Acoustic reflectivity and shallow sedimentary structure in the Sea of Galilee, Jordan Valley

Mapping the floor of the Sea of Galilee (Lake Kinneret) with a shallow seismic system of 3.5 kHz resulted in interesting data that were not obtained previously with standard single-channel seismic systems. Over most of the lake acoustic penetration is not possible, probably because of the high gas content in the top sedimentary sequence. However, in a few areas, excellent penetration of about 20 m was achieved. One area is a terrace in the southern part of the lake, south of a small bathymetric escarpment at depths of 13–21 m along Israel latitudinal Grid 238. It is unclear whether the existence of gas in the sediment or other parameters are responsible for the marked difference in acoustic penetration on both sides of the scarp.Another area with acoustic penetration is in the vicinity of hot and salty submarine springs. Although there is no difference in the composition of the upper sedimentary layers between these areas and neighbouring areas, there is a marked difference in the acoustic penetration. The contact between areas with acoustic penetration to areas without acoustic penetration is very sharp. The craters of the submarine springs are usually located on the borders of the areas with acoustic penetration or even at some distance away from them. It is possible that the activity of the hot and salty submarine springs controls the acoustic penetration. However, determination of the exact mechanism for the existence of the zones of acoustic penetration must await further studies of the sediments, especially for measurements of various parameters that control the seismic response of the rock.Another discovery made with the shallow seismic profiles is the existence of some bathymetric irregularities on the floor of the Sea of Galilee. In view of the high sedimentation rate in the lake, which tends to smooth the floor, a bathymetric irregularity such as a linear bathymetric step could be a surface expression of an active fault.     

Evolution and stratigraphic architecture of marine slope gully complexes: Monterey Formation (Miocene), Gaviota Beach,California

Three small headlands in the sea cliffs west of Gaviota Beach, California, are the remnant fill of three discrete submarine gullies incised into the late Miocene submarine slope environment. These promontories provide excellent, three-dimensional exposure of the gully fill in outcrop, permitting documentation of their complex internal stratigraphic architecture. Detailed study of these exposures elucidates the sedimentologic processes that occur in the filling of slope gullies, guides interpretation of the acoustic records of otherwise unsampled modern gully systems on continental slopes, and provides insight into the heterogeneity that may characterize slope gully petroleum reservoirs.     

基于LZW的海底声学探测数据压缩方法研究

针对海底声学探测仪器采集数据量大而存储容量有限、数据传输带宽不足的实际问题,基于Lempel-Ziv-Welch(LZW)无损压缩算法,研究海底声学探测数据的实时压缩方法,提高数据压缩效果、节省传输带宽。并在LZW无损压缩算法的基础上结合数据存储的特点对压缩结果进行内存重新分配,极大提高压缩比(压缩数据大小/原始数据大小)。利用海底地震仪(OBS)采集的原始声学探测数据进行测试验证,结果表明该方法对于OBS声学探测数据有很好的压缩比,可用于对OBS采集的声学探测数据进行压缩处理,对于海底探测仪器的研发有很好的指导意义。     

Evidence for hydrothermal venting and sediment volcanism discharged after recent short-lived volcanic eruptions at Deception Island,Bransfield Strait,Antarctica

The results of a combined geophysical and geochemical research programme on Deception Island, an active volcano at 62°43′S, 60°57′W in Bransfield Strait (Antarctica), are presented. Ultrahigh-resolution acoustic data obtained with a TOPAS (TOpographic PArameter Sonar) system and multibeam bathymetry (Simrad EM1000) allow a detailed analysis of submarine vents in Port Foster, the submerged caldera of Deception Island. The data show three different types of seafloor structures: low-relief mounds, high-relief mounds (‘wasp nest’-like) and spire-like structures. We interpret these structures as products of sediment volcanism and seeps caused by heating and boiling of pore fluids in gas-charged sediments, and related to recent short-lived volcanic events, possibly those that occurred in 1967, 1969 and 1970. In addition, subsurface vertical disturbed zones, formed by increased amplitude and phase-inverse reflectors beneath the mounds, suggest the presence of fluidised and brecciated sediments within hydrofracture systems. A key finding of this study is that there appears to be a close relationship between the submarine mounds detected by our ultrahigh-resolution seismic study, geochemical haloes, fault-pathways and present-day thermal anomalies in surface waters. We suggest that seafloor hydrofracture systems and subsurface pipes can be re-used as fluid migration pathways, resulting in hydrothermal seeps and vents on the seafloor, possibly up to decades after coeval volcanic eruptions.     

Dissolved gases of the near-bottom water layer in the area of Epi island,Vanuatu

The distribution of dissolved gases in the near-bottom water layer over the submarine volcanoes of the Epi caldera in the New Hebrides off northeastern Australia is widespread. Maximum contents of methane and carbon dioxide in the near-bottom layer were as high as 440 nl/liter and 1.1 ml/liter, respectively. Composition and anomalous concentrations of hydrocarbon gases (C₁–C₅) suggest a thermogenic source and an inflow from surrounding sediment. Accumulation of carbon dioxide is connected with fumarolic activity of the Epi-b Volcano.     

南海北部湾海洋工程地质特征

根据地球物理、声学探测及海底取样等实测资料详细分析,发现北部湾油气勘探开发区具有近岸、水浅等优越自然条件以及复杂的海洋工程地质特征。海底地形地貌较为复杂,存在潮流沙脊与潮沟、海底沙坡、埋藏古河道、浅层气、埋藏古陡坡、滑塌断层及可能的砂土液化层等潜在灾害地质因素,对海上构筑物存在直接或潜在的危险性。尤其在东部,海底坎坷不平,活动性的潮流消脊、侵蚀沟槽、海底沙波及浅层气等很发育,是海底工程建设的危险区,应引起高度重视。     

声学探测技术在海底石油管线铺设后调查中的应用

海底石油管线铺设后可能多会出现不同程度的损伤、变形、冲刷、偏移、悬跨等情况,这通常是铺设过程中管线受到物理、化学、机械等因素的影响造成的。为避免作业风险和海洋环境污染,需要在管线铺设后对其铺设状态进行完工后调查,以便及时了解海底管线的实际情况,并根据调查结果采取相应的维护措施。本文根据管线后调查的工作需求,从声学探测技术的工作原理出发,研究并比较分析了4种声探测技术的优势与局限性,提出在海底管道检测时将各种探测手段配合使用,使各手段“取长补短”,可有效提高探测效率。并利用工程实例验证方法的有效性与可行性;在实例验证过程中,还明确给出了相关数据的处理分析方法,得出将多种声学探测设备得到的数据进行综合分析并相互校核,可有效提高测量数据精度。结果表明应用水声探测设备开展后调查的方法同时满足准确和高效率要求,可有效支撑海底管线铺设后状态评价工作。     

污水排海管线廊道位置的优选步骤与方法

海洋环境地质条件的调查研究是污水排海管道路线优选过程中一个十分重要的环节,因此进行科学的调查研究是十分必要的。本文通过介绍薛家岛污水排海工程中水下管道路线优选过程,以及所做的海洋工程地质调查研究,试阐述污水排海管线廊道位置优选的调查研究方法。其过程可分为：（１）大范围普查和稳定性研究;（２）小范围详查和稳定性研究;（３）管线位置的确定。     

Submarine outcrop and acoustic expression of lithified sediment layers in northwest Providence Channel, Bahamas

Visual observations of the wall of Great Bahama Canyon indicate that ledges produced by differential submarine erosion occur at depths like reflectors on high-resolution seismic profiles, suggesting lithologic changes produce acoustic impedance contrasts and therefore reflectors. Quaternary-aged sediments in a core from Little Bahama Bank exhibit changes in lithology (and presumably acoustic impedance) associated with glacial-to-interglacial transitions, which also correspond in depth to seismic reflectors. This supports the concept that reflectors on high-resolution seismic profiles of Bahamian periplatform ooze correspond directly to changes in lithology and may be associated with climate/sea level fluctuations.     

海底管道测量声学剖面特征分析

海底管道的位置与埋深测量通常采用浅地层剖面仪等声学手段来实现,由于海管与地层之间的声阻抗差异,会以绕射弧的形态出现在声学剖面中。但当海管埋设于管沟中时,管沟中断棱的绕射与海管绕射易于混淆,给声学剖面图的解译和识别带来困难。基于地震勘探原理,结合浅地层剖面仪的性能、挖沟作业对地层的扰动等,分析了管沟绕射弧的类型与特点、挖沟作业扰动的声学特征等,提出了管沟中海管绕射弧的识别方法。结果表明,正确认识不同类型管沟的绕射、施工扰动产生的绕射等声学特征,才能辨识出海管的绕射现象。实际工作中应根据测量海区的水深、土质、海管属性等多种要素,选用适宜的仪器类型及测量参数。     

Structural and acoustic response of a finite stiffened submarine hull

After borrowing the idea of precise integration method, a precise integration transfer matrix method (PITMM) is proposed by modifying traditional transfer matrix method. The submarine hull can be modeled as joined conicalcylindrical-spherical shells. By considering the effect of the ring-stiffeners, the field transfer matrixes of shells of revolution are obtained accurately by PITMM. After assembling the field transfer matrixes into an entire matrix, the dynamic model is established to solve the dynamic responses of the joined shell. By describing the sound pressure in fluid by modified wave superposition method (MWSM) and collocating points along the meridian line of the joined shell, finally the structural and acoustic responses of a finite stiffened submarine hull can be predicted by coupled PITMM and MWSM. The effectiveness of the present method has been verified by comparing the structural and acoustic responses of the spherical shell with existing results. Furthermore, the effects of the model truncation, stiffness and thickness on the structural and acoustic responses of the submarine hull are studied.     

青岛近海灾害地质研究

利用全覆盖的多波束测深、侧扫声纳和浅地层剖面等声波探测数据,分析研究了青岛近海灾害地质类型及其声学反射特征,编制了青岛近海灾害地质图。青岛近海灾害地质主要有:活动断层、潮流沙脊、活动沙波、海底滑坡、出露基岩、礁石、埋藏断层、侵蚀沟槽、潮流三角洲和埋藏古河道等。根据其危害程度和成因对该海域的灾害地质类型进行了分类,并对其形态特征、空间分布、成因机制及对海洋工程建设的影响进行了分析讨论。结合前人研究成果,探讨了构造运动、海平面变化和现代水动力等地质环境因素对青岛近海灾害地质形成和分布的影响。通过对青岛近海灾害地质研究,可为该地区海洋工程建设和防灾减灾提供理论基础。     

基于海底DEM的洋中脊火山锥自动识别方法研究

洋中脊是板块扩张和洋壳增生的主要区域,除了发育沿洋脊走向的裂隙式喷发火山脊,还分布有众多零星的中心式喷发火山锥。这些火山锥的形态和分布对了解洋中脊构造和岩浆活动具有重要的指示意义。基于海底多波束地形数据,采用人工或机器解译方法可以识别这些火山锥。本文利用大洋24航次船载多波束测深获得的卡尔斯伯格脊DEM(数字高程模型)数据,以非监督分类为手段,开展洋中脊火山锥的自动提取方法研究。基于原始DEM计算地形坡度、地表粗糙度、正负地形等衍生参数,进行特征变换,提取火山锥的特征信息。使用ISO(迭代自组织)聚类方法对特征变换后的图像进行聚类分析,并利用景观形状指数进行几何筛选,完成火山锥的自动提取。所使用的海底火山锥自动识别方法,正确率达0.8,重叠率约0.7,识别效果较好,效率高,能够在海底大范围的火山锥解译中发挥重要作用。     

Submarine outcrop and acoustic expression of lithified sediment layers in northwest Providence Channel, Bahamas

 Visual observations of the wall of Great Bahama Canyon indicate that ledges produced by differential submarine erosion occur at depths like reflectors on high-resolution seismic profiles, suggesting lithologic changes produce acoustic impedance contrasts and therefore reflectors. Quaternary-aged sediments in a core from Little Bahama Bank exhibit changes in lithology (and presumably acoustic impedance) associated with glacial-to-interglacial transitions, which also correspond in depth to seismic reflectors. This supports the concept that reflectors on high-resolution seismic profiles of Bahamian periplatform ooze correspond directly to changes in lithology and may be associated with climate/sea level fluctuations. Received: 30 June 1998 / Revision received: 20 January 1999     

A low-cost acoustic positioning system for small manned submarines

A low cost range-range acoustic positioning system using modified "off-the-shelf" components was developed for use with small manned submarines. Range information is displayed for the submarine pilot and relayed to a microcomputer aboard the surface support vessel. Software developed for the surface-vessel positioning also plots, displays, and records the submarine position. This system was successfully used to navigate the submarine "Porpoise" during search operations off the Rhode Island coast.     

Distribution,composition and transport of suspended sediment in Redondo Submarine Canyon and vicinity (California)

Redondo Canyon, in the southern half of Santa Monica Bay, is an active submarine canyon through which sands and silts are transported by periodic submarine slides and turbid flows.     

一种新型浅地层剖面仪试验平台的设计与应用

为探讨浅地层剖面声学影像形成原理,探索不同类型沉积物声学影像特征,厘清不同沉积物厚度的识别算法,采用模块化设计理念研发一套新型浅地层剖面仪室内试验平台。综合室内定位技术、浅剖试验平台尺寸合理性分析技术、直线轨道与换能器之间的固定连接技术和海底声学参数反演技术,形成一个试验高效的新型平台。通过铺设沉积物和布设障碍物,利用浅地层剖面仪进行走航测试,精确识别了沉积物的厚度和障碍物的位置。该平台可为开展理想环境下沉积物厚度和障碍物识别提供较好的测试环境,为声学海洋设备性能检测提供测试平台,也为高校学生和技术人员提供设备使用培训场所。     

现代长江水下三角洲的浅地层结构及其沉积环境

通过对高分辨率的声探剖面的分析解释,对现代长江水下三角洲进行了声学地层划分。结合区域内钻孔岩芯的分析结果,对晚更新世以来长江口区的沉积环境及水下三角洲的发育过程进行了探讨。     

南海西部灾害性地质研究

灾害地质学(hazard geology)是研究对海底工程,特别是海洋石油工程能够产生直接危害,或具有潜在性危害的地质因素的特征及分布规律的科学。在过去几十年的海上石油开发中,由于事先未能对灾害性地质进行详细调查而造成重大损失的事件不乏其例。1973年3月,墨西哥湾一钻井平台,因浅层天然气喷发引起火灾,数千万美元的仪器设备毁于一旦。1977年南海莺歌海盆地作业的一架自升式钻井平台,在水深75m处插桩时,由于埋藏古河道的影响,地层分布不连续，两只柱腿插在古河岸上,至海底以下3m即稳定,另一只桩腿落入古河床,插入21m尚不稳定,致使钻井平台倾斜,后被迫移位才免遭于害。灾害性地质问题的研究已成为海洋石油和天然气开发成败的关键问题之一,因而引起了国内外有关部门的极大重视。1985-1987年,中国科学院海洋研究所受南海西部石油公司的委托,对珠江口以西至北部湾东部的广大海域,进行了大规模的灾害性地质、工程地质的普查及井位调査。调查中先后使用了“科学一号”科学考察船和“南海502”、“南海503”等工程物探及工程地质调查船,在海上进行了七千余公里的综合性工程物探测量,为研究调查区灾害性地质问题积累了丰富的资料。