江苏省海岸线时空动态变化遥感监测关键技术研究概述

海岸线是海洋与陆地的分界线,海岸线的准确确定对于海岸带空间资源的使用与管理具有重要意义。针对现有的海岸线遥感提取方法存在的技术缺陷,提出从构建海岸线遥感分类体系、改进海岸线遥感推算方法、建立可操作性强的海岸线遥感提取与推算技术体系方面,系统开展海岸线时空动态变化遥感监测的关键技术与应用研究,形成完整可靠的海岸线遥感推算、岸线岸滩动态变化遥感监测技术体系并开展业务化应用,可为海岸带空间资源的合理开发利用提供基础数据支撑和决策分析依据。     

天津海域遥感图像解译应用系统

在对多源遥感数据处理、地物特征识别与解译、专题信息提取等方法研究的基础上,开发了天津海域遥感图像解译应用系统,并在天津市海岸线和海岸带变化监测、海域环境遥感监测等方面进行了示范应用;系统对提高海洋管理工作的科学性和信息的时效性,具有重要的理论和应用价值。     

基于遥感和GIS的福建省海岸线的提取和变化研究

海岸线是陆地和水体交界的重要标识,海岸带是我国第一海洋经济区域,研究海岸线的变化对海岸带生态环境研究具有重要的意义.本研究利用遥感和GIS技术获取了福建省2002、2006、2010年3个时期的Landsat TM/ETM遥感影像数据,采用目视解译和自动解译的方法分别提取出了各时期的福建省海岸线,进行叠加分析,对比统计3个时期福建省海岸线的变化特征和变化程度,总结分析了其变化趋势和变化原因.结果表明,在2002~2010的8a时间里,福建省的海岸线长度整体为增长趋势,共计增长了291.84 km,三沙湾区域和泉州附近变化较大,厦门岛内变化也较大.其中泥沙淤积、填海造地、港口建设和渔业设施建设这4个因素为主要增长因素.     

福建围填海及其对海洋环境影响的遥感初探

把遥感技术应用于海岸带现状的动态研究和遥感海洋环境反演是当前遥感应用的热点之一。文章主要利用美国资源卫星专题扫描仪(thematic mapper,TM)遥感影像研究福建围填海状况及大陆海岸线的变化,通过ENVI、ArcGIS软件对研究区遥感影像进行处理,实现海岸线的自动提取、土地分类,以监测福建围填海的动态变化。通过相同季节的中分辨率成像光谱仪(moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer,MODIS)遥感影像反演福建海域海水表层温度及叶绿素浓度等海洋参数来了解围填海对海洋环境的可能影响。     

海岸线提取技术研究

海岸线位置的确定是海岸带和海岛礁测绘的重要内容。快速而准确地监测海岸线的动态变化对于海域的使用管理具有十分重要的意义。遥感技术具有快速、动态、大范围、宏观等突出优势。重点介绍了基本遥感影像提取瞬时水边线,通过潮位校正进而提取海岸线的研究进展,提出了基于潮间带DEM和潮汐模型的海岸线提取方法,分析了各种提取方法的优缺点,并就其存在的不足展望了今后的研究方向。     

广西北部湾海岸带开发利用变化监测研究

为了更好地理解海岸带的变化,促进海岸带资源和环境的管理开发,基于广西地理国情普查数据,按照设计的指标体系,采用遥感监测的方法,提取了2015～2017年广西北部湾沿海岸线、地表覆盖、地理要素、围填海等数据,对广西北部湾海岸带开发利用变化开展了监测研究,获得了2015～2017年广西大陆海岸线、地表覆盖、围填海、人工养殖池等统计结果,为北部湾海岸带地区的下一步开发利用与保护提供参考依据。     

近20年来烟台典型地区海湾海岸线的变化

利用多时相卫星遥感图像复合的方法,对烟台四个时相的TM影像进行处理并比较四个时相的海岸线长度和海湾面积的变化。结果表明,自1986年到2004年近20年的时间里,龙口湾、套子湾和芝罘湾三个海湾的海岸线总体趋势是增长的,海湾面积则呈减少趋势。认为人为因素是烟台海岸线长度波动和海湾面积变化的主要原因并分析了这些变化对海岸环境和海岸生态系统的影响,对本地区海岸带的可持续利用具有重要的指导意义。     

基于遥感影像提取山东半岛复杂海岸线及海岸线多年变迁研究

海岸线变迁的研究有助于对海岸带保护和可持续发展提供科学依据.本文针对山东半岛复杂的海岸线类型,选取1984-2018年的6期Landsat系列遥感影像,采用改进的归一化差异水体指数(Modified NDWI)和边缘检测算法(Canny)对图像进行阈值分割实现海陆分离,使用面向对象法提取了山东半岛海岸线,并结合高分影像...     

基于RS的海岸线动态监测研究进展

海岸线是指海水面与陆地接触的分界线,它随潮水的涨落而变动位置。海岸线的变迁受海岸侵蚀、海平面升降、海岸淤积等因素的影响,海岸线动态监测对海岸带防护、海岸带资源的开发和利用具有重要意义。论述了利用遥感技术监测海岸线变迁的研究进展,总结了利用遥感技术监测海岸线的数据选取、技术方法等问题。     

基于多源遥感的1987-2021年广西海岸线变迁分析

海岸线的变迁直接影响海岸带生态环境的变化,具有重要的研究意义。以广西海岸带为研究区,通过多景遥感卫星影像,在基于半自动化提取的基础上,利用MNDWI阈值分割技术和潮位校正原理,获取了近35年间广西海岸线的总长度变化。结果表明：广西海岸线的长度在近35年来呈现出先减后增的趋势,其中人工岸线的比重不断增长,淤泥岸线比重不断减小,其他的生物岸线、砂质岸线和基岩岸线长度总体趋势呈减小状态。其中,淤泥沉积、海潮波浪侵蚀和气象灾害是主要的自然驱动力,围海造陆、破坏红树林、修建海堤等为主要的人为驱动力。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.