重力波的空间结构存在较大差异。当背景风向与山体垂直时,随着风速增加,山脊背风坡混合层顶附近大气不稳定能量加强,激发了下游区域较强的重力波信号,此时对流线组织性增强、重力波波列较长,高水汽含量的空气被波峰传输到较高的高度,为对流云发展提供了有利条件;当背景风向与山脊走向平行时,山顶上空对流发展旺盛,山脊背风坡混合层顶大气状态较稳定,激发的地形重力波信号较弱且波列较短,整个混合层顶附近水汽较少,对流云形成条件减弱;当背景大气浮力频率减小时,整个区域上空对流发展更加旺盛但组织性减弱,背风坡下游重力波向上传输的距离减小,信号不显著,混合层顶附近水汽分布均匀且变化幅度较小,有利于层状云发展。     

ANALYTICAL SOLUTIONS OF DOWNSLOPE MOTIONS

The solutions of downslope motions over a sloping terrain are solved analytically in terms of the atmos-pheric wave equations with a two-layer model.The physical meanings of the solutions are discussed.As thelower layer of the atmosphere is stable and deep with strong wind the solution represents strong downslopewind,while as the lower layer is strong stable with light wind the drainage flow is obtained.The dependenceof the strength of downslope motion on the atmospheric stratification,wind field structure as well as Scorerparameter is also examined.     

新疆克拉玛依强下坡风暴的机理研究

利用美国中尺度数值模式 WRF 对2013年3月7—8日克拉玛依强风进行了模拟,对下坡风发生、发展和结束3个阶段的三维结构特征进行了分析,并由此提出克拉玛依强下坡风的形成机制模型：上游地区出现中高层西南风、低层西北风并伴有强冷平流的配置,当风速不断增大时,气流能够翻越加依尔山在背风坡侧形成重力波,重力波相位向气流上游方向倾斜产生非线性效应,促进了波不稳定区域的形成并导致波破碎,形成湍流活跃层,不断把上层的能量向下传播;克拉玛依中低层形成三层夹心的大气层结稳定度分布,出现明显的过渡气流带从而导致强下坡风的形成;南北风分量在低层和中层符号相反,形成了临界层,不断吸收上层波能量并向地面传送,强下坡风暴不断维持发展。最后利用2006—2012年克拉玛依33个强下坡风过程中的探空观测资料对提出的形成机制进行了验证。     

A numerical study on severe downslope windstorms occurred on 5 April 2005 at Gangneung and Yangyang, Korea

Severe downslope windstorms occurred on 5 April 2005 in the Taebaek Mountain Range, located in the eastern coast of Korea, are examined using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. Strong winds are observed at Gangneung and Yangyang during two separate periods with a rapidly decreasing period in between. These downslope windstorms are reproduced in the simulation reasonably well, although the rapidly decreasing surface wind speed after the second windstorm could not be captured at Yangyang. It is found that the generation mechanisms of the downslope windstorms in these two periods are somewhat different. The severe wind in the first period is likely due to the reflection of the mountain waves from a critical level that locates near z = 8–9 km. Upward-propagating waves and reflected downward-propagating waves interact constructively in a duct between the critical level and the surface, resulting in strong surface wind. In the second period, the hydraulic-jump theory can be applied in that the wave breaking above the downstream induces a well-mixed region, and severe downslope wind is developed beneath this turbulent region as the streamlines descend along the downstream. Simultaneous lee wave structure is also reproduced during the second windstorm period. The sensitivity of the downslope wind speed to the change in the land-cover map showed that the absorption of trapped lee waves in the boundary layer reduces the downslope wind speed significantly after the second windstorm at Gangneung, improving the model performance, although with no significant impact at Yangyang.     

On formation of convective roll vortices by internal gravity waves: A theoretical study

Summary The linearized atmospheric equations system is solved analytically in a two layer model. The solutions show that the thermal disturbance located at the interface can induce internal gravity wave, which propagates downstream in the stable layer and brings about flow disturbances in the lower unstable layer. Motion of roll vortices with flow pattern similar to that found in the convective cloud street forms in the lower part of the upper layer and the upper part of the lower layer. If proper content of water vapor exists the cloud lines presenting small angle with the mean wind appear at the top of the lower layer. The effects of the wind speed and the temperature structures of the atmosphere in the lower convective layer and the overlying stable layer on the characteristics of the roll vortices are also discussed in this study.With 7 Figures     

Impact of the Diurnal Cycle of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer on Wind-Turbine Wakes: A Numerical Modelling Study

The wake characteristics of a wind turbine for different regimes occurring throughout the diurnal cycle are investigated systematically by means of large-eddy simulation. Idealized diurnal cycle simulations of the atmospheric boundary layer are performed with the geophysical flow solver EULAG over both homogeneous and heterogeneous terrain. Under homogeneous conditions, the diurnal cycle significantly affects the low-level wind shear and atmospheric turbulence. A strong vertical wind shear and veering with height occur in the nocturnal stable boundary layer and in the morning boundary layer, whereas atmospheric turbulence is much larger in the convective boundary layer and in the evening boundary layer. The increased shear under heterogeneous conditions changes these wind characteristics, counteracting the formation of the night-time Ekman spiral. The convective, stable, evening, and morning regimes of the atmospheric boundary layer over a homogeneous surface as well as the convective and stable regimes over a heterogeneous surface are used to study the flow in a wind-turbine wake. Synchronized turbulent inflow data from the idealized atmospheric boundary-layer simulations with periodic horizontal boundary conditions are applied to the wind-turbine simulations with open streamwise boundary conditions. The resulting wake is strongly influenced by the stability of the atmosphere. In both cases, the flow in the wake recovers more rapidly under convective conditions during the day than under stable conditions at night. The simulated wakes produced for the night-time situation completely differ between heterogeneous and homogeneous surface conditions. The wake characteristics of the transitional periods are influenced by the flow regime prior to the transition. Furthermore, there are different wake deflections over the height of the rotor, which reflect the incoming wind direction.     

天津市秋季典型环境污染过程个例分析

选择天津市秋季典型PM10污染过程2010年10月3—12日环境空气质量监测资料和常规气象资料、探空资料及NCEP资料,研究大气环境天气背景场、大气层结稳定度的特征及其对污染过程的影响。结果表明：高低空环流背景场与污染过程密切相关。在污染上升阶段,层结稳定度迅速增加,500 hPa高空处于槽前,地面在华北地形槽中,高低空风速辐合;在污染峰值阶段,层结稳定,逆温层加强,环流场稳定少变,地面风力微弱;在污染下降阶段,层结稳定程度骤降,地面冷锋和高空槽过境,降水出现,高低空偏北风增大。同时,PM10污染过程与多项层结稳定度参数显著相关,与对流凝结高度单相关系数为0.84,因此,高低空环流背景场的配置和层结稳定度变化是PM10污染出现的主要原因。     

On the impact of atmospheric thermal stability on the characteristics of nocturnal downslope flows

The impacts of background (or ambient) and local atmospheric thermal stabilities, and slope steepness, on nighttime thermally induced downslope flow in meso- domains (i.e., 20–200 km horizontal extent) have been investigated using analytical and numerical model approaches. Good agreement between the analytical and numerical evaluations was found. It was concluded that: (i) as anticipated, the intensity of the downslope flow increases with increased slope steepness, although the depth of the downslope flow was found to be insensitive to slope steepness in the studied situations; (ii) the intensity of the downslope flow is generally independent of background atmospheric thermal stability; (iii) for given integrated nighttime cooling across the nocturnal boundary layer (NBL), Q _s the local atmospheric thermal stability exerts a strong influence on downslope flow behavior: the downslope flow intensity increases when local atmospheric thermal stability increases; and (iv) the downslope flow intensity is proportional to Q _s ^1/2.     

乌鲁木齐机场东南大风数值预报及地形敏感性试验

利用WRF模式和GFS资料对乌鲁木齐机场一次东南大风天气进行了预报和地形敏感性试验。模式预报的结果表明:WRF模式对东南大风的起风时间、持续时间、风速大小等方面有较强的预报能力。地形敏感性试验表明:1乌鲁木齐市区与机场300m左右的高度差对机场风速的影响很大;2机场上空下沉运动的强弱与东南大风的强弱有很好的对应关系;3机场东南大风的风速变化并不总是与峡谷两端气压梯度力的变化同步。此次东南大风天气的产生是低空动量下传、狭管效应和下坡风共同作用的结果。动量下传主要出现在海拔2000m以下的高度,下坡风主要出现在海拔935m以下的高度。     

A STUDY OF NEAR SURFACE WIND PROFILES IN THE HEBEI COASTAL AREA BASED ON OBSERVATIONAL EXPERIMENTS

In order to provide wind profiles for the microscale numerical simulation of wind farm with complex terrain,using the 100 m tower atmospheric turbulence observation experiment data in 2010 in Hebei Province offered by National Climate Center, the variation characteristics of wind profile under the different atmospheric stability conditions are analyzed, and the wind profile expression based on the local similarity theory is established. The results show that:(1) In spring, the occurrence probability of unstable stratification in the Hebei coastal area is as high as 28%, and the probability of stable stratification is more than 43% while, in summer, the probability of occurrence of unstable stratification is as high as 80% with a lower probability for stable stratification; and(2) for stable stratification, the characteristics of atmosphere change is dramatic in terms of the vertical direction, which need to be treated layer by layer.According to the atmospheric turbulence observation experiment data above, under stable stratification, the relationship between the dimensionless velocity gradient and the stability ζ can be expressed as 1 +βmζ, with βm changing with the height: βm takes 4.1-4.3 under 30 m, βm takes 4.6-4.7 between 30-50 m, and βm takes 6.3-6.7 over 50 m.