论渔业水域生态环境破坏的认定

优良的渔业水域生态环境是水生经济动植物赖以生存和发展的重要保障,保护渔业水域生态环境是维持渔业可持续发展的基本前提。为牢固树立“绿水青山就是金山银山”的理念,充分建立与维护渔业水域生态环境,达到人与自然和谐共生的状态,有必要加强法治的保驾护航。《中华人民共和国渔业法》及其他相关法律已经明确表达渔业水域生态环境破坏这一法律概念,但如何认定没有具体阐明,尚存在许多法律问题。因此,明确渔业水域生态环境破坏的认定具有重要的理论和实践意义,完善生态环境破坏认定体系有助于更大限度地遏制生态环境破坏行为,保护生态环境利益。     

论渔业法之对影响渔业船舶适航行为的法律责任

渔船管理是渔业产业管理的重要内容,而船舶适航性是渔船正常运行的重要保证。我国现阶段渔业产业中出现的船舶事故频发,其中很多是不适航导致的。文章从我国渔业监管现状出发,结合《渔业法》及其相关法律对影响船舶适航行为法律责任的相关规定,分析违法行为构成要件,发现依然存在处罚手段单一、处罚力度不够等问题,针对存在的原因,从完善对相关违法行为的认定,加强行政监管,丰富处罚方式,提高行政处罚标准等措施出发提出完善建议,从而减少渔业安全事故,推动我国渔业健康发展。     

我国的渔业法律法规体系概述

《渔业法》颁布后,我国逐步建立了由渔业法律、渔业协定、渔业行政法规、地方性渔业法规、部门渔业规章、地方政府渔业规章,以及其它渔业管理规范性文件组成的较为完善的渔业法律法规体系,使我国渔业开始走上了“以法治渔,以法兴渔”的轨道。 《中华人民共和国渔业法》是1986年1月20日由第六届全国人大常委会第十四次会议通过,同日,中华人民共和国主席第三十四号令     

论渔业法之违反捕捞许可规定到共同管理渔区作业行为的法律责任

近年来我国渔业作业群体的数量明显增多,同时违反捕捞许可到共同管理渔区作业的违法行为也日益严重。在《中华人民共和国渔业法》及相关渔业立法中已经存在明确界定,但是对于法律责任没有具体阐明,严重影响了渔业活动的正常秩序与渔业资源的可持续发展。文章根据违反捕捞许可到共同管理渔区作业的现状出发,结合渔业法等相关规定,分析增设法律责任的必要性与可行性,提出完善相关法律责任,细化责任认定;加大惩治力度,提高违法成本等建议。     

SARS之后我国渔业的五大发展趋势

2003年,随着我国“渔业捕捞许可证”、“水产养殖许可证”制度的全面推广与实施,一个声势浩大、前所未有的“以法治渔”、“以法兴渔”的浪潮在全国兴起。各级政府结合新修订的《渔业法》,针对新形势、新情况,陆续出台了一系列配套性、地方性渔业法规及规定。2003年1月,深圳市根据农业部及国家质检总局颁发的《水产品药物残留专项整治计划》及相关规定率先出台“水产品出口安全的五项检验标准”,以保护大多数守法渔农利益,提高我国出口水产品在国际市场中的竞争力;山东省制定了“无公害水产品行动计划”,全面实施从鱼池到餐桌全过程安全控制…     

荣成市水产局“二五”普法重实效

“二五”普法期间,荣成市水产局立足自身的工作实际,注重普及专业法规,坚持依法治渔。 荣成是一个渔业大市(县),从事渔业及其后方生产的渔民达7万多人。为确保渔业生产秩序稳定,把渔业生产纳入法制轨道,在“二五”普法期间,他们采取多种形式加强对全市渔民进行渔业专业法规的宣传、普及和教育,组织渔民学习了《渔业法》等10多个渔业法律法     

<黄渤海海洋>被授予"中国科学引文数据库来源期刊"和"中国学术期刊综合评价数据库来源期刊"认定证书

日前 ,由中国科学院文献情报中心、中国社会科学院文献中心、中国学术期刊 (光盘版 )编辑委员会和北京大学图书馆等 4家国内学术成果检索出版权威机构联合组成的中国科学文献计量评价中心 ,向《黄渤海海洋》编辑部颁发了“中国科学引文数据库来源期刊”认定证书 (编号 :[Ｋ]Ｐ0 86)和“中国学术期刊综合评价数据库来源期刊”认定证书 (编号 :[Ｚ]Ｐ0 86)。“中国科学引文数据库 (ＣＳＣＤ)”创建于 1 989年。在国家自然科学基金委员会和中国科学院的大力支持下 ,现已成为我国可与美国ＳＣＩ接轨的评价性数据库。该库于 1 999年从全国公开发…     

"北斗"导航系统在海洋水文、气象监测系统中的应用

“北斗”导航系统是具有我国自主知识产权的卫星导航系统,该系统具有快速定位、双向通信和精密授时三大功能．可以代替当前的Inmarsat-C和ARGOS系统在海洋监测平台中的应用。文章介绍了“北斗”系统在我国当前的海洋水文、气象监测平台的应用．并对“北斗”系统在我国海洋监测平台上的广泛应用提出了建设性意见。     

新时期实现海岸线"占补平衡"的对策探讨

党的十八大以来,我国进入生态文明建设的新时期。随着自然岸线保有率控制制度的实施和各地规划中海岸线“占补平衡”的提出,对海岸线的管理和保护也进入占补平衡的新阶段。文章通过对海岸线和耕地进行类比分析,在梳理我国耕地占补平衡的发展历程、平衡的行政范围设置、平衡的方法等基础上,探索以生态空间支撑发展空间的海岸线可持续发展模式。包括：通过编制相关规划,做好新增具有生态功能的岸线来源储备;从岸线价值评估、搭建岸线存储平台等方面研究建立支撑技术方法;建立海岸线占补平衡管理系统平台、异地占补平衡机制、监督管理机制,形成有效的实施和监管体制,逐步建立行之有效的生态岸线指标交易市场体系。     

论渔业执法之当场处罚

在渔业行政执法活动中,当场处罚是渔业执法机关行使制裁权的重要方式之一,但对于渔业执法当场处罚制度的理解和认识尚存争议。文章在明确当场处罚的含义、原则和种类的基础上,分析渔业当场处罚的适用条件及相关程序的规定。并进一步探讨《中华人民共和国渔业法》及其相关涉渔执法法律、法规和规章中有关当场处罚的问题,分析渔业执法当场处罚制度与实践需求不匹配的情形与原因,最后对于发现的问题提出完善证据制度、明确法定依据、明确当场处罚的执法人数、明确渔业当场处罚的标准、完善渔业当场处罚的监督体系等建议。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.