以土地整治视角的联合都市区农村居民点空间格局分析

随着“增减挂钩”和“人地挂钩”等政策的实施,农村居民点的合理布局对缓解建设用地供需矛盾意义重大。本研究以吉林省2010年土地利用变更调查数据和2011年统计年鉴数据,运用ArcGIS空间分析和景观指数定量分析相结合的方法,研究了长吉都市区农村居民点空间格局现状特征及其影响因素。同时,用多因子综合评价法确定农村居民点的区位适宜性,将农村居民点划分为不同的整治规划类型,为该区域国土综合开发整治提供理论支持和参考。研究表明：（1）长吉都市区内农村居民点在区内分布不均衡,数量和密集度差异大;（2）地形条件（坡度）、水源条件（河流）、交通状况（公路和铁路）,对研究区农村居民点的空间格局均有影响,另外,不同等级的公路（干线和支线）、不同形式的铁路（铁路线和站点）,对居民点的作用程度也不同;（3）在此基础上,评价农村居民点图斑的区位适宜性,将农村居民点分为优先发展型、保留发展型和限制发展型,以确定不同类型农村居民点的整治规划方向。     

江苏省县域乡村集聚与脆弱性评价

基于脆弱性视角探究乡村地域系统可持续发展情况与集聚特征的空间关联效应,对推进美丽乡村建设具有重要意义。以SPOT2/4全色和Landsat TM卫星遥感融合影像为主要数据源,解译校正得到2016年江苏省乡村聚落斑块。在利用平均最近邻距离指数、核密度估计和标准差椭圆方法明确江苏省乡村集聚分布特征的同时,从资源、经济和社会脆弱性视角构建乡村脆弱性综合评价模型,进一步探讨县域乡村空间集聚特征与脆弱性发展程度的关联规律。结果表明：① 江苏省乡村地域自内核向外缘分布密度逐渐递减,苏北地区中部、苏南和苏中地区毗邻处乡村聚落密集分布,整体空间异质性和集聚形态的方向性特征明显;② 江苏省县域乡村脆弱程度存在地域分区不均衡现象,子系统相关性较弱,空间耦合特征尚不明显;③ 资源脆弱性子系统与经济、社会脆弱性之间均存在显著负相关关系,是当前江苏省县域乡村发展的薄弱环节;④ 江苏省县域乡村资源、经济和社会单一脆弱子系统集聚分布特征明显,综合脆弱性与集聚特征并未实现空间良性共振。     

Analysis of types and changes of village-level economy in rural Gongyi city,Henan Province since 1990

Based on the research on the rural living standard in China in terms of annual net income per capita, we define six types of village-level economy, i.e. ＂to be extremely poor＂, ＂to make a basic living＂, ＂to dress warmly and eat one＇s fill＂, ＂to try to enrich （to disengage poverty）＂, ＂to be well-off＂ and ＂to be affluent＂. The data of average annual net income of all the 292 villages between 1990 and 2004 in rural Gongyi City, Henan Province were collected, verified and classified. By using standard deviation, coefficient of variation and regression analysis, it is found that the Gongyi＇s rural economy has boosted up remarkably from the relative-poverty and absolute-poverty stages in 1990 to the well-off in 2004. However, the absolute differences between villages present a trend of enlargement, while the relative differences fluctuating. On the other hand, spatial analysis of village-level economy shows that most villages with relatively high economic development level were located along national expressway and most villages with absolute-poverty lay in remote mountainous areas in 1990. Since the 1990s, the rapid urbanization and industrialization have had strongly positive effects on rural economic growth. Initial economic foundation, natural resources and traditional techniques also contribute to village economy. From the perspective of geography, villages with location advantages, such as near urban center or industrial parks, have more chances for their economic development and the ＂core-periphery＂ economic structure has been presented in the process of rural development.     

内蒙古自治区人居环境综合适宜性评价及空间优化

科学评价区域人居环境适宜性,是开展国土空间开发适宜性评价的前提,对提高区域资源环境承载能力,促进人与自然和谐发展至关重要。本文以内蒙古自治区为案例,基于栅格尺度从自然与人文2个方面对人居环境适宜性进行评价;将适宜性因子作为城乡建设用地扩展的限制条件,采用MCR模型对城乡建设用地进行模拟,提出区域人居环境空间优化方案,主要结论有：水文与气候条件对内蒙古自治区人居环境的整体限制作用较强;内蒙古自治区人居环境临界适宜与不适宜区占比最高,达到52.8%;高度适宜区占比最低为9%,主要分布在前套平原及西辽河平原,全区人居环境适宜性水平整体偏低。内蒙古自治区城乡建设用地人居环境比较适宜与高度适宜区占绝对优势,适宜比例超过73%,从适宜性空间分布来看,南部整体优于北部,东部整体优于西部,地带性特征明显。内蒙古自治区城乡人居环境不适宜与临界适宜主要表现为自然条件不适宜及对自然保护区的不合理占用。内蒙古自治区城乡建设用地模拟结果显示远期呼包地区一体化连片趋势明显,内蒙古自治区可逐步形成以呼包鄂都市区、赤通都市区为主体,以文化特色鲜明、公共设施完善的中心城镇及中心乡村为依托,以人居环境不适宜区为间隔,城乡融合的人居环境空间格局。     

SPATIAL DIFFERENTIATION OF LAND TRANSFER ——Case Study of Shanghai, Nanjing and Taizhou in Changjiang River Delta

1INTRODUCTIONIt is one of important issues in the field of geographical science to analyze the spatial differentiation of regional phenomenon. The research on spatial differentiation can be cast back to Thunen's agricultural location theory. Af- terwards, many scholars developed the theory and paid moreattentiontothelawandformingmechanismofspa- tial differentiation of some phenomena including inhabi- tation structure, population variation, environmental ele- ments, rural development, and …     

INDUSTRIAL LINKAGES AND RURAL INDUSTRIALIZATION: A CASE STUDY OF HENAN PROVINCE, CHINA

The fast growth of rural industry in China has generated regional development of large rural areas. What role does industrial linkages play in Chinese rural industrialization? This is a same question as the relation between industrial linkages and regional development which has been discussed for decades and no final conclusion reached. The paper pursues the discussion and focuses on rural areas in China with special reference to Henan Province. On the basis of data from an investigation on nearly 200 industrial enterprises, this study emphasizes that the linkages play a very important role in spreading development of industry in rural areas. It is recommended that the national policies should prompt industrial linkages to upgrade the technological level of rural industry and to integrate rural industry with urban industry.     

武陵山片区扶贫重点县农村基本公共服务均衡化差异分析

实施农村基本公共服务均衡化是当前农村扶贫开发的重要思路和方向之一.本文选取武陵山连片特困区67个扶贫重点县,构建贫困地区农村基本公共服务评价指标体系,采用基于博弈论的主客观权重法,评价研究片区农村基本公共服务综合发展水平,并利用基尼系数与最小方差法从片区-省-县多角度测度研究片区农村基本公共服务维度指标的发展差异,揭示贫困县农村基本公共服务的空间差异特点,为农村基本公共服务资源的均衡化配置决策提供参考.结果表明:(1)片区层面上的农村基本公共服务整体质量不高,呈现出明显的西北高,东南低的态势,片区所辖湖北省和重庆市的整体发展水平较高;(2)片区整体农村公共安全服务维度发展不均衡,县域间存在较大差异,其它维度发展相对较好;(3)发展差异类型上,大多数县市是五维度主导型,麻阳县受双维度支配,德江县和石阡县是七维度联合型.     

禹城市农村居民点空间分布模式和景观格局

以禹城市农村居民点为研究对象,基于禹城市2000和2017年遥感影像解译数据,综合运用GIS、景观生态学及统计学理论与方法,分析了2000年与2017年禹城市乡村聚落的景观格局指数和空间演变特征。结果表明:禹城市两个时期农村居民点在空间分布特征上存在显著差异,与2000年相比,2017年禹城市农村居民点分布更加聚集;从聚集程度来看,禹城市农村居民点聚集的态势不够显著,这与禹城市当地的自然环境有密切的关系;禹城市农村居民点总体用地规模和数量虽然在减少,但部分居民点用地规模增加明显,居民点有集聚发展的态势,同时禹城市农村居民点斑块形态由复杂化向规则化转变。     

乌鲁木齐都市圈城镇体系发展的分形特征研究

本文首先用分形理论的集聚维数和关联维数探析了乌鲁木齐都市圈城镇体系发展的空间分形特征;然后,运用2007年和2011年的社会经济统计数据,结合分形理论的齐夫模型,运用等级规模维数并通过与中国其他都市圈的比较,研究了乌鲁木齐都市圈城镇体系发展的等级规模变化分形特征。结果表明,乌鲁木齐都市圈城镇体系集聚维数和关联维数分别为1.060和0.882,说明乌鲁木齐都市圈已经形成了以乌鲁木齐为中心呈凝聚状态分布的空间自组织体系,各城市之间相互联系比较紧密,相互作用较强。2007-2011年间,社会消费品零售总额等级规模维数变小,说明差异呈现扩大趋势,而非农业人口、GDP、一般预算财政收入等级规模维数变大,说明差异呈现缩小趋势。与其他都市圈相比,乌鲁木齐都市圈空间和规模结构还不成熟,中心城市首位性强,对周边城市带动能力弱,等级规模差异大,有待进一步优化。     

基于夜间灯光数据的中国经济发展时空格局特征

系统掌握经济发展的时空格局特征能为制定经济发展战略提供决策支持。目前对经济发展时空格局的研究主要依靠统计数据。然而统计数据存在口径不统一、空间分辨率低等缺点,难以精准刻画经济发展的格局特征。夜间灯光数据具有易获取、覆盖范围广、与人类社会经济活动高度关联的优点,可以作为经济发展水平的代理变量。本文以DMSP/OLS（Defense Meteorological Satellite Program's Operational Linescan System）夜间灯光数据为基础,利用重心、标准差椭圆以及局部莫兰指数等空间分析工具从不同尺度、角度探究中国经济发展的时空格局特征。研究发现：① 2003-2013年,中国经济重心不断向东南方向移动,且移动距离呈逐年减少趋势,说明东部与内陆区域经济体量存在差异,但是差异水平正逐渐减小。中国经济的标准差椭圆范围不断扩大但是扁率减小,说明中国经济总量不断提升,但整体集聚度有所下降。同时椭圆的方向角不断向东偏转,与经济重心朝东南方向移动的结果吻合。② 高高聚集和低低聚集是中国经济发展最明显的2种类型。高高聚集区会辐射带动周边区域发展,这一特点在山东半岛和长江三角洲最明显,低低聚集主要分布在西部和东北欠发达地区。2003-2013年间,低低聚集范围有所减少,由连片分布变为局部聚集。本研究基于夜间灯光数据揭示了2003-2013年中国经济发展的时空格局特征,为制定宏观经济战略提供决策支持。     

Spatiotemporal patterns of road network and road development priority in three parallel rivers region in Yunnan, China: An evaluation based on modified kernel distance estimate

Road network is a critical component of public infrastructure,and the supporting system of social and economic development.Based on a modified kernel density estimate(KDE)algorithm,this study evaluated the road service capacity provided by a road network composed of multi-level roads(i.e.national,provincial,county and rural roads),by taking account of the differences of effect extent and intensity for roads of different levels.Summarized at town scale,the population burden and the annual rural economic income of unit road service capacity were used as the surrogates of social and economic demands for road service.This method was applied to the road network of the Three Parallel River Region,the northwestern Yunnan Province,China to evaluate the development of road network in this region.In results,the total road length of this region in 2005 was 3.70×104km,and the length ratio between national,provincial,county and rural roads was 1∶2∶8∶47.From 1989 to 2005,the regional road service capacity increased by 13.1%,of which the contributions from the national,provincial,county and rural roads were 11.1%,19.4%,22.6%,and 67.8%,respectively,revealing the effect of′All Village Accessible′policy of road development in the mountainous regions in the last decade.The spatial patterns of population burden and economic requirement of unit road service suggested that the areas farther away from the national and provincial roads have higher road development priority(RDP).Based on the modified KDE model and the framework of RDP evaluation,this study provided a useful approach for developing an optimal plan of road development at regional scale.     

中国县域农村贫困的空间模拟分析

以中国县级行政区划为研究单元,从自然和社会经济因素中选取贫困的影响因子,建立评价指标体系,利用GIS空间分析和 BP人工神经网络,模拟各县域的自然致贫指数和社会经济消贫指数,并在分析贫困内在形成原因的基础上,明晰了空间贫困的分布特征。结果显示：自然因素是现阶段中国县域主要的致贫原因,全国县域自然致贫指数的分布呈现出明显随纬度和经度地带性分布的规律,自北而南、自西而东逐次呈带状排列分布。社会经济因素对贫困起到一定的缓解作用,全国县域社会经济消贫指数的空间分布较为破碎,各省区内部县域社会经济消贫指数的变异系数均大大高于自然致贫指数的变异系数。全国贫困压力指数以“黑河-百色”一线为界,东中西差异显著,呈现“大分散、小聚集”的空间分布格局。本文识别的贫困县与国家确定的重点扶贫县在空间上具有较高的重合性。     

The evolution of settlement location and distribution in urban-rural integration

ＴＨＥＥＶＯＬＵＴＩＯＮＯＦＳＥＴＴＬＥＭＥＮＴＬＯＣＡＴＩＯＮＡＮＤＤＩＳＴＲＩＢＵＴＩＯＮＩＮＵＲＢＡＮＲＵＲＡＬＩＮＴＥＧＲＡＴＩＯＮＬｉａｏＲｏｎｇｈｕａ（廖荣华）ＣｈｅｎＸｉａｎｇｍａｎ（陈湘满）ＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＧｅｏｇｒａｐｈｙ...     

日照破解经济社会发展用地难题工作探讨

近年来,日照市积极探索耕地保护新模式,在全省率先编制了市、县(区)两级农村建设用地挖潜利用规划,土地利用总体布局更加合理,城镇发展空间得到有效保障,有效破解了建设用地难题,为全市"十二五"经济社会发展拓展了更大的空间,促进了城乡统筹协调发展。     

莱芜市钢城区农村建设用地整治工作分析

农村土地整治挖潜是乡镇企业发展解决用地瓶颈的重要举措,是落实科学发展观的具体体现,对于统筹城乡经济社会发展,加速改善农村面貌,实现城乡经济、社会、环境协调发展具意义重要。通过分析莱芜市钢城区农村土地整治挖潜的现状与问题,就今后如何做好农村建设用地整理、复垦提出建议。     

制约我国西部县域经济发展的主要因素及解决办法

我国西部地区资源丰富,地广人稀,但产业结构不合理,农业产业化水平低,城乡一体化进程缓慢,县域财力匮乏,从而导致其经济发展相对落后。在发展生态农业的基础上,大力发展农副特色产品的加工业,加强区域间联合,发展民营经济,加强教育和人力资源开发,是解决西部县域经济发展的基本对策。     

地球信息科学技术在中国减贫中的应用进展

从救济式扶贫到精准扶贫,中国通过不断地探索和实践,走出了一条中国特色社会主义减贫道路,实现了农村贫困人口大幅减少,贫困地区面貌明显改善,脱贫攻坚取得历史性重大成就。很长时间,贫困地区的社会经济和资源环境监测都是建立在各类统计资料,统计报表,纸质档案等的基础之上,以行政单元为基础,缺乏有效、准确的空间位置信息。随着遥感和地理信息系统等地球信息科学技术的不断发展,其对空间信息高效地捕捉和计算能力,极大地提升了新时期扶贫开发工作的效率和决策支持水平。本文系统地阐述了地球信息科学在中国减贫中所发挥的作用,具体来说,主要集中在4个方面：① 多源地理空间数据在贫困地区自然资源和生态环境监测评估中的应用;② 贫困地区灾害监测,预警和管理;③ 基于地理空间数据的致贫因素分析和贫困预测;④ 依据精准扶贫工作机制建立精准扶贫决策支持系统。随着2020年中国消除绝对贫困目标的实现,地球信息科学服务于中国减贫的工作将主要集中在建立返贫监测和帮扶机制,以及向缓解发展不平衡、不充分的相对贫困转变。同时,乡村振兴作为下一步中国农村长期的工作重点,使用地球信息科学技术促进乡村基础信息化建设,促进地球信息科学服务和农业农村发展深度融合也将成为趋势。     

AGGLOMERATION AND RADIATION EFFECT OF THE PULL OF URBANIZATION

In order to explore the train of thought for China‘s urbanizing development and coordinated rural eco-nomic development, and to find good ways of solving rural problems through urbanization, this paper absorbs the push-and-pull forces theory and the systematic dynamic theory in the traditional population migration theories, views urbanization as a dynamic system, makes research on the push-and-pull mechanism of urbanization. The pulling power of urbanization is analyzed according to two aspects, the agglomeration effect and the radiation effect of cities. The agglomeration effect provides continuous propelling force for urbanization, and the radiation effect further accelerates the urbanization process by pushing forward the development of rural economy. Of course, the slow de-velopment of urbanization can result in the hindrance to rural economic development.     

Rural landscape types and recreational value spatial analysis of valley area of Loess Plateau: A case of Hulu Watershed,Gansu Province,China

Rural landscape is a complex of natural landscape and human landscape, with various values. The recreational value of rural landscape is a kind of comprehensive benefit with economic, social and ecological, which is provided by the rural landscape as a recreational resource. Loess Plateau is located at the junction of northern and northwestern of China, with serious water and soil erosion and fragile ecological environment. Jingning County is the national poor county, belonging to Liupanshan concentrated poverty areas. Hulu Watershed in Jingning is the typical valley area of Loess Plateau. In the past few decades, Jingning facing the fragile ecology and poverty, has been focusing on apple industry, forming unique rural landscape, exploring an ecological development path, and making much progress in green industrialization and urbanization. The author, according to the apple tree's growing stages, divided the rural landscape of Hulu Watershed into 15 types and analyzed its spatial patterns. The recreational value of Hulu Watershed was evaluated at 1.8 × 10~8–3.6 × 10~8 yuan(RMB) in 2014, by Travel Cost Method and Contingent Valuation Method. The territorial differentiational features of recreational value were that the higher value landscape types concentrated in the surrounding areas of towns and central villages, and the areas along the traffic and river had more development potentiality. The main influence factors were the construction of rural landscape and the development of recreation industry. And the development paths of different landscape types were also proposed. The research conclusions can provide reference for the landscape exploration and recreation industry development in the similar underdeveloped areas in the valley area of Loess Plateau with fragile ecology and poverty.     

CHALLENGES AND PROBLEMS: CHINA′ S URBAN GOVERNANCE

China′ s urban reforms have brought social progress and development, but a comprehensive national system of social welfare (for example, unemployment insurance, pensions, medical care and public housing) for new migrants from rural areas is lacking. One of the most remarkable changes in Chinese cities in the last decade was a change in social " equality", with the rise of new poverty both in individual communities and some social groups in urban society. However, there is little social assistance and public infrastructure for the migrants. Governments or communities or individual should pay attention to the control of new urban poverty and new slums. This paper consider that it is necessary to launch a successful policy, which include mainly: 1) accommodating urban growth through low-cost investment projects; 2) urban economy depends heavily on successful macroeconomic policy; 3) to broaden the three channels linking adjustment to the incidence of urban poverty; 4) to restructure urban economic based on the high or new technology; 5) to coordinate relationship between urban economic growth and environment management for sustainable development of Beijing′ s metropolitan fringe.