长江三角洲全新世环境演变与人地关系研究综述

综合分析了近20年来长江三角洲全新世环境演变与人地关系研究的进展，着重对长江三角洲的形成与演变、环境演变与人类活动、人地关系的历史演变、古环境研究方法等进行了综述。指出今后研究的主要内容，包括多种环境替代指标的相互验证，高分辨率研究，定量研究，加强环境质量的时空演变研究，加强综合研究，寻求人地关系协调发展的途径。     

巢湖的形成与演变

对巢湖周边晚更新世末期以来的沉积物、孢粉、~(14)C年龄、古文化考古等方面大量资料的分析研究,并利用TM卫片进行图像处理,提取出植被情况及其土壤含水量情况等特征,同时结合古遗址点的布局分布特征与古河道的关系进行信息复合,以及根据历史记载资料,巢湖是由于断层陷落而形成的湖泊。确定巢湖自当初形成时的范围和演变到现在的湖盆形态过程,巢湖自形成后,面积逐渐扩大,由于气候、构造和泥砂的淤积以及人类在近代的大量围湖造田而逐渐萎缩成为现今的形状。     

藻类对磷酸盐形成和沉积作用影响的模拟实验

本文介绍现代蓝藻钝顶螺旋藻(Spirulina platensis)的模拟培养成矿实验。该实验采用微机数据采集系统记录数据。从藻类改变微环境促进磷酸盐形成并沉积两方面来研究藻类对磷聚集作用的影响。结果表明,伴随藻类的对数生长,培养液的pH值上升,可达10左右,氧化还原电位下降100—200mV,使培养液向弱还原性转变,从而产生明显的碳酸钠钙和磷酸镁钙的白色沉淀物,为生物成矿理论提供了证据。     

长江三角洲都市连绵区性状特征与形成机制研究

近年来 ,长江三角洲除继续保持中国最大的经济核心区外 ,城市发展也呈现新的趋势和特点 ,以上海为中心 ,形成一批经济实力强、社会发展水平高、投资环境优越的城市群。区域城市化进程加快 ,向巨型大都市连绵区发展。从世界大都市连绵区的发展趋势出发 ,概要论述了长江三角洲大都市连绵区的形成、发展过程和现状特征。认为长江三角洲都市连绵区由中心城市、城市发展轴线和次级城市群及其腹地构成 ,已形成 5个层次的城市等级体系 ;区内产业结构向高层次转化 ,外向型经济蓬勃发展 ,现代化基础设施初具规模。概括起来 ,长江三角洲都市连绵区形成的动力机制主要表现在如下几个方面 :1政府权力层层下放 ;2行政区划调整 ;3投资主体多元化 ;4市场建设与乡镇和个体企业发展。     

全新世淮河三角洲初步研究

1128年以前淮河是位于我国东部独立入黄海的一条大河。1128年黄河下游河道决口改道,夺淮入黄海,结束了淮河三角洲的活动。尽管1855年黄河再次改道回归渤海,但是1851年洪泽湖大堤决口,此后淮河成为长江的一条支流。根据近几十年来苏北全新世沉积研究成果及淮河、江苏近岸海洋水文状况,推测7000aB.P.~1128年形成的淮河三角洲形成、演化和特征。1128年以前淮河口及其附近海域东北向和东北偏北向波浪强,在波浪和沿岸流的作用下,沉积物优势运移方向为SSE,河口南侧形成两条延伸很远的海岸砂堤(障壁坝-海滩脊),其内侧为泻湖和海岸低地,形成一个明显不对称的淮河三角洲。淮河三角洲发育历经两个阶段: 早期阶段为7000~3500aB.P. ,东岗砂堤逐渐形成,加宽; 晚期阶段3500aB.P.~1128年西岗砂堤逐渐形成,加宽。     

松辽平原古大湖演变及其平原的形成

北东向延伸的松辽平原位于中国东北地区中部,其西部与大兴安岭接壤,东部与长白山脉邻接。松辽平原主要是一个中新生代沉积盆地,其内沉积了巨厚的侏罗纪-白垩纪地层和420~530m厚的古近纪-新近纪地层,以及75~200m厚的第四纪地层。本文根据松辽平原北部500多个钻孔揭示的第四纪地层沉积序列和岩性,确定松辽平原第四纪早期的沉积物主要为厚层粘土,厚度55~68m,埋藏深度从11m 到75m。对乾安令字孔和大庆7901孔的岩芯样品进行了粒度分析,对大安CAD01孔的岩芯样品进行了粒度分析、孢粉分析、古生物化石鉴定和古地磁年龄测试,对莫莫格XY2孔的岩芯样品进行了粘土矿物Ⅹ衍射分析。结果表明,这些第四纪早期的沉积物主要为湖相沉积。对粘土层进行的古地磁定年结果表明,这些第四纪早期沉积物的年龄为0.20~2.15MaB.P.,属于早更新世-中更新世沉积。所以,松辽平原在早更新世-中更新世时存在一个古大湖,古大湖的边界沿着林甸与依安之间的三兴—齐齐哈尔东南的烟筒屯—坦途—白城东—洮南—安定—乌兰花—瞻榆—太平川—科左中旗东北—长岭—前郭尔罗斯—扶余—肇源—安达西等一线分布,总面积约5×104km2。晚更新世初松辽平原的古大湖衰亡,该区进入了河流作用时期。     

新疆石炭—二叠纪植物地理区的形成与演变

通过对晚古生代气候演化趋向的分析,探讨了新疆石炭纪和二叠纪植物地理分区的形成与演变。认为植物地理分区在早石炭世晚期末—晚石炭世早期即已形成,随着温带气候区的逐渐扩大,安加拉区植物在新疆自北向南逐渐推移,至晚二叠世中—晚期到达北塔里木。早二叠世—晚二叠世早期南准噶尔、伊犁等地受欧洲东移的干旱气流的影响,有欧美型松柏类混生。塔里木为特提斯生物大区的一部分,植物主要为欧美-华夏区类型。     

长江三角洲东缘地区全新世孢粉与古环境研究

通过对长江三角洲东缘地区南汇鹤鸣孔、东海1井、高桥G2孔3口钻井全新世地层的孢粉研究,划分出了5个孢粉组合带和3个亚带,恢复了本地区植被演替、气候波动的5个阶段：第1阶段为针阔叶混交林一草地,反映气候温凉略湿（前北方期）;第2阶段为含常绿阔叶树的针阔叶混交林,反映气候温和略干（北方期）;第3阶段为以常绿栎类、栲属、杨梅等为主的常绿阔叶林,反映气候热暖潮湿（大西洋期）;第4阶段是以栎、松、禾本科为主的针阔叶混交林,反映气候温暖略干（亚北方期）;第5阶段是以落叶栎类、常绿栎类、松为主的落叶阔叶、常绿阔叶、针叶混交林一草地,反映气候温暖湿润（亚大西洋期）。这种气候波动与世界性气候变化相一致,为本地区的地层年代划分和对比提供了可靠的证据,为全新世古植被、古气候、古环境的重建提供了重要的孢粉学资料。     

1883年长江三角洲地区台风灾害事件重建

近年来,对台风活动特征以及由台风所引发的灾害的认识倍受关注。作者利用地方志、档案等文 献资料,对1883年长江三角洲地区台风灾害事件从台风过程、台风灾害空间分布与灾情等方面进行了重建与分 析,共辨识出3次对该地区有影响的主要台风过程,均发生在8月份,分别为8月3-7日（农历七月初一至初 五）、8月22-24日（农历七月廿十至廿二）、8月29-30日（农历七月廿七至廿八）;重建了该年典型台风灾 害现象---风、雨、潮、啸以及所引发洪涝灾害的空间分布特征,受灾区域主要分布在浙江的杭嘉湖地区、绍 兴和宁波,江苏苏州、扬州、镇江和常州以及上海等地,第２次台风过程的影响最严重。在苏南地区,台风过 程与自春季持续至夏季梅雨期的洪涝相交叠使得灾情更为严重。     

Degeneration and countermeasures of water resources system of the Changjiang River Delta

Water resources system is composed of natural water subsystem and social water subsystem. And it is a complicated large system, which contains certain regional background, as well as specific framework, function and dynamic balance. The evaluation of the water resources system needs the viewpoint of sustainable development and the measurement according to water resources system carrying capacity, which holds the meaning of both water resources carrying capacity and water environment carrying capacity. The Changjiang River Delta is a very important area in China. As the local water resources are concerned, the Delta is an area lack of water as a matter of fact. The water resources system of the Delta experiences a long, intricate and degenerate period. The lack of water due to resources shortage in the 1950＇s was converted to that due to water quality from the 1980＇s. Furthermore, the status of water shortage sharpens gradually. The representations are summarized as follows： firstly, the discharge amount of wastewater and polluted water is large all along. Secondly, the pollution status of rivers, which involve the Changjiang River, the Grand Canal, the rivers in cities and the rivers in small towns and villages, is noticeable. Thirdly, water quality of Taihu Lake is worth of more attention. Therefore, the countermeasures on the reconditioning and regulating of water resources system in the Delta demands the following new strategies, such as to treat the rivers, the lakes and the seas as one overall system, to improve, harmonize and counterpoise water resources system carrying capacity, to implement the integrated management of water resources, which means the integrated management of drainage area along with the regional area, especially the integrated management of city water, and to carry on water saving and scientific use so as to increase the efficiency of water use, and so on.     

长江三角洲南汇潮滩沉积速率及其影响因素

近100余年来,南汇潮滩尤其是中、高潮滩,以淤涨为主,使岸线迅速向海推进。但潮滩沉积并 非连续,而是以冲、淤相间,长期净淤积的方式进行。潮滩沉积剖面主要由风暴成因的小型层序组成,粗、细 粒交替分别代表风暴与平静天气的产物。潮滩沉积环境的不稳定性使其难以满足两种常用来计算210Pb沉积速率 的方法---CIC （稳定的初始比度） 模型和CRS（稳定的沉降通量） 模型的前提条件。在实验时,如果只选择 代表平静天气沉积的细颗粒层进行210Pb活度分析,则可能得到一组相对符合CIC模型的数据,利用此方法计算 出南汇潮间带环境的平均沉积速率为6.11~6.23 cm/yr。对历史海图数字化建立的数字高程模型（DEM） 分析 表明,中、高潮滩近50余年的平均沉积速率为1.91~2.05cm/yr,不及210Pb沉积速率的一半。造成这种差异的 原因有：（１） DEM法在高程推算过程中使用简单的潮滩纵剖面模型,导致计算的沉积速率偏低;（２）210Pb法受 到沉积过程中强烈的物理混合作用和沉积后的生物扰动、化学迁移作用等影响,使计算的沉积速率偏高。推断 近50余年来,南汇中、高潮滩的沉积速率为4～5cm/yr。     

Analysis of the Geomorphology and Environmental Geological Problems of Huzhou on the Yangtze River Delta

Geomorphically, Huzhou, which is on the Yangtze River delta is characterized mainly by plains, with small hills. This paper presents a detailed analysis of the environmental geological hazards both natural and those incurred by human activities in different morphologic units. The authors point out that most of the regional environmental geological problems in the natural geologic-morphologic conditions, such as crustal stability, foundation of soft soil, soil waterlogging and soil erosion, have insignificant effects to the society, or related countermeasures of prevention and control have been adopted. But environmental geological problems incurred by human being's economic activities become more and more severe, for example, water and soil pollution and land subsidence in plain areas resulting from overexploitation of groundwater, and landslides, karst collapses and water and soil loss etc. caused by quarrying in hilly areas.     

长江三角洲亚三角洲地层结构对比

依据对江苏省泰兴市黄桥镇钻孔和海门市钻孔、上海长兴岛钻孔地层岩心沉积特征的研究,讨论了冰后期以来长江三角洲河口地区的层序地层。研究表明,沿古河谷纵剖面各河段地层中沉积相组合关系有明显区别。在古河谷下端地区,下切河谷充填层序自下而上由河流相、河口湾相、浅海相和三角洲相组成,沉积相组合最完整。在古河谷上端地区,由于河口湾在海侵发生时存在着涌潮作用,因此,河漫滩泥质沉积层顶部的冲刷面被确定为最大海泛面,其上覆稳定的河口砂体;浅海相和河口湾相沉积在该区域变薄直至尖灭;层序顶部由中潮坪突变为高潮坪,最终形成泛滥平原。这意味着,原先确定的自西向东的长江三角洲的几个亚三角洲或河口砂体沉积,并非都具有向上变粗的三角洲层序。文中报道的３个钻孔,揭露了冰后期长江三角洲完整的下切河谷充填层序。河口湾顶不具备三角洲层序的地区应称为滨海平原。     

全新世长江三角洲的发育及其对相邻海岸沉积体系的影响

依据钻孔资料和已发表的文献,对全新世长江三角洲的形成和发育及其对相邻沉积体系的影响作了综合和概括.在末次冰期低海平面时,现今长江三角洲地区可分为下切河谷和两侧的河间地两个古地貌单元.冰后期海平面上升,下切河谷被淹,并转化为河口湾,海水随之扩展到两侧的古河间地.全新世最大海侵时形成以镇江-扬州为顶点的古河口湾.7000～7500年以来,当沉积速率超过海平面上升速度时,长江带来的物质大量沉积,河口湾被充填,并逐渐转变为潮汐平原和三角洲.河口湾被充填之后,长江带来的河流泥沙随之溢出河口湾,进入相邻的河口海岸地区,影响相邻沉积体系的形成和发育.长江泥沙向南进入钱塘江河口湾,在湾顶形成沙坎;向北输运,成为苏北南黄海潮成沙脊的重要物源,影响该潮成体系的形成和发展.舟山群岛海蚀平台上直接覆盖泥质沉积是以退积为主的河口湾向进积的三角洲环境转变的又一证据.长江输沙量在不断减少,而河口滩涂围垦力度在增加,这将导致相邻的河口海岸沉积体系增长速度减缓,出现侵蚀或侵蚀加剧.     

Isotopic composition of dissolved boron and its geochemical behavior in a freshwater-seawater mixture at the estuary of the Changjiang （Yangtze） River

The isotopic composition of dissolved boron, in combination with the elemental concentrations of B, Cl and salinities in freshwater-seawater mixed samples taken from the estuary of the Changjiang River, the largest one in China, was investigated in detail in this study. Brackish water and seawater samples from the estuary of the Changjiang River were collected during low water season in November, 1998. Boron isotopic compositions were determined by the Cs2BO^＋2-graphite technique with a analytical uncertainty of 0.2‰ for NIST SRM 951 and an average analytical uncertainty of 0.8‰ for the samples. The isotopic compositions of boron, expressed in δ^11B, and boron concentrations in the Changjiang River at Nanjing and seawater from the open marine East Sea, China, are characterized by δ^11B values of -5.4‰ and 40.0‰, as well as 0.0272 and 4.43 mg B/L, respectively. Well-defined correlations between δ^11B values, B concentrations and Cl concentrations are interpreted in terms of binary mixing between fiver input water and East Sea seawater by a process of straightforward dilution. The offsets of δ^11B values are not related to the contents of clastic sediment and to the addition of boron. These relationships favor a conservative behavior of boron at the estuarine of the Changjiang River.     

黄河三角洲地区地下淡水(微咸水)的形成与演化

黄河三角洲地区地下淡水(微咸水)资源贫乏,咸水广布.南部冲洪积平原受第二次海侵层位的影响形成大面积咸水,后又被逐渐淡化.近年来由于开采量加大,又使北部咸水南侵.海积冲积平原随着黄河河道的变迁,仅在黄河现行河道两侧和充水的黄河故道带分布有淡水(微咸水).近代、现代黄河三角洲古河道带和决口扇淡水体已被咸化.     

A decade of variation of COD in the Changjiang River （Yangtze River） and its variation trend analysis

The average annual value of COD (chemical oxygen demand) fluxes of the Changjiang River (Yangtze River) and its main tributaries in the past decade (i.e., 1991–2000), has been evaluated. Based on the data from the Datong Hydrological Station (DHS), it was found that the Dongting Lake drainage basin contributed the greatest water discharge (35.8%) and COD flux (48.3%) among the main tributary drainage basins, followed by the Poyang Lake drainage basin with the contributions of 15.4% and 19.3%,respectively. By the end of the year of 2000, COD flux in the Changjiang River rose by almost 45% relative to that in the year of 1991, reaching about 1941000 ton/a at DHS. Statistical analysis revealed that industrial wastewater discharge, as well as COD in it, was found decreasing in the same period, due to the gradual reinforcement of environmental management. Moreover, correlation analysis indicated that non-point pollution from agriculture and increasing discharge of domestic sewages caused by rapid growth of population along the Changjiang River drainage valley should be responsible for the high COD. Furthermore, with the current trend of population growth and agricultural development in this basin, water quality of the Changjiang River, in terms of COD level, is going to deteriorate in the near future. Thus, the rational applications of fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture and the proper treatment of domestic sewages before they are discharged would be the most concerned controlling parameters.