云南会泽超大型铅锌矿床C、O同位素地球化学

云南会泽超大型铅锌矿床规模大、品位富、伴生有用元素多,预示其成矿环境较为特殊。本文分析该矿床矿石中脉石矿物方解石和赋矿碳酸盐地层的C、O同位素组成,结果表明矿石中脉石矿物方解石的C、O同位素组成相对均一,不同矿体(不同标高)、不同产状以及相同矿体不同产状方解石的C、O同位素组成不具明显差别,其δ13CPDB值和δ18OSMOW值分别为-2.1‰～-3.5‰(均值-2.8‰)和16.7‰～18.6‰(均值17.7‰),在δ13CPDB-δ18OSMOW图上集中于岩浆碳酸岩与海相碳酸盐岩之间的狭小范围内。多方面的证据表明:矿床成矿流体为壳-幔混合流体,其中壳源组分可能主要由矿区(或区域)碳酸盐地层提供,而幔源组分则可能与区域大面积峨眉山玄武岩岩浆活动过程中的去气作用有关。     

云南澜沧老厂大型银多金属矿床碳、氧同位素组成及其意义

文章系统研究了老厂矿床的碳酸盐围岩和成矿方解石的碳、氧同位素组成.研究表明,相对于区域地层,矿区碳酸盐岩围岩普遍亏损18O;成矿方解石的碳氧同位素总体上具有明显的正相关性,这些特征表明成矿流体与围岩发生了大规模的水岩反应.文章初步建立了水岩反应的理想模式,根据该模式进一步将成矿方解石划分为矿体中心相和边缘相2组.水岩反应理论模拟表明:总体上成矿流体中的可溶性碳以H2CO3为主,中心相成矿流体的δ13C、δ18O值分别为-5.5‰和+4‰,具有典型深部岩浆流体的特征;边缘相成矿流体的δ13C、δ18O值分别为-1.5‰和+4‰,代表了深部岩浆流体与下渗天水共同交代碳酸盐岩围岩后的碳、氧同位素特征.     

湘西黔东地区铅锌矿床C、O同位素地球化学特征及其对成矿过程的指示

近年来湘西黔东地区铅锌矿产勘查成果显著,已发现矿床(点)200余处,铅锌矿主要产于寒武系—奥陶系碳酸盐岩地层中。通过对该地区典型铅锌矿床碳酸盐围岩和成矿期方解石的C、O同位素组成分析,结果表明:碳酸盐围岩的δ13CPDB值(-1.16‰~1.70‰,均值0.51‰)和δ18OSMOW值(18.56‰~22.42‰,均值21.04‰)变化范围较小,组成相对均一,在δ13CPDB-δ18OSMOW图上投影点位于海相碳酸盐岩区;而成矿期方解石的δ13CPDB值(-5.80‰~0.42‰,均值-1.18‰)比围岩略低,δ18OSMOW值(12.96‰~23.05‰,均值18.36‰)有明显的下降,在δ13CPDB-δ18OSMOW图上投影点主要位于上地幔区和海相碳酸盐岩之间。根据C、O同位素组成特征并结合前人研究成果,认为成矿流体中的C主要来源于碳酸盐围岩,S来源于地层中的膏盐层,Pb、Zn主要来源于下寒武统牛蹄塘组地层,成矿流体是一种高盐度的低温热卤水,它与碳酸盐围岩的水-岩反应和降温的耦合作用是该地区成矿期方解石和矿石矿物沉淀的主要机制。     

云南易门铜厂铜矿床C、O同位素组成及其地质意义

易门铜厂矿床是滇中易门铜矿带中的Cu品位较低的大型矿床,是矿带中的一种代表性矿床。矿区发育沉积-成岩型铜矿(铜厂式)和热液脉状铜矿(大尖山式)两种矿(化)体,成矿地质作用较特殊。本文系统分析两类矿体和赋矿碳酸盐地层的C、O同位素组成。结果表明,铜厂式矿石中白云石的δ~(13)C_(PDB)=-3.7‰~1.4‰,平均值-0.1‰,δ~(18)O_(SMOW)=19.7‰~21.7‰,平均值20.8‰,与赋矿碳酸盐地层(落雪组)中的白云石C、O同位素组成一致,均在正常海相沉积碳酸盐岩的范围,且受成岩期后作用的影响小,具有典型的沉积-成岩成因标志。尖山式矿体的脉石矿物方解石的δ~(13)C_(PDB)=-3.7‰~0.1‰(均值为-1.5‰),δ~(18)O_(SMOW)=11.9‰~17.0‰(均值为14.1‰),与沉积-成岩型矿体和赋矿碳酸盐地层的C、O同位素组成明显不同,在δ~(13)C_(PDB)-δ~(18)O_(SMOW)图上集中于岩浆碳酸岩与海相碳酸盐岩之间的狭小范围内,指示其成矿流体与幔源或深部岩浆活动有关,为壳-幔混合流体。其中壳源组分可能主要由矿区碳酸盐地层提供,而幔源组分则可能与晋宁-澄江期基性岩浆活动过程中的去气作用有关。C、O同位素组成证据说明,铜厂矿区层状铜矿和脉状铜矿的成矿作用类型不同,成矿流体也不具同源性,是典型的沉积-成岩型+热液叠加型矿床。     

四川大梁子铅锌矿成矿物质来源与成矿机制：硫、碳、 氢、氧、锶同位素及闪锌矿微量元素制约

大梁子铅锌矿床位于扬子地台西南缘,是川滇黔多金属成矿带中大型铅锌矿床之一,其金属储量(Pb+Zn)为180万吨,平均品位11.45%。本文在闪锌矿微量元素地球化学和系统总结S、H、O、C、Sr同位素研究结果的基础上,分析了成矿流体、金属的来源,并探讨了成矿机制。研究结果表明:大梁子矿区闪锌矿Ge/In、Ga/In的比值较大(远大于100),并富集As、Sb和Ag等元素,指示出了成矿温度属于中-低温范畴,有别于矽卡岩型、岩浆热液型铅锌矿床。成矿流体中δ18O水的变化范围为-6.02‰～3.31‰,δD的变化范围为-74.6‰～-40.3‰,推测成矿流体可能起源于大气降水和变质水(建造水)混合。主要脉石矿物热液方解石、白云石δ13C V-PDB值介于-3.5‰～+1.4‰之间,平均值为-1.23‰;δ18O V-SMOW值介于+11.6‰～+18.1‰之间,平均值为14.88‰;表明成矿流体中的CO2为震旦系碳酸盐岩的溶解成因,但受围岩有机碳及大气降水影响强烈。研究区矿石矿物方铅矿、闪锌矿、黄铁矿的δ34S众值出现在10‰～20‰之间;硫酸盐矿物的δ34S为20.2‰～38.7‰,表明还原硫主要来自地层中海相硫酸盐的还原。闪锌矿87Sr/86Sr i的变化范围为0.707137～0.714588,均值0.711951,高于赋矿围岩震旦系灯影组白云岩锶同位素比值(0.70834～0.70861),表明成矿流体可能流经了围岩碳酸盐岩层与基底地层,并与之进行了水岩反应及同位素交换。     

喀喇昆仑火烧云超大型喷流-沉积成因碳酸盐型Pb-Zn矿的发现及区域成矿学意义

新疆和田火烧云Pb-Zn矿床是喀喇昆仑地区新发现的一个超大型碳酸盐型Pb-Zn矿床,产于中侏罗统龙山组灰岩中。矿体呈层状产出,与地层产状一致,主要由菱锌矿与白铅矿组成,矿石类型以纹层状、块状、角砾状及交代蚀变成因为主。矿体发育沉积超覆构造、韵律层理、粒序层理、鲕粒结构等典型的沉积结构与构造。矿石与围岩方解石的C,O同位素分析结果显示:菱锌矿与围岩方解石的C,O同位素组成相近(其δ13CPDB主要分布在0.78%~3.72‰,δ18OSMOW主要分布在21.71‰~24.87‰),C,O来源主要为海水;白铅矿δ13CPDB=-7.28~1.19‰,δ18OSMOW=10.78‰~16.81‰,C,O来源为岩浆热液与海水混合流体。矿区菱锌矿与白铅矿的C,O同位素组成与表生氧化带中的碳酸盐型Pb-Zn矿不同。火烧云铅锌矿床闪锌矿Rb-Sr等时线年龄为(186±6)Ma,多宝山铅锌矿床的成矿年龄与火烧云一致。火烧云Pb-Zn矿床具原生层控特征,为喷流-沉积成因,是SEDEX型Pb-Zn矿床的新类型。火烧云碳酸岩型Pb-Zn矿的发现是Pb-Zn矿床成因研究的重要进展,表明喀喇昆仑乃至藏北地区相应构造层位具寻找同类型铅锌矿床潜力。     

云南富乐铅锌矿床地质、地球化学及成因

富乐铅锌矿床位于扬子陆块西南缘的川滇黔铅锌成矿域东南部,受弥勒-师宗-水城区域性深大断裂构造控制,矿体呈似层状隐伏于中二叠统阳新组层间构造带内,赋矿围岩为白云岩。矿石矿物主要为闪锌矿,方铅矿和黄铁矿次之,含少量黄铜矿和黝铜矿等,脉石矿物主要为方解石和白云石。矿石构造主要有致密块状、浸染状和网脉状,金属矿物主要呈自形、半自形或他形粒状结构,其次为交代残余结构。已累计探明Pb+Zn金属资源量超过50万吨,平均品位大于10%Pb+Zn,最高达60%Pb+Zn,并伴随大量Cu和分散元素(如Cd、Ga、Ge等),显示其成矿环境极为特殊。本次工作通过详细的矿床地质和C-O、S及Pb同位素地球化学研究,旨在揭示该矿床的成矿物质来源及矿床成因。方解石的δ~(13)C值介于1.25‰~2.01‰之间,均值为1.64‰,与海相碳酸盐岩相似,而高于地幔和沉积有机质;δ~(18)O值为17.21‰~17.74‰,均值为17.49‰,介于海相碳酸盐岩(沉积有机质)和地幔之间。这表明方解石的C很可能来自碳酸盐岩围岩,而O同位素很可能受到流体与围岩间的水/岩相互作用影响。硫化物的δ~(34)S值介于10.04‰~16.43‰之间,均值为14.12‰,显示富集重S同位素的特征,表明成矿流体中S主要来源于沉积地层中的膏岩层,是海水硫酸盐岩热化学还原作用的产物。单颗粒方铅矿的~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb=18.5295~18.6100(均值为18.5640),~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb=15.6938~15.7024(均值为15.6974),~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb=38.5690~38.6568(均值为38.6008),其变化范围很窄,且与区域沉积岩和基底变质岩范围重叠,表明成矿金属Pb主要由沉积地层和基底岩石共同提供。综合矿床地质以及C-O、S和Pb同位素资料,本文认为富乐是一个形成于三叠纪拉张向挤压再向伸展的构造体制转换背景下、以碳酸盐岩为容矿围岩、受背斜和层间构造控制的层控、后生、富分散元素和高品位铅锌矿床,其成矿特征很可能是峨眉山岩浆作用和印支造山运动共同作用的结果。     

黔西北天桥铅锌矿床热液方解石C、O同位素和REE地球化学

利用连续流动质谱和电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)对黔西北天桥铅锌矿床原生矿石中脉石矿物热液方解石C、O同位素组成和稀土元素含量进行了分析,结果表明热液方解石C、O同位素组成相对均一,不同标高方解石C、O同位素组成不具明显差别,其δ13CPDB和δ18OSMOW分别为-3.4‰～-5.3‰和14.7‰～19.5‰,在δ13CPDB-δ18OSMOW图上介于原始碳酸岩与海相碳酸盐岩之间。热液方解石总稀土元素含量较低(ΣREE=6.80×10-6～49.1×10-6),表现为轻稀土富集、Eu负异常的"M"型,其Eu/Eu*变化范围为0.30～0.55,与硫化物具有相似的稀土配分模式。根据热液方解石与蚀变围岩、远矿围岩及不同时代地层碳酸盐岩的C、O同位素组成和REE含量特征对比结果,结合前人研究成果,认为该矿床成矿流体具"多来源混合"特征,其中围岩碳酸盐岩为成矿流体提供了主要的C和REE来源,地层中膏岩海相硫酸盐岩为成矿流体提供了主要的S来源,而成矿流体中的水则主要为变质基底昆阳群等提供的变质水,并受到大气降水的影响。     

滇东北巧家茂租铅锌矿成矿流体中的碳来源及矿床成因浅析

巧家茂租铅锌矿是滇东北赋存于上震旦统灯影组白云岩地层中的代表性铅锌矿床之一,通过对5件不同产状矿体中与成矿有关的热液成因碳酸盐矿物白云石和方解石样品的C-O同位素示踪分析,发现成矿流体中的碳主要有3种来源:(1)白云石的δ~(13)C_(V-PDB)值介于0.6‰～3.5‰,δ~(18)O_(V-SMOW)值介于17.9‰～18.5‰,具有明显的海相碳酸盐岩去碳酸盐化来源特征;(2)方解石的δ~(13)C_(V-PDB)值主要集中于-5.7‰～-1.95‰,δ~(18)O_(V-SMOW)值介于13.80‰～17.5‰,来自碳酸盐岩的溶解作用;(3)下层矿的方解石δ~(13)C_(V-PDB)值出现了较大负值(δ~(13)C_(V-PDB)=-28.9‰),同时较高的氧同位素值(δ~(18)O_(V-SMOW)=17.6‰)显示有机物氧化来源的有机碳同位素组成特征。综合前人的研究成果,认为茂租铅锌矿的形成与二叠纪峨眉山玄武岩浆热液无关,成矿物质除了前人认为的来源于基底地层和赋矿地层,区域上泥盆系碳酸盐岩也是重要的铅锌源。     

四川天宝山矿床闪锌矿Rb-Sr年代学、稳定同位素及地质意义

四川天宝山铅锌矿床是赋存于震旦系灯影组白云岩中的大型铅锌矿床,一直以来缺乏精确的成矿年龄数据,致使其成矿构造环境存在争议.获取了闪锌矿Rb-Sr年龄,联合H-O、C-O同位素数据,以确定其成矿年代、成矿物质来源及成矿构造环境.闪锌矿Rb-Sr年龄为348.5±7.2 Ma(MSWD=1.10),表明矿床形成于早石炭世.热液矿物δD_H2O、δ18O值分别为-19.3‰~-58.1‰、-1.4‰~0.6‰,沿海水与地层有机质反应线分布,并有向雨水线漂移的趋势,说明成矿流体中水是海水与地层有机质反应并加入雨水的混合体.热液方解石δ13C、δ18O值明显分为两群,分别为-1.7‰~-1.6‰、12.9‰~15.2‰和-6.5‰~-4.9‰、19.3‰~20.2‰,暗示成矿流体中C、O可能来源于赋矿围岩溶解作用和有机质脱羧基作用.闪锌矿(87Sr/86Sr)_i值为0.710 42 ±0.000 13,高于赋矿围岩Sr同位素值而明显低于基底Sr同位素值,指示成矿物质主要来源于赋矿围岩与基底.结果表明川滇黔地区存在两期铅锌成矿作用,分别形成于晚泥盆世-早石炭世与古特提斯洋张开有关的伸展构造环境和晚三叠世-早侏罗世与古特提斯洋闭合有关的收缩构造环境.      

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

On the consistency of proposed models for the Pyrenees with the structure of the eastern parts of the belt

The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time.     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.